Timeline The Twelfth Century 1100-1199
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1100 Aug 2,
William II (44), [Rufus], king of England, was shot dead in New Forest.
(MC, 8/2/02)
c1100 St. Cono was born in
Teggiano in southern Italy. He became a Benedictine monk and went on to
perform numerous miracles. His remains were later embedded in a statue
in the church of Santa Maria Maggiore.
(WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A1)
1100 The Tower of London took in
its 1st prisoner.
(Hem, 9/04, p.28)
c1100 Timbuktu was founded about
this time as a seasonal Tuareg nomad camp around a well that was
maintained by a group of slaves under an old woman, Buktu, "the place
of Buktu." Tuareg is a derisive Arab term meaning abandoned by the
gods. Natives prefer to be know as Kel Tamashek people.
(AM, 11/00, p.51)(SSFC, 4/11/04, p.D6)(SFC,
10/30/04, p.E1)
1100 In the Netherlands Wittem
Castle in Limburg dates to this time.
(SFEC, 1/31/99, p.T13)
c1100 In Spain the town of Santo
Domingo de la Calzada was founded by a man known as St. Dominic of the
Walkway.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T5)
1100 By the 1100s the Chinese
began to use the magnetic compass.
(ATC, p.11)
1100 By this time East African
traders in Kilwa controlled the export of gold and ivory from the
southern kingdoms. Kilwa was the most prosperous of the east African
city-states.
(ATC, p.143)
1100 Statue (moai) building began
about this time on Easter Island and continued to the 1700s.
(SSFC, 9/18/05, p.E14)
1100 A volcano erupted about this
time in the area of Flagstaff, Arizona.
(SSFC, 7/23/06, p.G4)
1100s Troubadour musicians
organized in southern France.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1100s Bushmills Distillery in
Northern Ireland began producing whiskey.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, p.T8)
c1100-1154 Geoffrey of Monmouth, English chronicler.
The Welsh cleric claimed that Merlin used magic to bring the stones of
Stonehenge from Ireland.
(WUD, 1994, p.592)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.12)
1100-1200 The 16-foot scroll titled “Qingming Shanghe
Tu” (Qingming Festival on the River) was created in the 12th century.
It was believed to have been painted by Zhang Zeduan, an artist of the
Song Dynasty.
(SFC, 9/14/05,
p.E2)(www.ibiblio.org/ulysses/gec/painting/qingming/)
1100-1200 Muhammed ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, Arab
mathematician and astronomer, wrote “hisab al-jabr w’ al muqabalah”
(the science of reduction and comparison) in the 9th cent. The work
dealt with solving equations. It was the first time that algebra was
discussed as a separate branch of mathematics. In the 12th century it
was translated into Latin as “Ludus algebrae et almucgrabalaeque.”
(Alg, 1990, p.87)
c1100-1200 Shihab el-Din was an anti-Crusader cleric.
He was believed to be buried in Nazareth next to the Basilica of the
Annunciation. A cornerstone for a mosque was laid at the site in 1999.
(SFC, 11/24/99, p.A16)
c1100-1200 Judah Halevi was a Jewish poet who lived
in Muslim Spain in the 12th century. He wrote “City of the Great King,
for thee my soul is longing.”
(WSJ, 12/12/00, p.A24)
1100-1200 Chretien de Troyes of France in the 12th
century introduced Camelot into the Arthurian legend and placed
Lancelot in the saga along with the quest for the Holy Grail.
(WSJ, 3/27/98, p.W10)
c1100-1200 Albigenses were members of the Catharistic
sect that arose in southern France in the 11th century. [see 1244]
(WUD, 1994 p.34)
1100-1200 In France the Abbot Suger was busy
embellishing the abbey of St. Denis.
(WSJ, 3/28/97, p.A16)
1100-1200 In Cambodia the Khmer empire reached its
peak under King Jajavarman II in the 12th century.
(SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T7)
1100-1200 The German Stammheim Missal was made. It
told stories from Creation to the crucifixion of Christ. In 1997 it was
acquired by the J. Paul Getty Museum.
(SFC, 4/26/97, p.E3)
1100-1200 Berlin was founded amid the sandy plains
and swamps of Brandenburg. In 1998 Alexandra Richie published “Faust’s
Metropolis: A History of Berlin.”
(WSJ, 5/1/98, p.W5)
1100-1200 In Germany the Oberburg Castle was built in
the 12th century by the Knights of Leyen.
(SFEC, 4/30/00, p.T8)
1100-1200 Two 12th century castles along the Rhine
were owned, according to legend, by the brothers Conrad and Heinrich of
Boppard. They came to blows over a woman, Hildegarde, and the ruins of
the castles were named the Warring Brothers.
(SFEC, 3/15/98, p.T5)
c1100-1200 The Festung Ehrenbreitsen, Europe’s
largest fortress, was built at the convergence of the Mosel and Rhine
Rivers.
(SFEC, 4/30/00, p.T1)
1100-1200 In India the bronze sculpture “Shiva
Nataraya” depicted the Hindu god of creation and destruction doing the
dance that sustains the universe.
(SFC, 6/28/97, p.E1)
1100-1200 In India the comic man-elephant “Ganesha”
sculpture was carved in schist.
(SFC, 6/28/97, p.E1)
1100-1200 In Ireland Cistercian monks established an
abbey on Clare Island.
(SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T8)
1100-1200 In Limerick, Ireland a 12th century
cathedral was built.
(SFEC, 3/15/98, p.T11)
c1100-1200 In Japan Nichiren Daishonin, the son of a
fisherman in Awa, established a new sect of Buddhism. In 1930 the Soka
Gakkai (value-creation society) was founded in Tokyo based on his
teachings.
(WSJ, 4/23/99, B1)
1100-1200 The Norse visited Ellesmere Island in the
Canadian Arctic as early as the 12th century and traded with the Thule,
evidenced by chain mail. boat rivets, knife blades, and other artifacts
turned up near Bache Peninsula.
(NG, 6/1988, p.763)
1100-1200 Norwegian Chronicles mentioned a stave
church in the village of Vaga.
(WSJ, 8/27/96, p.A12)
1100-1200 Era of the 12 century Persian poet Nizami
of Ganja.
(SFC, 5/19/96, p.C-13)
1100-1200 Serbs occupied parts of northern and
eastern Albanian inhabited lands.
(www, Albania, 1998)
c1100-1200 San Isidro, a Spanish farmer, later became
the patron saint of Madrid.
(WSJ, 11/18/97, p.A20)
1100-1200 In Turkey Constantinople was devastated by
fires in the 12th century.
(SFC, 7/27/98, p.A8)
1100-1200 The 12th century book “Gyuschi” was a
compilation of Tibetan medicine that described the making and
applications of medications extracted from herbs, roots and minerals
often served as hot teas.
(SFC, 2/20/98, p.C4)
1100-1300 About this period volcanic ash and molten
rock sprayed the area of the Wupatki Basin near Flagstaff, Arizona for
as long as 200 years.
(SSFC, 7/23/06, p.G5)
1100-1400 The official stave churches of Norway were
mostly built during this period.
(WSJ, 8/27/96, p.A12)
1101 William IX, the Duke of
Aquitaine, returned from the Crusades and composed songs about his
adventures, thus becoming the first troubadour. He was excommunicated
for licentious acts, but his lyrics led to the "courtly love" genre.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1101-1125 Huizong ruled over China. He was a
calligrapher, painter and Confucian advocate of embracing antiquity. He
broadened the scope of Imperial collecting to embrace bronze ritual
objects as well as old paintings and calligraphy.
(SFEC, 10/6/96, DB p.36)
1102 In England the Westminster
Council outlawed “the selling of men like brute animals.”
(ON, 12/08, p.8)
1102 Coats were forced to enter
into a union with Hungary and to recognize the Hungarian king as their
own.
(WSJ, 7/14/99, p.A23)
1103 Aug 24, Magnus III Berbein,
[Blootbeen], King of Norway (1093-1103), died.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1105 Nov 24, Rabbi Nathan ben
Yehiel of Rome completed a Talmudic dictionary.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1106 Aug 7, Henry IV (54),
Holy Roman Emperor (1056/84-1105), died.
(MC, 8/7/02)
1106 Sep 28, King Henry I of
England defeated his brother Robert Curthose of Normandy at the Battle
of Tinchebrai and reunited England and Normandy. Robert remained a
prisoner until he died in 1134.
(HN, 9/28/98)(PC, 1992, p.90)
1107 China printed money in 3
colors to thwart counterfeiters.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1107 Mi Fu (b.1051), Chinese
calligrapher of the Northern Song period, died.
(SFC, 5/14/03, p.D3)(SFC, 7/1/06, p.E1)
1107-1205 Enrico Dandolo, ruler of Venice. He was
blind and spearheaded the 4th Crusade. He funded an army to capture
Constantinople and after the "rape of Constantinople" pocketed some of
the city's riches. He stole 4 bronze horses and placed them over the
entry to the Cathedral of San Marco.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)
1109 Apr 21, Anselmus,
philosopher, archbishop of Canterbury, died.
(MC, 4/21/02)
1109 Apr 28, Hugo van Cluny, 6th
abbot of Cluny, saint, died.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1109 Jul 12, Crusaders captured
harbor city of Tripoli.
(MC, 7/12/02)
1110 May 13, Crusaders marched
into Beirut causing a bloodbath.
(MC, 5/13/02)
1110 Dec 4, Syria harbor city of
Saida (Sidon) surrendered to the Crusaders.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1111 Feb 12, Henry V of Germany
presented himself to Pope Paschal II for coronation along with treaty
terms that commanded the clergy to restore fiefs of the crown to Henry.
The pope refused to crown and Henry left Rome taking the pope with him.
When Paschal was unable to get help, he confirmed Henry’s right of
investiture and crowned him.
(PCh, 1992, p.91)
1113 Aug 24, Geoffrey Plantagenet,
conquered Normandy, was born in France.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1114 Trade fairs were held at
Champagne, France, at the crossing of roads from Flanders, Germany,
Italy and Provence.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1117 Dec 21, Thomas Becket
(d.1170), archbishop of Canterbury, was born. His close friend Henry II
of England later ordered his martyrdom.
(MC, 12/21/01)
c1117 Abelard (1079-1142), master
of a school in Paris, impregnated Heloise, his single female student.
[See 1079]
(WSJ, 2/11/05, p.W6)
1118 Apr 2, Boudouin I of Bologne
and Edessa, 1st crusader, king of Jerusalem, died.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1118 Apr 7, Pope Gelasius II
excommunicated Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1118 Dec 18, Afonso the Battler,
the Christian King of Aragon captured Saragossa, Spain, a major blow to
Muslim Spain.
(HN, 12/18/98)
1118 The military order of the
Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon was founded in
Jerusalem to protect pilgrims in the Holy Land following the First
Crusade. The Knights Templar were founded to protect pilgrims in the
Holy Land during the second Crusade.
(AHD, 1971, p.724)(AP, 10/12/07)
1118 Seborga became the provenance
of nine Knight Templars returning from the crusades.
(SFEC, 3/30/97, p.T7)
1164 Apr 20, Victor IV, [Ottaviano
Montecello], Italian antipope (1159-64), died.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1120 Nov 25, Countess of Perche,
bastard daughter of English king Henry I, drowned along with William
(17), English crown prince and son of Henry I.
(MC, 11/25/01)
1121 Mar 2, Dirk VI became count
of Holland.
(SC, 3/2/02)
1122 Mar 2, Floris II, the fat
one, count of Holland, died.
(SC, 3/2/02)
1123 In the film “The Visitors”
The noble Sir Godefroy of this time is transformed to 1996 France to do
battle with short order cooks, rescue bag ladies and learn modern
etiquette in order to find the descendant of his betrothed sweetheart's
descendant, the Duchess Frenegonde.
(SFC, 7/16/96, p.E1)
1123 Omar Khayyam, Persian poet
and mathematician, died.
(WUD, 1994, p.1005)
1124 Apr 27, Alexander I, king of
Scotland (1107-24), died.
(MC, 4/27/02)
1124 May 6, Balak, Emir of Aleppo
(Syria), was murdered.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1124 Jul 7, Tyre [Tyrus]
surrendered to the Crusaders.
(MC, 7/7/02)
1124 The quality of English silver
coins improved after mint masters caught adulterating coins had their
right hands cut off.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1125 May 25, Hendrik V, last
Salische German king, died.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1125 Sinaguan people built a
5-story limestone dwelling, later known as Montezuma Castle, near
Sedona, Az.
(SSFC, 7/6/03, p.C9)
1126 Nov 26, Al-Borsoki, emir of
Aleppo-Mosoel (Syria), was assassinated.
(MC, 11/26/01)
1126AD A drought that lasted 1-2 centuries, as
measured from tree rings in the Sierra Nevada, was centered on this
time. It coincided with a Medieval warm period when Vikings navigated
the waters surrounding Greenland. A 2nd drought centered at 1340AD.
(NH, 9/96, p.38)
1126-1198AD Averroes (Ibn Rushd), Arab philosopher
and commentator who translated Aristotle from the original Greek to
Arabic, which was then translated to Latin. He wrote a major
reinterpretation of Plato's Republic. He lamented the fact that Islam
had not adopted Plato's view of women as the equal of men and had thus
failed to give them civic equality.
(V.D.-H.K.p.117)(WSJ, 7/7/99, p.A23)
1127 Mar 2, Charles the Good,
Count of Flanders, was murdered. Flemish towns (Ghent, Bruges and
Ypres) forced the selection of Thierry of Alsace as the new count
despite Louis VI’s choice of the son of Normandy’s Robert Curthose.
(PCh, 1992, p.92)(SC, 3/2/02)
1127-1279 In 2007 Chinese archeologists raised a
merchant ship loaded with porcelain and other rare antiques to the
surface in a specially built basket. The 100-foot Nanhai No. 1,
discovered in 1987, sank off the south China coast during the Southern
Song Dynasty (1127-1279).
(AP, 12/21/07)
1128 Jun 24, Afonso I of Portugal
defeated the army of his mother Theresa.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1128 The Royal High School in
Scotland was founded by a group of Edinburgh Friars.
(SFC, 4/22/98, p.A10)
1129 Aug 21, The warrior Yoritomo
was made Shogun without equal in Japan.
(HN, 8/21/98)
1130 Feb 14, Jewish Cardinal
Pietro Pierleone was elected as anti-pope Anacletus II.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1130 China’s Master-of-the-Nets
Garden in Suzhou was built about this time.
(SSFC, 6/25/06, p.A16)
1130 The first travel book was
written by a French priest about travel on the Camino de Santiago (the
road of St. James) in northern Spain.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T5)
1130 The French church at the
abbey at Cluny was completed and measured over 400 feet long.
(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T4)
1130-1150 Tree growth rings revealed that a drought
occurred in the southwest US. This period corresponded with the
abandonment of Anasazi dwelling sites in Arizona.
(Hem., 5/97, p.79)
1130-1200 Chu codified Confucian thought.
(SFEC, 11/28/99, Z1 p.5)
1131 Mar 1, Stephen II, King of
Hungary (1116-31), died.
(SC, 3/1/02)
1131 Oct 25, Louis VII the Young,
King of France, was crowned.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1132 In China invaders established
what became known as the southern Song dynasty in Hangzhou.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R51)
1133 Mar 25, Henry II, King of
England (1154-1189) , was born.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1133 Jun 4, In Rome Pope
Innocentius II crowned German King Lothair II as emperor at the Church
of the Lateran.
(MC, 6/4/02)(PCh, 1992, p.92)
1133-1193 Rashid Al-Din Sinan, also known as "The Old
Man of the Mountain," was a leader of the Assassins. He used the Syrian
Masyaf castle as a base for spreading the beliefs of the Nizari Ismaili
sect of Islam to which he and his followers belonged.
(www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=104843)(Reuters, 7/13/07)
1135 Dec 1, Henry I Beauclerc of
England died and the crown was passed to his nephew Stephen of Bloise.
He had decreed that the standard linear measure of one foot be a third
the length of his arm which was 36 inches. He was the 1st English king
able to read.
(HN, 12/1/98)(SFEC, 2/14/99, Z1 p.8)(MC, 12/1/01)
1135 Dec 22, Stephen of Blois was
crowned the king of England.
(HN, 12/22/98)
1135 Maimonides (d.1204), Jewish
scholar, philosopher and rabbi was born in Spain. He analyzed linkages
between wealth and charity and created a ladder of giving with each
rung representing a higher degree of virtue. The most virtuous way to
give was to help a stranger by offering him a loan or job so that he
would no longer need help. The lowest rung was to make a grudging
donation.
(WUD, 1994, p.864)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)(WSJ,
10/5/01, p.W17)
1136 The people of Novgorod,
Russia, expelled their prince, assigned by Kiev, and transferred his
power to the local nobility and merchant class who formed a sort of
city council known as the vieche.
(AM, 11/00, p.32)
1138 May 29, Anti-Pope Victor IV
(Gregorio) overthrew self for Innocentius II.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1139 Apr 20, The Second Lateran
Council opened in Rome. The crossbow was outlawed in the 12th century,
at least against Christians, by the second Lateran council (the 10th
ecumenical council), called by Pope Innocent II. Capable of piercing
chain mail from a range of up to 1,000 feet, this formidable missile
weapon remained a fixture of technically-advanced European armies
throughout the Middle Ages. Although it was used after the introduction
of firearms, it was eventually succeeded by the harquebus—a primitive
gun—in the late 15th century. The council attempted universal
enforcement of priestly celibacy in the Roman Catholic Church.
(HN, 4/20/98)(HN, 4/20/98)(HNQ, 12/5/00)(SFC,
3/16/02, p.A3)
1138 Aug 22, English defeated
Scots at Cowton Moor. Banners of various saints were carried into
battle which led to its being called Battle of the Standard.
(MC, 8/22/02)
1139 Incendiary weapons that
burned people to death were banned by the countries of northern Europe
as “too murderous.” The practice was resumed the next century.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.57)
1140 Gratian wrote the illuminated
“Decretum,” a standard treatise on canon law in Bologna about this
time. He wrote three volumes on the subject which were lavishly
illustrated. The three volumes were later published by the Vatican in
1975.
(WSJ, 7/13/95, p.A-12)
1140 Ghorid leaders from central
Afghanistan captured and burned Ghazni, then moved on to conquer India.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1141 Jan 31, Pope Innocent II
authorized Bishop Henry of Moravia to preach Catholicism in Prussia.
(LHC, 1/31/03)
1141 Sep 8, Battle of Samarkand
(Uzbekistan): Yelutashi defeated Islams.
(MC, 9/8/01)
1141 Dec 29, Yue Fei, Chinese
general, was executed.
(MC, 12/29/01)
1141 The Barone Ricasoli family
founded a wine and oil firm and produced Chianti wine.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)(SFC, 4/14/06, p.D1)
1142 Apr 21, Pierre Abelard (62),
French philosopher (priestly lover of Heloise), died.
(MC, 4/21/02)
1144 Mar 8, Celestine II [Guido],
Italian Pope (1143-44), died in battle.
(MC, 3/8/02)
1144 The Saracens recaptured the
crusader’s castles along the Palestine coast.
(V.D.-H.K.p.109)
1144 In Syria the Knights
Hospitallers began expanding a fortress 90 miles northwest of Damascus.
It became known as The Crac des Chevaliers. The Mamelukes captured it
in 1271 and converted the chapel into a mosque.
(WSJ, 1/31/08, p.W12)
1146 Aug 30, European leaders
outlawed the crossbow with the intention to end war for all time. [see
1139]
(MC, 8/30/01)
1146 Sep 14, Zangi of the Near
East was murdered. The Sultan Nur ad-Din, his son, pursued the conquest
of Edessa (NW Mesopotamia).
(HN, 9/14/98)
1146 France’s warrior-abbot
Bernard of Clairvaux built the La Cordelle chapel in northern Burgundy.
(SFCM, 10/7/07, p.18)
1147 Oct 25, At the Battle at
Doryleum Arabs beat Konrad III's crusaders. Conrad III of Germany and
Louis VII of France had assembled 500,000 men for the 2nd Crusade. Most
of the men were lost to starvation, disease and battle wounds.
(PCh, 1992, p.94)(MC, 10/25/01)
1147 Moscow was founded by Prince
Yuri Dolgoruky, a ruler of the northeastern Rus. He built the first
fortress, or Kremlin, along the Moscow River.
(SFC, 11/12/96, p.A14)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.27,28)
1148 Jul 23, Crusaders of the 2nd
Crusade attacked Damascus.
(MC, 7/23/02)(V.D.-H.K.p.109)
1150 Mar 26, Tichborne family of
Hampshire, England, started tradition of giving a gallon of flour to
each resident to keep deathbed promise.
(SS, 3/26/02)
c1150 The original Hopi territory
in the southwest encompassed some 225,000 sq. miles around villages
established about this time.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
c1150 A group of Anasazi villages
in southwest Colorado were suddenly abandoned during a period of severe
drought. In 2000 evidence showed that a raiding party had swept through
the area, killed the inhabitants and ate their flesh.
(SFC, 9/6/00, p.A3)
1150 Adelard of Bath (b.1080),
Englishman, died. He had traveled widely and translated the Arabic
version of Euclid's "Elements" into Latin as well as several Arabic
books on astronomy.
(SSFC, 2/8/04, p.M2)
c1150 Suryavarman II, Khmer ruler,
died about this time. He commissioned the building of Angkor Wat,
possibly the largest religious monument in the world. He traded
elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns and kingfisher feathers for gold. The
feathers were prized in China for bridal attire.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)
1150 The municipality of Genoa
raised 400 lira by granting to investors the tax revenue raised from
stallholders in the marketplace over a term of 29 years. This became
the first recorded public bond.
(Econ, 1/10/09, p.74)
1151 Sep 7, Geoffrey Plantagenet,
earl of Anjou and duke of Normandy, died at 38.
(MC, 9/7/01)
1151 In Iceland the first known
fire and plague insurance was offered.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1152 Mar 4, Frederick Barbarossa
was chosen as emperor and united the two factions, which emerged in
Germany after the death of Henry V.
(HN, 3/4/99)
1153 Mar 23, Treaty of Konstanz
between Frederik I "Barbarossa" and Pope Eugene III.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1153 May 23, David I (~68), king
of Scotland (1124-53), died.
(MC, 5/23/02)
1153 May 24, Malcolm IV became
king of Scotland.
(MC, 5/24/02)
1153 Aug 20, Bernard de Clairvaux,
French saint, died.
(MC, 8/20/02)
1153 A wandering Arab holy man
converted the king of the Buddhist islanders of the Maldives.
(WSJ, 7/22/96, p.A12)
1153 A chicken restaurant, the
world's oldest existing eatery, opened in Kai-Feng, China.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1153 Anna Komnene (b.1083),
Byzantine princess and scholar, died. She was a daughter of the
Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. She is one of
the first known female historians, having written the Alexiad.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Komnene)
1154 Feb 26, Rogier II Guiscard
(60), King of Sicily (1101-54), died. William the bad succeeded his
father, Roger the II.
(SC, 2/26/02)(HN, 2/26/99)
1154 Oct 25, King Steven of
England (1135-54), died.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1154 Dec 19, Henry II of the
Angevin dynasty was crowned King of England.
(HN, 12/19/98)(WSJ, 3/10/99, p.A22)
1154 Sir Thomas Becket was given
the high office of Chancellor to the King, Henry II.
(HN, 9/3/98)
1155 Jun 18, German-born Frederick
I, Barbarossa, was crowned emperor of Rome by Pope Adrian IV.
(HN, 6/18/98)(MC, 6/18/02)
1155 A map of western China was
printed and is the oldest known printed map.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1156 May 28, Battle at Brindisi:
King William of Sicily beat a Byzantine fleet.
(MC, 5/28/02)
1156 The first foreign exchange
contracts were issued and allowed the repayment of Genoese pounds debt
with Byzantine bezants.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1157 Sep 8, Richard I, [Richard
the Lion Hearted], King of England (1189-99), was born.
(MC, 9/8/01)
1157 The Bank of Venice issued the
first government bonds to raise funds for was with Constantinople.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1158 Aug 31, Sancho III, King of
Castilia, died.
(MC, 8/31/01)
1158 Nov 11, Emperor Frederik I
Barbarossa declared himself ruler of North Italy.
(MC, 11/11/01)
1159 Sep 1, Adrian IV, [Nicole
Breakspear], only English pope (1154-59), died.
(MC, 9/1/02)
1159 John of Salisbury authored a
religious book called “The Metalogicon.” It included the phrase: ""We
are like dwarfs sitting on the shoulders of giants. We see more, and
things that are more distant, than they did, not because our sight is
superior or because we are taller than they, but because they raise us
up, and by their great stature add to ours." In 2003 Robert Merton's
book “On the Shoulders of Giants” quotes Bernard of Chartres as saying
in about 1130: "We are like dwarfs standing [or sitting] upon the
shoulders of giants, and so able to see more and see farther than the
ancients."
(www.aerospaceweb.org/question/history/q0162b.shtml)
1160 Feb 3, Emperor Frederick
Barbarossa hurtled prisoners, including children, at the Italian city
of Crema, forcing its surrender.
(HN, 2/3/99)
1160 May 18, Erik IX Helgi, [The
Saint] King of Sweden, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1160 Jul 21, Peterus Lombardus,
Italian theologian, bishop of Paris, died.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1160 Dec 6, Jean Bodel's "Jeu de
St Nicholas," premiered in Arras, France.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1160-1216 Giovanni Lotario de' Conti, served as Pope
Innocent III from 1198-1216.
(WUD, 1994, p.733)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)
1160-1225 Ma Yuan, an academic painter, made his
Southern Song masterpiece “Banquet by Lantern Light.”
(SFEC, 10/6/96, DB p.37)
1162 This date was given by Marco
Polo for the Tartars settling around the area south of Lake Baikal and
forming a city called Karakoram.
(TMPV, P.80)
1164 Jan 27, Abraham ibn Ezra,
poet, philosopher, died.
(MC, 1/27/02)
1164 Apr 22, Raynald of Dassel
named Guido di Crema as anti-pope Paschalis III.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1165 Jul 28, Ibn al-'Arabi, Muslim
mystic, philosopher, was born.
(SC, 7/28/02)
1165 Aug 21, Philip II Augustus,
1st great Capetian king of France (1179-1223), was born.
(SC, 8/21/02)
1165 Nov 23, Pope Alexander III
returned from exile to Rome
(MC, 11/23/01)
1165 Dec 9, Malcom IV (24), king
of Scotland (1153-65), died.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1166 El-Idrisi (b.1099), a Muslim
geographer, died. The Arab geographer Idrisi claimed that Indians
preferred iron from East Africa over their own because of its
malleability.
(SSFC, 9/2/07, p.A18)(NH, 6/97, p.44)
1167 Feb 27, Robert of Melun,
English philosopher, bishop of Hereford, died.
(MC, 2/27/02)
1167 Aug 14, Raynald van Dassel,
archbishop of Cologne, died.
(MC, 8/14/02)
1167 Dec 1, Northern Italian towns
formed the Lombardi League.
(MC, 12/1/01)
1167 Dec 24, John "Lackland"
Plantagenet, King of England (1199-1216), was born.
(HN, 12/24/98)(MC, 12/24/01)
1167 Sweden’s King Charles VII was
assassinated after ruling for 6 years. Charles VII was the first
Swedish king with the name Charles.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VII_of_Sweden)
1167-1227 Genghis Khan was born in the Hentiyn Nuruu
mountains north of Ulan Bator in the early 1160's (it has been argued
between 1162 and 1167, but recently agreement has been made for 1167),
the son of the Kiyat-Borjigid chieftain Yisugei. His given name was
Temujin, "the ironsmith," and he seized control over much of 5 million
square miles that covered China, Iran, Iraq, Burma, Vietnam, and most
of Korea and Russia. His efforts in Vietnam were not successful. "In
Search of Genghis Khan" is a book by Tim Severin. He was succeeded by
his son Ogedai, who was succeeded by Guyuk. Ogedai ignored numerous
pleas from his brother Chaghatai to cut down on his drinking and died
of alcoholism as did Guyuk. [see 1167]
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R6)(www.royalalbertamuseum.ca/vexhibit/genghis/biog.htm)
1168 Sep 20, Paschal III, [Guido
di Crema], Italian anti-Pope, died.
(MC, 9/20/01)
1169 Mar 23, Shirkuh, Kurd
General, vizier of Cairo, Saladin's uncle, died.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1169 Dec, Owain Gwynedd, ruler of
North Wales in the twelfth century, died. He had nineteen children, six
of whom were legitimate. MADOC, one of the bastard sons, was born in a
castle at Dolwyddelan, a village at the head of the Lledr valley
between Betws-y-Coed and Blaenau Ffestiniog. The brothers fought
amongst themselves for the right to rule Gwynedd. MADOC, although being
brave and adventurous, was a man of peace. He and his brother, Riryd,
left the quay on the Afon (River) Ganol at Aber-Kerrik-Gwynan, on the
North Wales Coast (now Rhos-on-Sea) in two ships, the Gorn Gwynant and
the Pedr Sant. They sailed west, leaving the coast of Ireland 'farre
north' and landed in Mobile Bay, in what we now know as Alabama in the
USA.
(www.madoc1170.com/home.htm)
1169-1181 The heyday of the Kiyomori Clan in Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)
1170 Dec 29, Thomas Becket
(b.1117), St. Thomas archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered in
Canterbury Cathedral in England. Barons had heard Henry II cry out,
"Will no one rid me of this meddlesome priest?"
(HFA, '96, p.20)(AP, 12/29/97)(HN, 12/29/98)(MC,
1/29/02)
c1170 Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian
mathematician, was born. It is believed Fibonacci discovered the
relationship of what are now referred to as Fibonacci numbers while
studying the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt and by investigating how
fast rabbits could breed in ideal circumstances. Suppose a
newborn pair of rabbits, one male, one female, is put in a field.
Rabbits are able to mate at the age of one month so at the end of its
second month a female can produce another pair of rabbits.
Suppose our rabbits never die and the female always produces one new
pair (one male, one female) every month from the second month on. The
puzzle Fibonacci posed was: How many pairs will there be in one
year? At the end of the first month, they mate, but there is
still one only 1 pair. At the end of the second month the female
produces a new pair, so now there are 2 pairs of rabbits in the
field. At the end of the third month, the original female
produces a second pair, making 3 pairs in all in the field. At
the end of the fourth month, the original female has produced yet
another new pair, the female born two months ago produces her first
pair also, making 5 pairs. The number of pairs of rabbits in the
field at the start of each month is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,
... The next number in the Fibonacci sequence is arrived at by
adding the previous two values together. Thus, to get the next
value after 34 add 21 to 34 and arrive at 55. As you can see,
Fibonacci numbers are a sequence of numbers in which each successive
number is the sum of the two previous numbers: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,
21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, etc. Now, if you take any two
adjacent values and divide each one by their sum, a peculiar thing
occurs, the values converge to 38.2% and 61.8%. These numbers also
possess an intriguing number of natural interrelationships, such as the
fact that any given number is approximately 1.618 times the preceding
number and any given number is approximately 0.618 times the following
number. The booklet Understanding Fibonacci Numbers by Edward
Dobson contains a good discussion of these interrelationships.
(BMTI, 8/2/00)
1170 Henry II sent his
Anglo-Norman barons to invade Ireland after he gained support from the
English pope.
(SFEM, 2/22/98, p.37)
c1170 Hua was chief of Hana, in
what is now the Hawaiian Islands.
(SFEM, 3/16/97, p.46)
1170 Madoc, a Welsh prince, is
reputed to have discovered America. Many believe that he and his
followers initially settled in the Georgia/Tennessee/ Kentucky area,
eventually moving to the Upper Missouri, where they were assimilated
into a tribe of the Mandans. New evidence is also emerging about a
small band of Madoc's followers who remained in the Ohio area and are
called “White Madoc.”
(www.madoc1170.com/home.htm)
1170-1221 Domingo de Guzman, a Spanish monk founded
the Dominicans, also called mendicants, for they abjured great abbeys
and cloisters in favor of a life of utmost simplicity and poverty. The
Order of St. Dominic was fashioned to minister to the educated classes
in the new towns.
(V.D.-H.K.p.108)(CU, 6/87)
1171 May 1, Dermot MacMurrough,
last Irish King of Leinster, died.
(MC, 5/1/02)
c1171 Benjamin ben Jonah, a
Spanish Jew, returned to his home in Tudela and published an account of
his 6-year journey to Constantinople, Cyprus, Palestine, Damascus,
Persia and Egypt: “The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela.”
(WSJ, 8/8/02, p.D10)
1172 Mar 4, Stephan III, King of
Hungary (1162-72), died.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1172-1216 Shota Rustaveli, a Georgian poet, lived
about this time. He is considered by many to be one of the greatest
representatives of the literature of the medieval world. His literary
work included “The Knight in the Panther's Skin” ("Vepkhistkaosani" in
Georgian), the Georgian national epic poem.
(http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064497)
1173 Feb 21, Pope Alexander III
canonized Thomas Becket (1117-1170) of Canterbury.
(MC, 2/21/02)
1173 The first stone of the Tower
of Pisa was laid. It began tilting in 1174 and became known as the
Leaning Tower of Pisa. Work halted for nearly a century as Pisa warred
with Florence.
(WSJ, 2/16/99, p.A1)(SSFC, 10/19/03, p.C3)
1174 Jul 11, Amalric I, king of
Jerusalem, died.
(ON, 6/07, p.5)
1174 Jul 15, Baldwin (13), son of
Amalric I, was crowned Baldwin IV, king of Jerusalem.
(ON, 6/07, p.5)
1174 Nureddin, the ruler of Syria
died. Saladin, the vizier of Egypt, married Nureddin’s widow and
assumed control of both state.
(ON, 6/07, p.5)
1174 The earliest known English
horse races were held.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1176 May 22, There was a murder
attempt by "Assassins" (hashish-smoking mountain killers) on Saladin
near Aleppo.
(MC, 5/22/02)
1176 May 29, Lombard League
defeated Frederick Barbarossa at Battle of Legnano.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1177 Aug 2, Philip of Flanders
arrived in Acre. A Christian army under the joint command of Philip of
Flanders and Raymond of Tripoli marched west to campaign against the
Muslims around Tripoli.
(ON, 6/07,
p.5)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Flanders)
1177 Nov 18, Saladin marched north
from Egypt with 26,000 light cavalry intent on capturing the Kingdom of
Jerusalem.
(ON, 6/07,
p.5)(www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_ramleh.html)
1177 Nov 25, Baldwin of Jerusalem
and his armored knights encountered the Muslim army of Saladin below
the castle of Montgisard and defeated them in a surprise attack.
(ON, 6/07, p.6)
1177 Lal Shahbaz Qalandar (d.1274)
was born as Seyyed Shah Hussain Marandi in Marand (near the city of
Tabriz) in Azerbaijan (at this time a part of Iran). He is also known
as Shaikh Hussain Marandi. He migrated to Sindh and settled in Sehwan
and was buried there. He was a Sufi in the regions that lie in the
Sindh province of Pakistan.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahbaz_Qalander)
1178 Aug 29, Anti-Pope Callistus
III gave pope title to Alexander III.
(MC, 8/29/01)
1178 Jun 18, 5 Canterbury monks
reported an explosion on moon (only known observation). This is the
proposed time of origin of lunar crater Giordano Bruno.
(MC, 6/18/02)
1178 Jul 30, Frederick I
(Barbarossa), Holy Roman Emperor, was crowned King of Burgundy.
(MC, 7/30/02)
1178 A Chinese colored scroll from
this time depicted Buddhist guardians washing their clothes in a
mountain stream. Buddha (d.483BCE) was said to have entrusted 16
disciples with the task of guarding the faith.
(SFC, 12/5/03, p.D7)
1178 English raiders attacked the
Irish town of Clonmacnoise but spared the churches.
(SFEC, 8/1/99, p.T8)
1178 The wise King Giorgi III of
Georgia had his daughter, Tamara (19), crowned as his co-ruler to
provide an orderly succession.
(www.undelete.org/woa/woa01-18.html)
1179 Sep 17, Hildegard van Bingen,
mystic and composer (Ordo Virtutum), died at 81. The abbess Hildegard
concocted the Lingua Ignota, an artificial language. Her work included
the morality play “Ordo Virtutum.”
(WSJ, 6/20/96, p.A16)(Wired, 8/96, p.84)(WSJ,
7/30/98, p.A16)(MC, 9/17/01)
1179 Pope Alexander III
established The Apostolic Penitentiary, or Tribunal of Conscience, for
sins considered so heinous by the Catholic Church that only the Pope
can grant absolution to those who perpetrate them.
(www.bishop-accountability.org/AbuseTracker/)(AP,
1/14/09)
1180 Aug 11, Guillaume de Sens,
French master builder (Canterbury), died.
(MC, 8/11/02)
1180 The Kingdom of Jerusalem
under Baldwin IV reached a truce with Egypt under Saladin.
(ON, 6/07, p.6)
1180 In Montpellier, France, a
medical school was founded.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R22)
1180-1185 War between the Taira and Minamoto clans in
Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)
1181 Aug 4, A supernova was seen
in Cassiopeia. Chinese and Japanese astronomers observed a supernova.
The star 3C58 was later identified as the heart of the explosion in the
constellation Cassiopeia. In 2002 it was thought to be composed of
quarks.
(MC, 8/4/02)(SFC, 4/11/02, p.A2)
1182 Francis of Assisi was born as
Guiovanni di Bernardone (d.1226), the son of a rich Umbrian cloth
merchant. He later created an Order to minister to the poor and
destitute clustered in the slums outside the walled towns.
(V.D.-H.K.p.108)(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 10/4/99, p.A21)
1182 In Constantinople a mob
massacred the Latins who ruled as agents of the regent Maria of
Antioch. They killed the city officials and proclaimed an uncle of
Alexius II Comnenus co-emperor to rule as Andronicus I Comnenus
together with his nephew.
(PCh, 1992, p.98)
1183 James Goldman wrote his 1966
play "The Lion in Winter," set in 1183 England. The 1968 film “The Lion
in Winter” focused on Henry II and his estranged wife, Eleanor of
Aquitaine, and their battle over succession. The 1834 opera by Gaetano
Donizetti, “Rosmonda d’Inghilterra,” was the story of Rosamond
Clifford, who was put in a tower by her lover King Henry II, and
offered death by dagger or poison by Queen Eleanor.
(SFC, 10/30/98, p.D4)(WSJ, 11/10/98, p.A20)(WSJ,
3/17/99, p.A24)
1184 Jun 15, King Magnus of Norway
was defeated by his rival, Sverre.
(HN, 6/15/98)
1185 Mar, Baldwin IV (23), king of
Jerusalem, succombed to his leprosy.
(ON, 6/07,
p.6)(http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9356429/Baldwin-IV)
1185 Sep 12, Andronicus I
Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (1183-85), was lynched.
(MC, 9/12/01)
1185 The Bishopric of Livonia was
founded by Meinhard of Germany.
(TB-Com, 10/11/00)
1185-1333 The Kamakura Period of Japan. A sect known
as Pure Land Buddhism began to enjoy great popularity.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)(SFC, 3/14/03, p.D1)
1186 In Cambodia the temple
monastery of Ta Prohm at Angkor was consecrated. Inscriptions say that
79,365 servants were required to for its upkeep. It was paid by funds
from over 3,000 villages.
(SFEC, 7/26/98, p.T7)
1186 Zara (present-day Zadar,
Croatia), previously part of the Venetian republic, rebelled against
Venice and allied itself with Hungary, posing competition to Venice’s
maritime trade.
(HNQ, 1/23/01)
1187 Jul 4, Battle of Hittin
(Tiberias): Saladin defeated Reinoud of Chƒtillon. Salah al Din, who
ruled from his imperial seat in ancient Syria, defeated Christian
armies of the Crusaders and forced their retreat from the Holy Land.
The battle was depicted in a mosaic that was found and restored for the
palace of Pres, Hafez Assad of Syria.
(WSJ, 9/30/96, p.A1)(Maggio)
1187 Sep 5, Louis VIII,
[Coeur-de-Lion] king of France (1223-26), was born.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1187 Oct 2, Sultan Saladin
captured Jerusalem from Crusaders.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187))
1189 Jan 21, Philip Augustus,
Henry II of England and Frederick Barbarossa assembled the troops for
the Third Crusade.
(V.D.-H.K.p.109)(HN, 1/21/99)
1189 Feb 6, Riots of Lynn in
Norfolk spread to Norwich, England.
(MC, 2/6/02)
1189 May 11, Emperor Frederik I
Barbarossa and 100,000 crusaders departed Regensburg.
(MC, 5/11/02)
1189 Jul 6, Henry II (56), King of
England (1154-89), died.
(SFC, 10/30/98, p.D4)(MC, 7/6/02)
1189 Sep 3, After the death of
Henry II, Richard Lionheart, King Richard I, was crowned king of
England in Westminster.
(AP, 9/3/97)(HN, 9/3/98)
1189 Sep 3, Jacob of Orleans,
Rabbi, was killed in the London anti Jewish riot in which 30 Jews
were massacred.
(MC, 9/3/01)
1189 Giraldus Cambrensis authored
"History of the Conquest of Ireland."
(ON, SC, p.1)
1189 The first lord mayor was
elected in London.
(WSJ,3/13/95, p.A-1)
1189 Temiijin (27) became the
acknowledged leader of the Mongols and was named Genghis Khan (King of
Everything).
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1190 Mar 16, The Crusades began
the massacre of Jews in York, England. The Jewish population of York
fled to Clifford’s Tower overlooking the rivers Ouse and Foss during an
anti-Jewish riot. A crazed friar set fire to the tower and rather than
be captured, the inhabitants committed mass suicide,
(SFEC,10/26/97, p.T5)(HN, 3/16/99)
1190 Mar 17, Crusaders completed
the massacre of Jews of York, England.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1190 Mar 18, Crusaders killed 57
Jews in Bury St. Edmonds, England.
(MC, 3/18/02)
1190 Jun 10, Frederick I van
Hohenstaufen, Barbarossa (1123-1190), king of Germany and Italy and the
Holy Roman Empire, drowned crossing the Saleph River while leading an
army of the Third Crusade. Frederick struggled to extend German
influence throughout Europe, maneuvering both politically and
militarily. He clashed with the pope, the powerful Lombards and fellow
Germans among others throughout the years. He joined the Third Crusade
in the Spring of 1189 in their efforts to free Jerusalem from Saladin's
army
(WUD, 1994, p.565)(HN, 6/10/98)(HNQ, 2/3/01)
1190 Matthaeus Platerius, a
teaching physician at the School of Salerno, wrote his manuscript
“Circa Instans,” a Latin work on the medicinal properties of plants.
(WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)
1190 The Louvre Museum in Paris
was built as a fortress.
(SFC, 6/16/96, T-5)
1191 Apr 14, Giacinto Bobo (85)
became Pope Coelestinus III.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1191 May 12, Richard the Lionheart
married (Bernegaria) Berengaria of Navarre in Limassol, Cyprus.
(NH, 4/97, p.62)(EofA, p.161)
1191 Jul 12, Richard Coeur de Lion
and Crusaders defeated the Saracens at Acre.
(MC, 7/12/02)
1191 Aug 20, Crusader King Richard
I (1157-1199), Coeur de Lion (the "Lionheart"), executed some
2,700-3,000 Muslim prisoners in Acre (Akko).
(MC, 8/20/02)
1191 Zen Buddhism, guided by the
Dao (The Way) arrived to Japan from China.
(Hem., 2/96, p.58)
1191 In Cambodia Preah Khan was
dedicated on what is thought to be the site where the Khmer defeated
their eastern neighbors the Cham. The central temple was dedicated by
Jayavarman VII to his father, King Dharanindravavarman II, in the name
of Lokesvara, a god who embodies the compassionate qualities of the
Buddha. The temple covers 140 acres.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.E)(Arch, 5/04, p.64)
1192 Sep 2, Sultan Saladin and
King Richard the Lion Hearted signed a cease fire.
(MC, 9/2/01)
1192 Oct 9, Richard Coeur de Lion
left Jerusalem in disguise. [see Sep 21, 1192]
(MC, 10/9/01)
1192 Dec 20, English King Richard
I the Lion Hearted was captured in Austria on his return from the Third
Crusade. An entire year’s supply of wool from the Cistercian and two
other monasteries in England was promised as ransom for the King.
It was never paid in full.
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 569)(http://tinyurl.com/33kall)
1192 The founding of the Kamakura
Shogunate in Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)
1192 Enrico Dandolo (85) was
elected doge of Venice.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)
1193 Mar 4, Saladin [Salah
ed-Din]) Yusuf ibn Ayyub (52), Kurdish sultan of Egypt and Syria
(1175-1193), died. Saladin led the Muslims against the Crusaders.
(SSFC, 9/29/02, p.M6)(PC, 1992, p.100)(AP, 3/4/04)
1193 In 1779 The German
playwright, Gotthold Lessing, wrote a play that was set at this time in
Jerusalem. [see 1779, Lessing]
(WSJ,11/24/95, p.A-6)
1193 In Tibet the Karma Kargyu
sect preceded the Geluk sect of the Dalai Lama. It introduced the idea
of religious succession by reincarnation when a great lama used it to
predict his own rebirth.
(SFEM, 12/20/98, p.18)
1194 Feb 4, Richard I, King of
England, was freed from captivity in Austria with the payment of
Leopold VI's ransom of 100,000
(HN, 2/4/99)(ON, 8/07, p.9)
1194 Feb 20, Tancredo of Lecce,
King of Sicily, died.
(MC, 2/20/02)
1194 Mar 13, Richard I, King of
England, landed at Sandwich and immediately prepared to march north to
recover his castles.
(ON, 8/07, p.9)
1194 Mar 27, The Archbishop
of Canterbury, on behalf of King Richard I, talked with the rebels
inside the castle at Nottingham, who soon surrendered.
(ON, 8/07, p.10)
1194 May 5, Kazimierz II, the
Justified, grand duke of Poland (1177-94), died.
(MC, 5/5/02)
1194 Dec 26, Frederick II, German
Emperor (1212-1250) and King of Sicily, was born in Lesi, Italy.
(HN, 12/26/98)(MC, 12/26/01)
1194 Dec 27, Frederick II, German
Emperor, was born.
(HN, 12/27/98)
1194 The French cathedral at
Chartres was mostly destroyed by fire. The Sancta Camisia relic
survived intact and the cathedral was rebuilt in 29 years. In 2008 Leo
Hollis authored “Universe of Stone: Chartres Cathedral and the Triumph
of the Modern Mind.”
(Hem., 10/97, p.86)(Econ, 6/7/08, p.97)
1195-1270 Rabbi Moshe ben Nahman (Nahmanides) was a
Catalan kabbalist.
(SFEC, 10/25/98, BR p.6)
1196 The Chateau Gaillard in
Normandy was built by Richard the Lionhearted, Duke of Normandy, to
protect his domain from Philip Augustus, King of France.
(AMNH, DT, 1998)
1197 Dec 4, Crusaders wounded
Rabbi Elezar ben Judah.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1197 Sep 29, Emperor Henry VI died
in Messina, Sicily.
(HN, 9/29/98)
c1197 The sacred cross of Lalibela
dates to this time. It was believed to belong to King Lalibela of
Ethiopia who ordered "on command of God and with the help of angels"
the construction of a holy city hewn from rock. In 1997 it was reported
lost.
(SDUT, 6/6/97, p.E4)
1198 Jan 8, Lotario de Conti di
Sengi became Pope Innocent III (d.1216). He raised the papacy to an
acme of papal prestige and power, and Christian Europe came close to
being a unified theocracy with no internal contradictions. He oversaw 2
crusades and established fees for indulgences to fatten the Church's
treasury. He hired Italian merchant bankers to manage papal funds and
sanctioned the new Franciscan and Dominican orders.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R6)
1198 The German Bishop
Bertold shipped up the Baltic with armed forces and attacked the native
people of Livonia. The attack was repulsed.
(Ist. L.H., 1948, p.39-40)(TB-Com, 10/11/00)
1198 The Fourth Crusade was funded
by Enrico Dandolo, doge of Venice.
(V.D.-H.K.p.109)
1198 Fleeing from the Turks, a
group of Armenian nobles and their followers settled in Byzantine
Cilicia where they established a state know as Lesser or Little
Armenia. In this year the area attained the status of kingdom and
survived to 1375.
1199 Apr 6, Richard I "the
Lion-hearted" (41), King of England (1189-99), died. Richard was killed
by an arrow at the siege of the castle of Chaluz in France.
(HN, 4/6/99)(MC, 4/6/02)
1199 Sep 30, Rambam (Maimonides)
authorized Samuel Ibn Tibbon to translate “Guide of Perplexed” from
Arabic into Hebrew.
(MC, 9/30/01)
1199 Prince John (d.1216) was
crowned King of England.
(ON, 7/04, p.1)
Go to 1200