Timeline The Sixteenth Century: 1500-1524
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1500
Jan 26, Spanish explorer Vicente Yanez Pinzon
reached the northeastern coast of Brazil during a voyage under his
command. Pinzon had commanded the Nina during Christopher Columbus's
first expedition to the New World.
(MC, 1/26/02)
1500 Feb 24, Charles V, king of
Spain (1516-1556), was born in Ghent, Belgium. He was the last Holy
Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope.
(HN, 2/24/99)(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/24/02)
1500 Mar 9, Pedro Cabral
(~1460-1520), Portuguese navigator, departed to India. He left Lisbon
with 13 ships headed for India and was blown off course.
(WUD, 1994 p.206)(SFC, 4/20/00,
p.A14)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm)
1500 Apr 8, Battle at Novara: King
Louis XII beat duke Ludovico Sforza (Il Sforza del Destino).
(MC, 4/8/02)
1500 Apr 10, France captured duke
Ludovico Sforza ("Il Sforza del Destino") of Milan.
(MC, 4/10/02)
1500 Apr 11, Michael T. Marullus,
Greeks poet, drowned.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1500 Apr 22, Pedro Alvares Cabral
(c1460-c1526), Portuguese explorer, discovered Brazil and claimed it
for Portugal. He anchored for 10 days in a bay he called "Porto Seguro"
and continued on to India. [see Apr 23]
(WUD,1994, p.206)(AHD, p.185)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(HN,
4/22/98)(SFC, 4/20/00, p.A14)
1500 Apr 23, Pedro Cabal landed at
Terra da Vera Cruz and claimed Brazil for Portugal. The native
population was later estimated to have been from 1 to 11 million
people. [see Apr 22]
(AP, 4/23/98)(SFC, 7/6/98,
p.A10)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/03128a.htm)
1500 May 29, Bartholomeu Diaz de
Narvaez (Novaez), Portuguese sea explorer, drowned.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1500 Aug 10, Diego Diaz discovered
Madagascar.
(MC, 8/10/02)
1500 Oct, Governor De Bobadilla of
Santo Domingo captured Christopher Columbus and returned him in
shackles to Spain. Columbus, during his third sojourn to the new world,
engaged in a dispute with the ambassador plenipotentiary to Santo
Domingo, Hispaniola (later shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic).
Columbus was later released and forgiven by the Queen.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm)
1500 Nov 1, Benvunuto Cellini
(d.1571), Italian goldsmith and sculptor, was born. His 1545
autobiography greatly influenced the Renaissance.
(HN, 11/1/00)(WSJ, 2/14/00, p.A20)
1500 Pietro Torrigiani created his
sculpture "Virgin and Child."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
1500 Albrecht Durer (1471-1528) of
Nuremburg painted a self-portrait later described as the most gorgeous
portrait ever painted.
(WSJ, 3/15/08, p.W16)
1500 Giovanni Bellini painted "The
Pieta" and "Portrait of a Young Man."
(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17)
1500 Herri met de Bles, Flemish
oil painter, created "Landscape With Burning City."
(WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W8)
1500 Sandro Botticelli, Italian
painter, painted his "Mystic Nativity," but he was out of key with
public taste. His reputation was only restored in the 19th century. He
also did the circular painting "Adoration of the Christ Child."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 12/30/97, p.A8)
1500 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch
humanist scholar, published his "Adagia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 During the first half century
of printing 1450-1500, the majority of printed books were renderings of
Greek and Latin works, previously available only in manuscripts... From
this point on, published works in the national languages... were in the
majority.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
1500 Antwerp Cathedral was
completed after 148 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 Pope Alexander VI proclaimed
a Year of Jubilee with a call for a crusade against the Turks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 Aldus Manutius, Italian
printer, founded the Venice Academy for the study of Greek classics and
he invented Italic type.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 Valencia University was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 The Diet of Augsburg
established a Council of Regency to administer the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 King Louis XII of France
captured Milan in the Italian Wars.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1500 The Vatican established a
permanent nunciature (diplomatic service) in Venice.
(Econ, 7/21/07, p.59)
1500 Nueva Cadiz was established
on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela after Columbus discovered
rich pearl oyster beds nearby.
(SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)
1500 The population of the world at about 400 million
was distributed as follows:
China, Japan, and Korea
130 million
Europe and Russia
100 million
India subcontinent
70 million
Southeast Asia and Indonesia 40
million
Central and western Asia
25 million
Africa
20 million
The Americas
15 million
(V.D.-H.K.p.168)
c1500 In northern Argentina 3 Inca
children were sacrificed. In 1999 a team of archeologists discovered
their frozen mummies on Mount Llullaillaco.
(SFC, 4/7/99, p.A11)
c1500 At the end of the 15th
century Azerbaijan became the power base of a native dynasty, the
Safavids. They established an empire that dominated Iran in the 16th
and 17th centuries..
(CO, Grolier’s Amer. Acad. Enc./ Azerbaijan)
c1500 Lake Cauhilla in southern
California, the predecessor to the Salton Sea, measured 50 by 100 miles
and began evaporating.
(SFC, 11/30/98, p.A22)
1500s The Aztecs played
ollamalitzli. The game placed a rubber ball through a stone ring and
the loser was often beheaded.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1500s The Navajo began settling on
Hopi land. They have farmed in the southwest since this time.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1500s Europe began to restrict the
practice of medicine to qualified doctors.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1500s Holland and Saxony began to
protect the rights of inventors to their creations.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1500s Juan de Bermudez of Spain
first reported on the island of Bermuda.
(SFC, 5/2/98, p.E4)
1500s The popularity of
surströmming, a Swedish fermented herring with a noxious stench,
surged in the early 1500s and again in the early 1700s.
(WSJ, 8/13/02, p.A1)
1500s Monomutapa (Zimbabwe) was
split in two with the northern half remaining Monomutapa, and a
southern half under the rival dynasty of Changamire.
(ATC, p.148)
1500s Portugal settled the island
of Sao Tome, 250 miles off the coast of Kongo. Most of the settlers
were criminals deported from Portugal. Sugar began to be grown on Sao
Tome and slaves were purchased from King Affonso. The Portuguese and
Africans did not see slavery the same way. To the Portuguese the slaves
were beasts of burden and worked so hard that many died. They then
bought more.
(ATC, p.152)
1500s Most people got married in
June because they took their yearly bath in May and were still smelling
pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell, so brides
carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor.
Baths equaled a big tub filled
with hot water. The man of the house had the privilege of the
nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then the women and
finally the children. Last of all the babies. By then the
water was so dirty you could actually loose someone in it.
Hence the saying, "Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water".
Houses had thatched roofs.
Thick straw, piled high, with no wood underneath. It was the only place
for animals to get warm, so all the pets... dogs, cats and other small
animals, mice, rats, bugs lived in the roof. When it rained it
became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off
the roof. Hence the saying, "It’s raining cats and dogs,"
There was nothing to stop things
from falling into the house. This posed a real problem in the
bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess up
your nice clean bed. So, they found if they made beds with big
posts and hung a sheet over the top, it addressed that
problem. Hence those beautiful big 4 poster beds with canopies.
The floor was dirt. Only
the wealthy had something other than dirt. Hence the saying "dirt poor".
The wealthy had slate floors
which would get slippery in the winter when wet. So they spread thresh
on the floor to help keep their footing. As the winter wore on
they kept adding more thresh until when you opened the door it would
all start slipping outside. A piece of wood was placed at the
entry way, hence a "thresh hold".
They cooked in the kitchen with a
big kettle that always hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire
and added things to the pot. They mostly ate vegetables and
didn’t get much meat. They would eat the stew for dinner leaving
leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then start over the next
day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been in there for a
month. Hence the rhyme: peas porridge hot, peas porridge cold, peas
porridge in the pot nine days old."
Sometimes they could obtain pork
and would feel really special when that happened. When company came
over, they would bring out some bacon and hang it to show it off.
It was a sign of wealth and that a man "could really bring home the
bacon."
They would cut off a little to
share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat."
Those with money had plates made
of pewter. Food with a high acid content caused some of the lead
to leach onto the food. This happened most often with tomatoes, so they
stopped eating tomatoes... for 400 years.
Most people didn’t have pewter
plates, but had trenchers - a piece of wood with the middle scooped out
like a bowl. Trencher were never washed and a lot of times worms
got into the wood. After eating off wormy trenchers, they would
get "trench mouth."
Bread was divided according to
status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the loaf, the family got
the middle, and guests got the top, or the "upper crust".
Lead cups were used to drink ale
or whiskey. The combination would sometimes knock them out for a
couple of days. Someone walking along the road would take them
for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid out on the
kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather around
and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up. Hence the
custom of holding a "wake".
England is old and small and they
started running out of places to bury people. So, they would dig
up coffins and would take their bones to a house and re-use the
grave. In reopening these coffins, one out of 25 coffins were
found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized they had
been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a
string on their wrist and lead it through the coffin and up through the
ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the
graveyard all night to listen for the bell. Hence on the "graveyard
shift" they would know that someone was "saved by the bell" or he was a
"dead ringer".
(e-mail, Riddiough, 5/14/99)
1500-1600 "Hsi Yu Chi" was a 16th century Chinese
novel based on the account of a 7th century monk, Tripitaka, who
traveled to India for 16 years for Buddhist scriptures.
(SFC, 12/7/96, p.D1)
1500-1600 "The Boke of Hawkynge and Huntynge and
Fysshynge" was produced. A copy sold for $88,000 in 2000.
(SFC, 6/2/00, p.A21)
c1500-1600 George Pencz, 16th century German artist.
His work included "Holy Trinity, Seat of Mercy."
(SFC, 9/29/01, p.B1)
1500-1600 Weimar became the capital of the duchy of
Saxe-Weimar.
(SSFC, 8/1/04, p.D10)
1500-1600 Yi Am, 16th cent. Korean artist. The
artist’s work included: "Puppies, Birds and Blossoms."
(WSJ, 8/10/98, p.A12)
c1500-1600 The 16th century French text "The Rules of
Civility" was published.
(SFC, 7/4/02, p.D1)
1500-1600 The first Russian book printed was the 15th
century "Apostle."
(SFC, 12/27/96, p.C16)
1500-1600 The Kalmyk people, descendants from the
Golden Horde of Genghis Khan, settled in the lowlands between the Volga
and Don rivers with their livestock.
(SFC, 9/24/97, p.A12)
c1500-1600 In Honduras the Lenca Indian chieftain
Lempira withdrew to the high mountains to lead resistance against the
Spaniards. According to legend he plunged to his death from a rocky
outcrop near the summit of the highest peak. The Indians developed the
Quezungal method of farming, where crops were planted under trees that
kept hillsides from eroding.
(SFC, 11/18/98, p.A14)
c1500-1600 Giulio Cesare Aranzi, Italian anatomist,
name the hippocampus formation of the brain because of its resemblance
to Hippocampus, the seahorse.
(NH, 9/97, p.56)
c1500-1600 Scotsman Rob Roy was forced to become a
highland fugitive.
(SFC, 8/19/96, p.D7)
c1500-1600 The Predjama Castle was built at the mouth
of a huge cave at Postojna, Slovenia. It was later used by the highway
robber Erasmus Luegger.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7)
c1500-1600 A Muslim pilgrim stole coffee beans from
Yemen and raised them in India. Yemen was the first great coffee
exporter and in order to protect its trade had decreed that no living
plant could leave the country.
(WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W9)
1500-1650 Period of late Renaissance.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
c1500-1800 In Nepal the Malla dynasty created an
architectural frenzy in Patan between the 16th and 18th centuries.
(WSJ, 1/22/98, p.A17)
1500-1800 Ottoman Turk rule extended over Libya.
(SSFC, 6/27/04, p.D12)
c1500s-1800s Millions of Africans
were torn from their homelands, herded into ships and sold in the New
World for more than 300 years. Perhaps the cruelest part of the
Atlantic slave trade was the weeks-long sea crossing, or the so-called
Middle Passage--that leg of the Triangular Trade that brought the human
cargo from West Africa to New World ports. Rather than provide
healthful conditions on the sea crossing, slave traders sought to
maximize profits with "tight packing"--cramming so many slaves onto the
lower decks that those that survived would compensate for the certain
losses. The British slave ship Brookes' deck plan shows the ship
carrying 454 slaves with 6'x 1'4" of space allowed for each adult male,
5'10" x 11" for each woman and 5' x 1'2" for each boy. This clinical
representation of human suffering during the Middle Passage was widely
circulated by abolitionist groups.
(HNPD, 12/14/98)
1500-1820 The proto-capitalist epoch. The world GDP
grew by .07% per year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54)
1501 Mar 1, Lithuania and
Livonia established a 10-year union for protection against Russia.
(LHC, 3/1/03)
1501 Mar 20, Jean Carondelet (72),
lawyer, chancellor of Burgundy (1480-96), died.
(MC, 3/20/02)
1501 May 20, Joao da Nova Castell
discovered the Ascension Islands.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1501 Jul 27, Copernicus was
formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.
(MC, 7/27/02)
1501 Sep 24, Gerolamo Cardano,
mathematician, was born. He authored "Games of Chance," the first
systematic computation of probabilities.
(HN, 9/24/00)
1501 Oct 15, English crown prince
Arthur married Catharina of Aragon. [see Nov 14]
(MC, 10/15/01)
1501 Nov 14, Arthur Tudor married
Katherine of Aragon. [see Oct 15]
(HN, 11/14/98)
1501 Michelangelo was commissioned
by Florence, his native home, to carve the colossal statue "David." The
work had been by Agostino di Duccio around 1465. Michelangelo finished
it in 1504. It was placed at the front of the Palazzo Signoria. In 1873
it was cleaned and moved indoors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(WSJ, 4/29/03, D5)
1501 Books printed before 1501 are
called incunabula or incunables, after the Latin word for cradle. The
15th century was the cradle of printing.
(WSJ, 9/14/00, p.A24)
1501 France and Spain occupied
Naples, and French troops entered Rome. Louis XII was declared King of
Naples by the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Cesare Borgia captured
Romagna (north-central Italy) and appointed Remirro de Orco, his
cruelest lieutenant, to pacify the region. After the job was done
Borgia had Orco cut in two to gain the gratitude of the people.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1501 Maximilian I, German emperor,
recognized the French conquests of northern Italy in the Peace of Trent.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 A worn Roman torso was
unearthed in Rome. It later acquired the nickname "Pasquino" and served
as a station for posting complaints and opinions that came to be known
as Pasquinades.
(WSJ, 12/31/01, p.A6)
1501 The Turks took Durazzo from
Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Ivan III, Czar of Russia,
invaded Lithuania.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Gaspar de Corte-Real,
Portuguese navigator, made the first authenticated European landing on
the northern continent of the Western Hemisphere since c1000AD.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 Amerigo Vespucci, Florentine
navigator, explored the coast of Brazil on his second voyage to the New
World.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1501 The Anglo-Portuguese
Syndicate completed the first of five voyages to Newfoundland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Jan 1, Portuguese navigator
Pedro Cabral and Amerigo Vespucci sailed the into the harbor of Rio de
Janeiro. Portuguese explorers sailed into Guanabra Bay and mistook it
for the mouth of a river which they named Rio de Janeiro.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.129)(MC, 1/1/02)
1502 Feb 12, Vasco da Gama,
Portuguese explorer, departed on a second trip to India with 20
well-armed ships.
(www.indhistory.com/vasco-da-gama.html)
1502 Feb 12, Isabella issued a
royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile the
choice between baptism and expulsion.
(www.cyberistan.org/islamic/beyond1492.html)
1502 Apr 2, Arthur, English crown
prince, husband of Catharina of Aragon, died.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1502 May 9, Christopher Columbus
left Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth and final trip to the Western
Hemisphere. He explored Central America, and discovered St. Lucia, the
Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica. Columbus left 52 Jewish
families in Costa Rica. [see May 11]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(AP, 5/9/97)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1)
1502 May 11, Columbus embarked on
his 4th voyage with 150 men in 4 caravels. Among those in the fleet
were Columbus's brother Bartholomew, and Columbus' younger son
Fernando, then just 13 years old. They reached the coast of Honduras
after 8 months and passed south to Panama (1503). The ships included
the Capitana, which served as the flagship, and the Vizcaina. In 2006
Klaus Brinkbaumer authored “The Voyage of the Vizcaina.”
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R49)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(WSJ, 5/26/06, p.W5)
1502 Jun 6, Jofo III, King of
Portugal (1521-57), was born.
(MC, 6/6/02)
1502 Jun 7, Pope Gregory XIII was
born. He introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1582. [see 1552]
(HN, 6/7/98)(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7)
1502 Jun 29, Christopher Columbus
arrived at Santo Domingo, Hispaniola, on his 4th voyage to the new
world. He requested harbor and advised Gov. Nicolas de Ovando of an
approaching hurricane. Ovando denied the request and dispatched a
treasure fleet to Spain. 20 ships sank in the storm, 9 returned to port
and one made it to Spain.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Jul, Columbus reached the
coast of Honduras during his 4th voyage and passed south to Panama.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Sep 18, Christopher Columbus
landed at Costa Rica during his 4th and last voyage. Columbus
left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica.
(MC, 9/18/01)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1)
1502 Dec 31, Cesare Borgia (son of
Pope Alexander VI) occupied Urbino.
(MC, 12/31/01)
1502 Donato Bramante began the
Tempietto of S. Pietro in Montorio, Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Vittore Carpaccio began the
fresco cycle "Scenes from the Lives of SS George and Jerome." Full of
light and detail, it is typical of the Venetian manner.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Lucas Cranch, German painter,
began his career in Vienna. In 1521 he painted the famous portrait of
Martin Luther.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Leonardo da Vinci drew plans
for a 720-foot stone span across the Golden Horn at the mouth of the
Bosporus. In 2001 Vebjorn Sand, Norwegian artist, completed a 330-foot,
laminated timber bridge linking Norway and Sweden at Aas, 16 miles
south of Oslo based on the da Vinci plans.
(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C2)
1502 Vasco da Gama founded the
Portuguese colony at Cochin, China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Ahuizotl, ruler of the
Aztecs, was likely cremated on a funeral pyre about this time. In 2007
Mexican archeologists found underground chambers in Mexico City they
believed to contain his remains.
(AP, 8/4/07)
1502 Montezuma Xocoyotl (Montezuma
II), an Aztec prince, inherited the Aztec throne.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(ON, 10/00, p.1)
1502 In Germany Peter Henlein of
Nuremberg used iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable
timepiece.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1502 In Germany Wittenberg
University was founded.
(Voruta #27-28, Jul 1996, p.10)(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Shah Ismail founded the
Safavid Dynasty in Persia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Amerigo Vespucci declared
that South America is a separate continent after his second voyage.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 A hurricane nearly destroyed
La Nueva Isabela and it was abandoned. The city was rebuilt on the
other side of the river as Santo Domingo by the new governor, Nicholas
de Ovando.
(AM, 7/97, p.59)
1502 Vasco da Gama returned to
Calicut, India. He bombarded the town, burned a ship full of Arab men,
women, and children because its captain had offended him, and demanded
that the Muslims turn over the trade to the Portuguese. Within a
generation his demands were met.
(V.D.-H.K.p.174)
1502 Portuguese traders took
peanuts from Brazil and Peru to Africa.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)
1502 Jaoa de Nova, Portuguese
explorer, discovered St. Helena Island.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1502 Spain legalized slave
shipments to the Americas.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1502-1533 Atahualpa, emperor of the Incas. He had a
fortune in gold and silver and tried to purchase his freedom from
Pizarro for a chamber filled with gold. Pizarro took 124 tons of gold
in ransom and then re-arrested Atahualpa for treason to the Spanish
crown and had him decapitated.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1503 Jan 9, Christopher Columbus
returned to the mouth of Rio Belen (western Panama), where he built a
garrison.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Feb 11, Elizabeth of York,
Consort of King Henry VII, died on 38th birthday.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1503 Mar 10, Ferdinand I, Holy
Roman Emperor (1558-1564), was born. He was King of Bohemia and Hungary
from 1526-1564.
(HN, 3/10/01)(WUD, 1994 p.523)
1503 Mar 28, The 2nd Lithuanian
war with Russia (1500-1503) ended with a treaty. Lithuania lost a
fourth of its territory.
(LHC, 3/28/03)
1503 Apr 6, Christopher Columbus
fended off an Indian attack at his garrison at Rio Belen (Panama).
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Apr 16, Christopher Columbus
abandoned the garrison at Rio Belen (Panama) and sailed for home
(Hispaniola) with 3 ships. On the way he was shipwrecked in Jamaica.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 May 10, Columbus stumbled
across the Cayman Islands and dubbed them Las Tortugas after the
numerous sea turtles.
(SFEC, 2/16/97, p.T8)(HN, 5/10/98)
1503 Jun 25, Christopher Columbus
beached his sinking ships in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica, and spent a year
shipwrecked and marooned there before returning to Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Aug 18, Pope Alexander VI
(1492-1503), born in Spain as Rodrigo di Borgia (1431), died. He
had recently authorized the building of a prison in the cellars of
Castel Sant’Angelo in Rome.
(PTA,
p.424)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI)(SSFC, 7/22/07,
p.G2)
1503 Nov 28, Giuliano della Rovere
(1443-1513) was crowned as Pope Julius II.
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08562a.htm)
1503 Oct 30, Queen Isabella of
Spain banned violence against Indians.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1503 Nov 17, Il Bronzino,
Florentine painter (Eleanor de Toledo & her Son), was born.
(MC, 11/17/01)
1503 Dec 14, Nostradamus [Michel
de Nostredame], prophet, was born in St. Remy, Provence, France. He
predicted correctly French king Henri II's manner of death. Nostradamus
was the author of a book of prophecies that many still believe foretold
the future. He was also physician, an astrologer and a
clairvoyant. He wrote in rhyming quatrains, accurately predicting
the Great London Fire in 1666, Spain’s Civil War, and a Hitler that
would lead Germany into war. He even correctly predicted his own death
on July 2, 1566.
(HN, 12/14/99)(MC, 12/14/01)
1503 Lucas Cranach (1472-1553) the
Elder, German artist ( Saxony), completed his painting “The
Crucifixion.”
(www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026747/Lucas-Cranach-the-Elder)
1503 Parmigianino (d.1540),
Italian painter and master draftsman, was born. His paintings included
"Madonna of the Long Neck."
(WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25)
1503 Leonardo Da Vinci began
painting the "Mona Lisa." The model was Lisa Gheradini whose relatives
had emigrated to Ireland in the 12th century and translated their
surname to Fitzgerald, an ancestral name of later US president John F.
Kennedy. Lisa Gherardini (b.1479) was originally identified as the
subject of the world's most famous painting by Leonardo's first
biographer, the 16th-century Italian writer Giorgio Vasari. [see Nov 3,
1507]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(SFC, 4/26/97, p.E4)(AP, 9/13/04)
1503 Thomas a Kempis published his
"Imitation of Christ" in an English translation and it had great
religious influence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Canterbury Cathedral was
finished after 433 years of construction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Henry VII’s chapel, the final
stage of English gothic art, was begun in Westminster Abbey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 The pocket handkerchief came
into general use in polite European society.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 The missionary Bartolome de
Las Casa described the brutal destruction of a Taino Indian city, La
Aleta (later in the Dominican Republic). Captain-Gen’l. Juan de
Esquival led a Spanish force that massacred 600-700 Higuey Tainos for
rebelling after one of their chiefs was disemboweled by a Spanish
attack dog. In 1997 archeologists found evidence of a city at the site
called La Aleta.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)(AM, 7/97, p.60)
1503 Leonardo da Vinci was
commissioned to decorate a hall in the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence. For
some 18 months he worked on a mural for the 1440 Battle of Anghiari but
abandoned the work in 1506. The mural was later lost when Georgio
Vasari was hired to remodel the hall.
(WSJ, 11/9/07, p.W4)
1503 The French in Italy were
defeated by the Spaniards in the battles of Cerignola and Garigliano,
and Spanish forces entered Naples.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 A War of Succession broke out
between Albert IV of Bavaria and Rupert of the Palatinate (a state of
the Holy Roman Empire).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1503 Jean Poyet, French
Renaissance artist, died. His work included "Vespers: Massacre of the
Innocents and Flight Into Egypt."
(WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A20)
1503 Zanzibar became a Portuguese
colony.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Jan 17, Pius V, Pope from
1566-1572, was born.
(HN, 1/17/99)
1504 Feb 29, An eclipse occurred
and helped Christopher Columbus subdue his rebellious Indian carriers.
(SCTS, p.29)
1504 Apr 1, English guilds went
under state control.
(MC, 4/1/02)
1504 Apr 18, Fra Filippo Lippi
(~52), painter, died.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1504 Apr 23, King Maximilian I
routed troops to Bavaria.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1504 May 5, Anton of Burgundy
(~82), the Great Bastard, knight, died.
(MC, 5/5/02)
1504 Jun 29, Diego Mendez, one of
Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small caravel and
rescued the Columbus expedition. Mendez had managed to take a canoe
from Jamaica to Hispaniola where he chartered the rescue ship.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1504 Aug 6, Matthew "Nosey"
Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, was born.
(MC, 8/6/02)
1504 Nov 7, Columbus returned to
Spain following his 4th voyage after suffering a shipwreck at Jamaica.
Columbus brought back cocoa beans and chocolate drinks soon became a
favorite in the Spanish court. In 2005 Martin Dugard authored “The Last
Voyage of Columbus.”
(EWH, 1968, p.390)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SSFC,
6/26/05, p.C1)
1504 Nov 26, Isabella I (53),
Catholic Queen of Castille and Aragon (1474-1504), patron of Columbus
died.
(MC, 11/26/01)
1504 Raphael painted "The Marriage
of the Virgin." It exemplified the major principles of High Renaissance
art.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
drew his "Adam and Eve."
(SFEC, 2/9/97, DB p.6)
1504 The Signoria of Florence
commissioned Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of
the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.
(OG)
1504 In Florence Leonardo da Vinci
and Machiavelli became involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River
and thereby cut the water supply to Pisa and force its surrender.
Colombino, the project foreman, failed to follow da Vinci’s design, and
the project was a spectacular failure. This is covered in the 1998 book
"Fortune Is a River" by Roger D. Masters.
(WSJ, 6/22/98, p.A20)
1504 Louis XII of France ceded
Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Treaty of Lyon. Naples remained
under Spanish control for the next 200 years.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Babur, founder of the Mughal
dynasty in India, captured Kabul in Afghanistan and maintained control
to 1519. Babur’s mother descended from Genghis Khan and his father from
Timur (Tamerlane).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(www.afghan, 5/25/98)(WSJ,
10/24/00, p.A12)
1504 Venetian ambassadors proposed
to Turkey the construction of a Suez Canal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1504 Henry Tudor, king of England,
had coins minted with an accurate self likeness.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)
1505 Feb 4, Joan of Valois (40),
Queen of France, saint, died.
(MC, 2/4/02)
1505 Feb 26, In Brest
Polish Chancellor J. Laski invited the Lithuanian government to
reconfirm and expand the 1501 Union of Melnik, but the offer was
rejected.
(LHC, 2/26/03)
1505 Apr 20, Jews were expelled
from Orange, Burgundy, by Philibert of Luxembourg.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1505 Jul 24, On their way to
India, a group of Portuguese explorers sacked the city-state of Kilwa,
East Africa, and killed the king for failing to pay tribute.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1505 Oct 27, The Grand Duke of
Moscow, Ivan III (also known as "Ivan the Great"), died; he was
succeeded by his son, Vasily III (Basil III). Vasily's son, Ivan IV,
later became the first czar of Russia, "Ivan the Terrible."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(AP, 10/27/05)
1505 Dec 18, John IX van Horne,
prince-bishop of Lieges, Belgium, was executed.
(MC, 12/18/01)
1505 Giovanni Bellini painted "The
Virgin and Child with Saints," the most perfect realization of the
"holy conversation" theme in all of Western painting.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Hieronymus Bosch began his
triptych "The Garden of Earthly Delights" and marked the last fling of
the Gothic Middle Ages. He also painted "The Temptation of St. Anthony."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SFC, 8/27/98, p.E3)
1505 Giorgione painted "The
Concert."
(WSJ, 7/16/02, p.D6)
1505 Pope Julius summoned
Michelangelo to Rome to design the pope’s tomb. The contract was
revised 5 times and only 3 of 40 large figures were executed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)
1505 Leonardo da Vinci painted
“The Battle of Anghiari” on a wall in Florence’s Palazzo Vecchio. It
commemorated a victory of Florentine forces over the ruling Medici. In
1563 the Medici, having regained power, hired Giorgio Vasari to cover
up Leonardo’s work with a painting celebrating one of their own martial
successes. It was later thought that Vasari hid the original behind his
new work.
(WSJ, 4/10/08, p.D7)
1505 Raphael painted his “Madonna
of the Goldfinch” about this time for the wedding of a friend, Lorenzo
Nasi. The painting was shredded in 1548 when Nasi’s palace collapsed.
The work was pieced together and modern restoration, which began in
1999, was completed in 2008.
(SFC, 10/31/08, p.E7)
1505 Wimpfeling published the
first history of Germany, "Epitome Rerum Germanicarum."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Maximilian I began a
reformation of the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Christ’s College, Cambridge,
England, was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Magellan began to serve
Portugal when he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida. He
continued in Portuguese service on many expeditions, being wounded in a
campaign against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor in 1513. The
wound caused him to limp for the rest of his life. Magellan petitioned
King Manuel of Portugal for an increase in his pension as a titular
rise in rank, but the king refused and sent him back to Morocco. Upon
his second petition in 1516, Magellan was told he might offer his
services elsewhere.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1505 A well armed Portuguese fleet
attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt to
monopolize the trade in the east African ports but were unable to
maintain control. By the late 1500s, Swahili groups regained control of
several ports from the Portuguese..
(ATC, p.144)
1505 Portuguese explorers
discovered Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and established factories on the east
coast of Africa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1505 Christopher Columbus died in
poverty in Spain. Columbus was the author of "Books of Prophecies,"
later translated by Delno C. West.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 10/8/99, p.W15)
1505-1585 Thomas Tallis, English organist and vocal
composer, especially of church music.
(WUD, 1994, p.1450)
1506 Jan 22, The Swiss Guard
mercenaries, summoned by Pope Julius II to protect the pope and the
Vatican, arrived in Rome.
(USAT, 5/6/98, p.6A)(AP, 1/22/06)
1506 Apr 7, Francis Xavier, saint,
Jesuit missionary to India, Malaya, and Japan, was born.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1506 May 19, Columbus selected his
son Diego as sole heir.
(MC, 5/19/02)
1506 May 20, Christopher Columbus
(55) died in poverty in Spain, still believing he discovered the coast
of Asia. Columbus died in the Spanish city of Valladolid, and was
initially interred in a monastery there. Three years later, his remains
were moved to a monastery on La Cartuja. In 1537, Maria de Rojas y
Toledo, widow of Columbus' son Diego, was allowed to send the bones of
her husband and his father to the cathedral in Santo Domingo for
burial. There they lay until 1795, when Spain ceded the island of
Hispaniola to France and decided Columbus' remains should not fall into
foreigners' hands. A set of remains that the Spaniards thought were
Columbus' were then dug up from behind the main altar in the newly
built cathedral and shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they
remained until the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and Spain
brought them to Seville. But in 1877, workers digging inside the Santo
Domingo cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone
fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and
distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said these
were the real remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards must have
taken the wrong remains in 1795.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC,
1/18/05, p.A8)
1506 Albrecht Durer painted his
"Portrait of a Young Woman."
(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C17)
1506 Giorgione painted “The Three
Philosophers” about this time.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1506 The Laocoon sculpture was
unearthed in Rome. It served as a peg for Goethe’s aesthetic theories.
It later inspired Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, 18th century German
dramatist and critic, to write one of the greatest essays ever written
on a work of ancient art.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(WSJ, 9/7/99, p.A23)
1506 Pope Julius II placed the 1st
stone for the new St. Peter’s Basilica. Bramante began to rebuild St.
Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, which had been neglected since the 14th
century when the popes resided at Avignon. Pope Urban VIII consecrated
it in 1626.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(SSFC, 2/18/07, p.A2)
1506 The University of
Frankfurt-on-the-Oder was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Jacob Fugger, Augsburg
merchant, imported spices to Europe from the East Indies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 The Spaniards in the West
Indies began raising sugar cane.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Machiavelli, Italian
diplomat, established the Florentine militia, the first Italian
national troops.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Andrea Mantegna (b.1431),
Italian painter and engraver, died. His paintings included a dead
Christ, “Christo Morto,” whose bare feet seem to stick out of the
picture. He also painted "Virgin and Child in Glory."
(WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A12)(SFEC, 7/13/97, p.T11)(WSJ,
11/10/07, p.W14)
1506 King Chungjong (r.1506-1544)
began his rule in Korea. He restored Confucian rule with the support of
officials who had deposed King Yongsan-gun.
(www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm)
1506 Riots in Lisbon, Portugal,
led to the slaughter of 2,000-4,000 converted Jews. This became the
setting for a 1998 novel by Richard Zimler, "The Last Kabbalist of
Lisbon."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9) (WSJ, 6/8/98, p.A21)
1506 Philip I of Castile died and
was succeeded by a Council of Regency because of the insanity of his
widow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506 Mozambique, Africa, was
colonized by the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1506-1510 Leonardo da Vinci divided his time between
Florence and Milan, where he serve Charles d’Amboise, the region’s
French governor. It was in this period that he compiled his illustrated
observations that came to be known as the 72-page Codex Leicester. It
consists of 18 loose, double-sided sheets, written in mirror script and
illustrated with about 360 sketches. The work was first planned as a
treatise on the motion of water.
(SFC, 10/29/96, p.F3)(WSJ, 10/31/96, p.A21)(NH,
11/96, p.14,96)
1507 Jan 15, Johann Oporinus
[Herbster], Swiss book publisher (Koran), was born.
(MC, 1/15/02)
1507 Feb 23, Gentile Bellini,
Venetian artist, died.
(www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xgentilebellini.html)
1507 Mar 12, Cesare Borgia (31),
cardinal, soldier, politician, died while fighting alongside his
brother, the king of Navarre, in Spain.
(HN, 3/12/99)(MC, 3/12/02)
1507 Apr 25, Martin Waldseemuller,
a German geographer working at a small college in Eastern France,
labeled the New World "America," for the first time in his book
"Cosmographiae Introductio," and gave Amerigo Vespucci (d.1512) credit
for discovering it. Letters of 1504-1505 had circulated in Florence
claimed that Vespucci had discovered the new World. Vespucci was in
fact only a passenger or low officer on one of the ships captioned by
others. Vespucci was later believed to have been the brother of
Simonetta Vespucci, the model for Venus in the Botticelli painting. In
2000 the US Library of Congress planned to acquire the original map for
$14 million from the Prince Johannes Waldburg-wolfegg. A $10 million
purchase was completed in 2003.
(SFEC, 8/23/98, p.T10)(SFC, 10/27/00, p.C14)(WSJ,
7/25/03, p.W19)(AP, 4/25/07)
1507 Oct 1, Italian architect
Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola was born.
(AP, 10/1/07)
1507 Nov 3, Leonardo da Vinci was
commissioned to paint Lisa Gherardini ("Mona Lisa"). The husband of
Lisa del Giocondo commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the "Mona
Lisa," shortly after she had 3 teeth pulled and false teeth fitted. In
2001 Donald Sassoon authored "Becoming Mona Lisa: The Making of a
Global Icon." [see 1503]
(SFC, 3/21/98, p.E3)(HN, 11/3/00)(WSJ, 12/7/01,
p.W16)
1507 Giorgione painted his “Sunset
Landscape” about this time.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1507 Margaret of Austria was
appointed Regent by the States-General (parliament) of the Netherlands
until the Archduke Charles came of age.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 The Diet of Constance
recognized the unity of the Holy Roman Empire and founded the Imperial
Chamber, the empire’s supreme judicial court.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Genoa was annexed by the
French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Martin Luther was ordained.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Pope Julius II announced an
indulgence for the re-building of St. Peter’s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1507 Johannes Ruysch produced the
first printed map of America, as declared by the selling map dealer,
R.B. Arkway, Inc. It is dotted with Asian place names. In 1995 it was
for sale for $135,000.
(WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)
1507-1650 The shores of Oman were dominated by
Portuguese adventurers who were responsible for the forts of Mirani and
Jalali. The native Bedouins spoke the Harsusi language.
(NG, 5/95, p.121-123)
1508 Feb 4, Proclamation of Trent.
(HN, 2/4/99)
1508 Feb 6, King Maximilian I
(1459-1519) assumed the title of Emperor (1493-1519) without being
crowned.
(TL-MB, p.9)(WUD, 1994, p.886)(MC, 2/6/02)
1508 Aug 12, Ponce de Leon arrived
and conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Spain had appointed
him to colonize Puerto Rico. He explored Puerto Rico and Spanish ships
under his command began to capture Bahamanian Tainos to work as slaves
on Hispaniola. His settlement at Caparra, 2 miles south of San Juan
Bay, was plagued by Taino Indians and cannibalistic Carib Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.23)(SC,
8/12/02)(http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml#936)
1508 Nov 30, Andrea Palladio
(d.1580), [Andrea di Piero della Gondola], Italian Renaissance
architect, was born in Padua.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97
p.14)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Palladio)
1508 Giorgione painted "The
Tempesta," a landscape of a stormy setting with a town in the
background, a soldier lower left and a woman nursing to the right. It
is at the Academia Gallery in Venice.
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)
1508 Pope Julius II transferred
Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)(OG)
1508 Raphael at age 26 entered the
service of Pope Julius II and was entrusted with the decoration of the
new papal apartments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 The League of Cambrai was
formed against Venice by Ferdinand of Aragon, Emp. Maximilian, Louis
XII of France, and Pope Julius II as part of an ongoing dispute over
sovereignty in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 Alfonso d’Albuquerque,
Portuguese navigator, conquered Muscat in Oman.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.53)
1508 Sebastian de Ocampo, Spanish
navigator, explored Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1508 In England Althorp was bought
by John Spencer, the ancestor of the 9th Earl Spencer, Princess Diana’s
brother. The estate in Great Brington was selected as the grave site
for Princess Diana in 1997.
(SFC, 4/3/98, p.B2)
1509 Jan 25, Giovanni Morone,
Italian theologist, diplomat, cardinal, "heretic," was born.
(MC, 1/25/02)
1509 Apr 21, Henry VII (b.1457),
1st Tudor king of England (1485-1509), died.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England)
1509 Apr 22, Henry Tudor became
King Henry VIII of England following the death of his father,
Henry VII. He soon married Catherine of Aragon, his brother’s widow and
the aunt of Charles V (the Holy Roman Emperor), and fathered Mary,
future Queen of England.
(V.D.-H.K.p.161)(AP, 4/22/08)
1509 Apr 27, Pope Julius II
excommunicated the republic of Venice. The pope lifted the ban in
February 1510.
(AP, 4/27/07)
1509 May 14, In the Battle of
Agnadello, the French defeat the Venetians in Northern Italy.
(HN, 5/14/98)
1509 May 20, Catharina Sforza
(45), "La Sforza del Destino", Italian duchess of Forli, died.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1509 Jun 11, England's King Henry
VIII married Catherine of Aragon.
(AP, 6/11/97)(HN, 6/11/98)
1509 Jun 11, In Italy troops of
Florence took Pisa.
(AP, 6/11/03)
1509 Jun 24, Henry VIII was
crowned king of England.
(AP, 6/24/97)(HN, 6/24/98)
1509 Jul 10, John Calvin, founder
of Calvinism, the basis for modern Protestantism, was born.
(HN, 7/10/98)
1509 Andrea Calmo (d.1571,
Venetian playwright, was born about this time. He became a pioneer in
comedia dell’arte.
(www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/saggi/commedia_cinquecento/capitoli/lezion17.html)
1509 Fra Bartolomeo, Italian
artist, painted "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John." It was
purchased by the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) for close to
$4 million. His work "The Holy Family with the Infant St. John," was
purchased by the John Paul Getty Museum in Malibu for $22.5 mil.
(WUD, 1994, p.123)(SFC, 5/13/96, p.D-5)(WSJ,
10/29/96, p.A21)(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7)
1509 Sebastian Brant’s "Ship of
Fools," a satire first published in 1494, appeared in an English
version by Alexander Barclay.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Erasmus lectured at Cambridge
and dedicated his "In Praise of Folly," a witty satire on church
corruption and scholastic philosophy, to Thomas More.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 In Lisbon, Portugal, the
tile-bedecked church, Igreja de Madre de Deus, was built.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7)
1509 Johann Pfefferkorn, a
converted Jew, led a persecution of the Jews in Germany under
Maximilian I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Brasenose College, Oxford,
and St. John’s College, Cambridge, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 The Egyptian and Gujarat
fleets were routed by the Portuguese at the Battle of Diu, which left
the latter in control of the Indian seas and the spice trade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Spanish armies invaded North
Africa in a crusade against the Muslim rulers of Tripoli, Oran, and
Bougie.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Spanish conquistadores
founded a colony at Darien on the Isthmus of Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 The Venetian defeat at
Agnadello led to the annexation of Faenza, Rimini, and Ravenna by Pope
Julius II, and Otranto and Brindisi by Ferdinand of Aragon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509 Peter Henlein, Nuremberg
inventor, invented the watch, nicknamed the Nuremberg egg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.9)
1509-1520 The Spanish colonized the area of Nueva
Granada (modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela).
(http://homepage20.seed.net.tw/web@3/flags/wfh/pg-am-4.htm)
1509-1564 John Calvin, French theologian. He started
the Protestant Reformation in France in 1532.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)
1510 Jan 22, Jews were expelled
from Colmar, Germany.
(MC, 1/22/02)
1510 May 25, Georges d'Amboise
(49), French cardinal, viceroy in North Italy, died.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1510 Jun 9, Nicolaas van
Nieuwland, corrupt 1st bishop of Harlem, was born.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1510 Jul 19, In Berlin 38
Jews were burned at the stake.
(MC, 7/19/02)
1510 Oct 28, Francisco Borgia was
born. He was the grandson of debauched Pope Alexander VI, and became a
theologian and saint.
(MC, 10/28/01)
1510 Bernard Pallissy (d.1590),
French ceramicist, painter and writer, was born.
(www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=867&page=1)
1510 Giovanni Bellini painted
“Virgin With the Blessing Child.”
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1510 Raphael painted "The Triumph
of Galatea," a fresco on the wall of the Farnesina, the villa of
Agnostino Chigi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
c1510 Alexander Barcley wrote his
long poetic essay on the "Miseries of Courtiers." It described the
psychology of feasting.
(MT, 6/96, p.9)
1510 In Spain Garci Ordonez de
Montalvo authored "Serges de Esplandian" (The Adventures of
Esplandian), a novel that described an island filled with gold named
California and ruled by Queen Califia.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, BR p.1)(SFC, 2/25/00, p.C14)
1510 Juan de la Cosa,
cartographer, made an early map of the New World.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T11)
1510 "Everyman," the first English
morality play, was performed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 John Colet, English churchman
and humanist, founded St. Paul’s School in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Erasmus became Prof. of Greek
at Cambridge Univ.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Martin Luther became
professor of theology at the Univ. of Wittenberg.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)
1510 Sunflowers from America were
introduced by the Spaniards into Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 The Florentine banker
Bartolomeo di Marchionni lent the King of Spain money for the crown’s
first shipment of Africans to Santo Domingo.
(SFEC,11/16/97, BR p.4)
1510 Slave trade began with a
consignment of African slaves to work on Portuguese sugar plantations
in Brazil.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 In China Liu Jin, a eunuch of
the Ming dynasty, was executed for abusing his authority. He had grown
wealthy from graft.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4)
1510 War broke out between Denmark
and the Hanseatic League.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Goa, India, was captured by
the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 The wheel-lock firearm was
introduced in Nurnberg, Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Leonardo da Vinci designed
the horizontal water wheel that was the forerunner of the modern water
turbine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1510 Giorgione (b.~1478), Italian
painter, died of the plague. He was a top student of Bellini and
excelled in the paragone: a competition between painting an poetry,
where painters sought to rival poets in conveying beauty. Titian
finished Giorgione’s “Sleeping Venus.”
(T&L, 10/80, p. 58)(WSJ, 12/4/97, p.A20)(Econ,
7/29/06, p.77)
1510-1515 Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacon, commissioned a
set of wood friezes for his Velez Blanco castle in Almeria. The friezes
were based on engravings by Jacopo da Strasbourg and Zoan Andrea
Vavasorri that depicted the triumphs of Caesar and events in the
mythical life of Hercules, the "Labors of Hercules."
(WSJ, 1/6/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/18/00, p.A24)
1510-1550 Spain took in gold shipments from the New
World at 3,000 pounds a year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1510-1572 Frances Clouet, French painter. His work
included the dandified "Charles IX of France."
(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)
1511 Jul 30, Giorgio Vasari
(d.1574), Italy, painter, architect and art historian (Vasari's Lives),
was born. He wrote "Lives of the Artists."
(WUD, 1994, p.1582)(MC, 7/30/02)
1511 Sep 1, Council of Pisa
opened. Louis XII of France called the council to oppose the Holy
League of Pope Julius II.
(PTA, 1980, p.432)(MC, 9/1/02)
1511 Nov 22, Erasmus Reinhold,
German mathematician (calculated planetary table), was born.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1511 Fra Bartolomeo painted "The
Mystic Marriage of St. Catherine." He emphasizing his mastery in the
display of draperies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Raphael completed the
frescoes in the Stanza della Segnatura in the Vatican for Pope Julius
II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 There were Jews in
Thessaloniki, Greece involved in the printing.
(WSJ, 4/29/97, p.A20)
1511 Sebastian Virdung, German
musician, published the earliest manual for playing musical instruments.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Pope Julius joined the Holy
League with Aragon and Venice against the French. Papal forces captured
Modena and Mirandola from the French.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 In Mecca, Arabia, there was
an attempt to ban coffee.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.90)
1511 Portuguese sailors first
reached the unsettled Mascarene Islands (Mauritius, Reunion and
Rodrigues). They discovered the dodo bird and killed many for sport.
(NH, 11/96, p.24)(SSFC, 12/9/01, p.C9)
1511 Vasily III became the new
patriarch of Moscow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1511 Malacca (Melaka), the center
of East Indian spice trade, was captured by the Portuguese. When the
Dutch gained influence in Indonesia and Jakarta they took over Melaka
and built the fortress A Famosa.
(TL-MB, p.10)(SFEC, 8/3/97, p.T8)
1511 Portuguese traders reached
the Banda Islands, including Run, and broke the Venetian monopoly over
nutmeg. Over the next century the Dutch muscled in an almost cornered
the nutmeg market. The history of the nutmeg trade was documented in
1999 by Giles Milton in his: "Nathaniel's Nutmeg."
(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)
1511 King Ferdinand of Spain said:
"Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards – get gold."
(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24)
1511 Diego de Velazquez, Spanish
commander, occupied Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Feb 22, Amerigo Vespucci
(b.1451), Italian explorer, died in Seville, Spain.
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15384b.htm)
1512 Mar 5, Gerardus Mercator
(d.1594), Flemish philosopher and cartographer, was born in Rupelmonde,
Flanders (later Belgium).
(www.navis.gr/men/mercator.htm)
1512 Apr 10, James V, king of
Scotland (1513-42), was born.
(PCh, 1992, p.167)(MC, 4/10/02)
1512 Apr 11, The forces of the
Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of
Ravenna. France under Gaston de Foix beat the Spanish Army. Gaston de
Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, died in battle.
(HN, 4/11/99)(MC, 4/11/02)
1512 Aug 31, Giuliano de Medici
became the new governor of Florence.
(ON, 11/04, p.3)
1512 Nov 1, Michelangelo's
paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were completed and first
exhibited to the public.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(AP, 11/1/97)(HN, 11/1/98)
1512 Nov 7, Giuliano de Medici
fired Niccolo Machiavelli from civil service in Florence.
(ON, 11/04, p.4)
1512 Nov 16, Jemme Herjuwsma,
Fries rebel, was beheaded.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1512 Nov 17, Kempo Roeper, Frisian
rebel, was quartered.
(MC, 11/17/01)
1512 Dec 27, The laws of Burgos
gave New World natives legal protection against abuse and authorized
Negro slavery.
(HN, 12/27/98)
1512 Raphael completed the Sistine
Madonna, a visual expression of Renaissance humanism.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 "Masque" was used for the
first time to describe a poetic drama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Julius II convened the
Lateran Council to try for the first time to reform abuses within the
Church of Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Shi’ism became the state
religion of Persia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 French armies defeated the
forces of the Holy League at the Battle of Ravenna.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Henry VIII claimed the throne
of France and sent troops unsuccessfully into Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Ponce de Leon stepped ashore
on the Turks and Caicos Islands.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T4)
1512 Portuguese explorers
discovered the Celebes and found nutmeg trees in the Moluccas. This
began an 84-year monopoly of the nutmeg and mace trades.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 The Portuguese took over
control of East Timor.
(SFC, 3/3/98, p.A6)
1512 The Spaniards conquered
Navarre and annexed it to Castile.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(Econ, 6/26/04, Survey p.13)
1512 Selim I deposed his father
Bayazid II and became Sultan of Turkey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 The English began using
double-deck warships. They displaced 1,000 tons and were armed with 70
guns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Newfoundland cod banks were
exploited by fisherman from England, France, Portugal and Holland, who
sent the dried catch back to Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Spain imported black slaves
to Hispaniola to replace moribund Indian laborers.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512-1520 Selim I followed Beyazid II in the Ottoman
House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1513 Feb 20, Pope Julius II died.
He was laid in rest in a huge tomb sculptured by Michelangelo.
(HN, 2/20/99)
1513 Mar 6, Niccolo Machiavelli
was released from jail in Florence. He complained in verse that it was
difficult to write poetry there because people kept beating him up.
(ON, 11/04, p.4)
1513 Mar 11, Giovanni de' Medici
became Pope Leo X. The Medici Pope Leo X led the Catholic Church until
1521.
(OG)(MC, 3/12/02)
1513 Mar 27, Spanish explorer Juan
Ponce de Leon sighted Florida.
(AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98)
1513 Apr 2, Spanish explorer Juan
Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish explorer,
discovered Florida and planted orange and lemon trees there. [see March
27, 1512 entry] He also discovered the Dry Tortugas, 10 small keys
southwest of Key West. The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce
de Leon, discovered Florida and named it Pascua Florida, "feast of the
flowers." His discovery was made during his search for the legendary
Fountain of Youth.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(NH, 4/97, p.317)(AP,
4/2/97)(SFEC, 1/2/00, Z1 p.2)(HNQ, 3/9/00)
1513 Apr 8,
Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition began exploring
the Florida coastline.
(AP, 4/8/07)
1513 Jun 6, Battle at Novara:
Habsburgers vs. Valois.
(MC, 6/6/02)
1513 Aug 16, Henry VIII of England
and Emperor Maximilian defeated the French at Guinegatte, France, in
the Battle of the Spurs.
(HN, 8/16/98)
1513 Sep 9, James IV (40), King of
Scotland (1488-1513), was defeated and killed by English at the Battle
of Flodden Field. The Scottish navy was sold to France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(HN, 9/9/98)(MC, 9/9/01)
1513 Sept 25, Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the
Pacific Ocean for Spain. He was named governor of Panama and the
Pacific by King Ferdinand. In 2004 Hugh Thomas authored “Rivers of
Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan.”
(HFA, '96, p.38)(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(SFEC, 9/21/97,
p.C7)(WSJ, 6/2/04, p.D12)
1513 Sep 29, Spanish explorer
Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean.
(HN, 9/29/98)
1513 Michelangelo began to work on
his Moses, the awesome central figure of the statues surrounding the
tomb of Julius II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Niccolo Machiavelli wrote
"The Prince" in which he gave reasons for the rise and fall of states.
He dedicated it to Lorenzo de Medici, the successor to Giuliano. It was
not published until 1532. In it he justified the ruthless subjection of
religion and morality to politics. A 1998 translation by Prof. Angelo
M. Codevilla included 428 footnotes and attempted to maintain the
peculiar language of Machiavelli.
(WSJ, 2/18/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 2/27/98, p.A15)(ON,
11/04, p.5)
1513 Chartres Cathedral, near
Paris, was completed after almost 400 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 The Palazzo Farnese, a large
and magnificent palace in Rome, was designed by Antonio de Sangallo the
younger and Michelangelo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Calusa Indians in catamaran
canoes attacked Spanish ships under Ponce de Leon in the southwest
Florida and both sides suffered casualties.
(AM, 11/04, p.49)
1513 Henry VIII and Maximilian
defeated the French forces in Italy and Louis XII gave up Milan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Christian II became King of
Denmark and Norway. He later asserted his right to the Swedish throne
by force of arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Jorge Alvarez, Portuguese
commander, reached Canton, China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1513 Portugal captured Goa, India.
(SSFC, 3/19/06, p.F7)
1513 Magellan, who served for the
Portuguese on many expeditions, was wounded in a campaign against the
Moroccan stronghold of Azamor. The wound caused him to limp for the
rest of his life.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1513 The Swiss completed the
acquisition of the southern province of Ticino.
(SFEC, 6/14/98, p.T4)
1513 A manuscript map was drawn by
Piri Reis (1470-1554) a Turkish captain who later became the Chief
Admiral of the Ottoman Navy. It was presented to Ottoman Sultan Selim I
in Egypt in 1517.
(http://turkeyinmaps.com/piri.html)(www.prep.mcneese.edu/engr/engr321/preis/afet/afet2.htm)
1513-1514 Dosso Dossi painted his portrait of "Saint
George."
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1514 Apr 26, Copernicus made his
first observations of Saturn. Nicholas Copernicus later proposed that
the sun is stationary and that the earth and the planets move in
circular orbits around it.
(HN, 4/26/98)(BHT, Hawking, p.4)
1514 Aug 23, Selim I (the Grim),
Ottoman Sultan, routed a Persian army in the Battle of Chaldiran.
(TL-MB, p.10)(PCh, 1992, p.168)
1514 Sep 15, Selim I entered
Tabriz, Persia, and massacred much of the population.
(PCh, 1992, p.168)
1514 Sep, Thomas Wolsey
(1473-1530) was appointed archbishop of York.
(TL-MB, p.10)
1514 Dec 4, Richard Hunne, English
"heretic", allegedly committed suicide.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1514 Dec 31, Andreas Vesalius
(d.1564), anatomist, author of "De Humani Corporis Fabrica," was born
in Brussels, Belgium
(NH, 10/96, p.34)(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(MC, 12/31/01)
1514 Giovanni Bellini painted
“Feast of the Gods.” The painting depicts Ovid’s tale of how Vesta,
goddess of virginity is approached while sleeping by Priapus, god of
fertility, who begins to twitch up her tunic. At that moment a donkey
sneezes and awakens Vesta, who quickly awakes and runs away. It is now
on exhibit at the National Gallery of Art in Wa., DC.
(T&L, 10/1980, p.66)(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1514 Diego Columbus, son of
Christopher, built the first seat of government in the Americas in
Santo Domingo.
(SFEC, 2/14/99, p.T10)
1514 Hampton Court Palace was
begun for Wolsey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 Pope Leo X issued a papal
bull against slavery.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 England and France declared a
truce in their warfare. Mary Tudor, sister of Henry VIII, married Louis
XII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 At the Battle of Orsha,
Lithuanian forces defeated those of Moscow.
(SFC, 9/9/96, p.A12)
1514 Vasily III, ruler of Moscow,
captured Smolensk from Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 George Dozsa, soldier of
fortune, instigated a peasant’s revolt in Hungary. He was later
captured and grilled alive.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 Spanish soldiers conquered
the natives of Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1514 1,500 Spanish settlers went
to Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1515 Feb 4, Michael Radvila the
Black was born in Nesvizh. He later became palatine of Vilnius,
chancellor of Lithuania, and supporter of Reformation.
(LHC, 2/4/03)
1515 Mar 28, Theresa of Avila
(d.1582), Teresa de Jesus (St. Theresa), Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic
writer, saint, was born. She initiated reforms in the Order. She
co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced
(barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth
thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man." "To wish to act like
angels while we are still in this world is nothing but folly."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(AP,
7/5/98)(MC, 3/28/02)
1515 Jul 21, St. Philippus Nerius,
[Philippo Neri], Italian merchant, priest, was born.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1515 Jul 22, Emperor Maximillian
and Vladislav of Bohemia forged an alliance between the Habsburg
[Austria] and Jagiello [Polish-Lithuanian] dynasties in Vienna.
(HN, 7/22/98)
1515 Jul 26, Santiago, Cuba, was
founded.
(SFC, 7/22/00, p.A17)
1515 Sep 13, King Francis of
France defeated the Swiss army under Cardinal Matthias Schiner at
Marignano, northern Italy. Switzerland was last involved in a war.
French armies defeated the Swiss and Venetians at the Battle of
Marignano and Milan fell to the French. Francis I conquered Lombardy in
northern Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFC, 6/7/96, p.A12)(HN, 9/13/98)
1515 Sep 22, Anne of Cleeves,
fourth wife of Henry the VIII, was born in Cleeves, Germany.
(HN, 9/22/00)
1515 Oct 4, Lucas Cranach
(d.1586), the Younger, German painter, was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.339)(MC, 10/4/01)
1515 Nov 15, Thomas Wolsey
(1473-1530), archbishop of York, was made a cardinal.
(http://www.britainunlimited.com/Biogs/Wolsey.htm)
1515 Dec 2, Gonzalo de Cordoba,
Spanish general, strategist, viceroy of Naples, died.
(MC, 12/2/01)
1515 Dec 24, Thomas Cardinal
Wolsey was appointed English Lord Chancellor.
(MC, 12/24/01)
1515 Giovanni Bellini
(b.~1430-1516), Italian artist, painted his masterpiece “Lady With a
Mirror.
(Econ, 7/29/06, p.77)
1515 Hans Holbein the Younger
arrived in Basel, the European center of book publishing. The city in
1997 owned 340 prints by Holbein.
(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1515 Alexander Barclay began
composing his "Eclogues," the earliest pastoral poems in English.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 John Skelton’s "Magnyficense"
became one of the best known morality plays.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Raphael succeeded Bramante as
chief architect of St. Peter’s in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Matthias Grunewald completed
the enormous altarpiece for the Antonites of Isenheim.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Petrus Apianus, German
mathematician and instrument maker, attempted to explain the universe
by crafting an artistic dial that tracked the movement of the stars.
(SFC, 7/19/02, p.E3)
1515 King Louis XII, France, died
and was succeeded by Francis I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas,
Dominican priest, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead on behalf
of the ill-treated native Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)
1515 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce
de Leon first described the Gulf Stream. In 1770 Benjamin Franklin drew
a map of the Gulf Stream and in 1786 described it in detail in
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 Stan
Ulanski authored “The Gulf Stream: Tiny Plankton, Giant Bluefin, and
the Amazing Story of the Powerful River in the Atlantic.”
(WSJ, 10/4/08, p.W9)
1515 By this year the Taino
Indians of what is now the Dominican Republic were practically
annihilated in clashes with the Spanish.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)
1515 Afonso d’Albuquerque, Viceroy
of the Portuguese Indies, captured Hormuz (Ormuz) and forced all other
traders to round the Cape of Good Hope. This established Portugal’s
supremacy in trade with the Far East. Hormuz is the strait between Iran
and Trucial Oman.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WUD, 1994, p.684)
1515 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish
navigator, reached the Rio de la Plata in South America and discovered
Argentina.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 The first nationalized French
factories were set up in the manufacture of tapestries and arms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Spanish conquistadores
founded Havana, Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas
(1474-1566), Dominican priest and the first Spanish priest to be
ordained in the New World, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead
on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. He became known as the
“Apostle to the Indians.” Helen Rand Parish (1912-2005) later authored
a number of seminal works on Las Casas.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/15/05,
p.A19)(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1515-1516 Dosso Dossi, court painter in Ferrara,
painted "Melissa" (aka Circe).
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1515-1519 Coffee from Arabia appeared in Europe.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1515-1520 In Portugal the Belem Tower was built in
Lisbon and served as a beacon to sailors. It originally stood well in
the water but now the Tagus laps only its base.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T7)
1516 Feb 18, Mary Tudor, later
Queen Mary I of England (1553-1558) and popularly known as "Bloody
Mary," was born in Greenwich Palace.
(HN, 2/18/98)(AP, 2/18/98)
1516 Feb 23, The Hapsburg Charles
I succeeded Ferdinand in Spain.
(HN, 2/23/99)
1516 Mar 17, Giuliano de' Medici
(37), monarch of Florence, died.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1516 Mar 26, Konrad von Gesner,
naturalist (Bibliotheca Universalis), was born in Zurich, Switzerland.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1516 Apr 10, Jews were compelled
to live in a specific area of Venice.
(MC, 4/10/02)
1516 Aug 24, At the Battle of
Marjdabik, north of Aleppo, the Turks beat Syria. Suliman I, the
Ottoman Sultan, routed the Mamelukes (Egypt) with the support of
artillery capturing Aleppo and Damascus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(PC, 1992, p.169)
1516 Mateo Realdo Colombo
(d.1559), Italian anatomist and discoverer of the pulmonary
circulation, was born at Cremona. He studied medicine at Padua with
Vesalius, became his assistant, and in 1544 succeeded him as lecturer
in surgery and anatomy. The best authority for Colombo's work in
anatomy is his "De Re Anatomicâ" (Venice, 1559; Paris, 1562). The
most complete life is that by Tollin in Pflügers Archiv: XXI-XXII.
In English there is a good sketch by Fisher, Annals of Anatomy and
Surgery (Brooklyn, 1880). In 1997 Federico Andahazi authored "The
Anatomist," a novel that was based on Colombo’s research on the
clitoris.
(CE, online)(SFEC, 10/29/00, BR p.5)
1516 Hans Holbein in Basel painted
a wooden shingle as a sort of advertisement for the schoolmaster Oswald
Geishüsler. It marked the beginning of "profane" painting in the
West.
(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1516 Titian began "The Assumption
of the Virgin," a monumental altarpiece in the Church of the Frari,
Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Giovanni Bellini (b.~1430),
Italian artist, died in Venice. Giorgione and Titian had graduated from
his workshop.
(Econ, 7/29/06,
p.77)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini)
1516 The first published account
of the discovery of North America appeared in "De Rebus Oceanicus et
Novo Orbe" by the Italian historian Peter Martyr.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Erasmus published his version
of the New Testament. He began by copying manuscripts found in
monasteries and given to him by his friend Thomas More. His Latin
translation and commentary and an improved Greek text differed in many
places from the Vulgate of St. Jerome, and was immediately recognized
as the most accurate translation so far.
(V.D.-H.K.p.159)
1516 Thomas More published his
"Utopia," the "golden little book" that invented a literary-world
immune from the evils of Europe, where all citizens were equal and
believed in a good and just God. "Your sheep, which are usually so tame
and cheaply fed, begin now... to be so greedy and so wild that they
devour human beings themselves and devastate and depopulate fields,
houses, and towns." From More’s Utopia. The key thought in the work is
that poverty, injustice and inequality will never be eliminated from
the world until private property is abolished.
(V.D.-H.K.p.160)(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)(WSJ, 10/22/98,
p.A20)
1516 The German Quedlinburg
Manuscript of this date and other church treasures were stolen from a
cave where they were being stored in 1945 by Lt. Joe Tom Meador of
Whitewright, Texas. The items were then sold by his brother and sister.
In 1996 a criminal trial focused on the issue.
(WSJ, 12/11/96, p.A20)
1516 Music printed from engraved
plates was used for the first time in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Archduke Charles, later Emp.
Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and
founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 The Treaty of Noyon brought
peace between France and Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 In Bavaria, Germany, the
Reinheitsgebot law was enacted. It required that beer be made from
malt, hops, yeast, water and nothing else.
(WSJ, 5/27/98, p.A1)(SFC, 7/15/04, p.A2)
1516 Corpus Christi College,
Oxford, and Seville Univ., Spain, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1516 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish
explorer, was killed on the coast of Argentina. He was eaten by natives.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)
1517 Jan 22, Ottoman Turks under
Selim sacked Cairo. The sharif of Mecca soon surrendered to the Turks
and Selim took the title of caliph. Selim left Egypt under the rule of
the Mameluke beys.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(MC, 1/22/02)(PCh, 1992, p.169)
1517 Mar 26, The famous Flemish
composer Heinrich Issac, whose music fused Flemish, Italian and
Germanic styles, died.
(HN, 3/26/99)
1517 Apr 13, Tuman Bey, the last
Mameluke sultan of Egypt, was hanged as Osman’s army occupied Cairo.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1517 Jun 11, Sir Thomas Pert
reached Hudson Bay.
(SC, 6/11/02)
1517 Jul 1, The 1st burning of
Protestants at stake in Netherlands.
(MC, 7/1/02)
1517 Oct 6, Fra Bartolommeo
(b.1472), Florentine Renaissance painter, died. He was a Dominican monk
nicknamed Baccio della Porta. His work included a portrait of
Savonarola.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fra_Bartolommeo)(SFC,
5/13/96, p.D-5)
1517 Oct 31, Martin Luther nailed
his Ninety-five Thesis to the door of the Wittenberg Palace All Saints’
Church. He grew to believe in faith alone as man’s link to the justice
of God, and therefore denied the need for the vast infrastructure of
the Church. This event signaled the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation in Germany and Protestantism in general, shattering the
external structure of the medieval church and at the same time reviving
the religious consciousness of Europe.. Martin Luther (1483-1546) was
born in Eisleben, Germany. He was a monk in the Catholic Church until
1517, when he founded the Lutheran Church.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)(CU, 6/87)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)(AP,
10/31/97)(AP, 10/31/97) (HN, 10/31/98)
1517 Oct, Ferdinand Magellan
arrived in Spain and began the first voyage to successfully
circumnavigate the world a little less than two years later. He
eventually died in the Philippines in 1521. The expedition was
completed by others in 1522.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1517 Seville Cathedral was
completed after 115 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Archduke Charles left the
Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Archduke Charles granted a
monopoly in the African slave trade to Florentine merchants.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 Francisco Hernandez de
Cordoba, Spanish explorer, sailed from Cuba and discovered the Mayan
civilization in the Yucatan, southeast Mexico.
(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1517 Bartolomeo de las Casas, the
first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, pleaded the case
of oppressed and enslaved American Indians.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1517 An Aztec chronicler described
a comet as a "flaming ear of corn."
(NG, 12/97, p.97)
1517 The Mamelukes in Egypt lost
power.
(WUD, 1994, p.869)
1517 In Germany the Salzbergwerk
Berchtesgaden salt mine began operations.
(SSFC, 8/6/06, p.G5)
1517 Portuguese sailors named Ilha
Formosa (beautiful island), later known as Taiwan.
(SFC, 12/11/99, p.B6)
1518 Sep 29, Jacopo Tintoretto
(d.1588), Italian artist, was born.
(Econ, 2/10/07,
p.90)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto)
1518 Oct 12, A pontifical
ambassador interrogated Rev. Dr. Martin Luther. Luther was summoned to
the Diet of Augsburg where he refused to recant.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(MC, 10/12/01)
1518 Raphael painted a portrait of
Leo X which showed spectacles with concave lenses for short-sightedness.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Raphael began painting the
nude model “La Fornarina” (the Little Baker Girl). It was completed
about 1519.
(www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphael58.html)
1518 Titian painted "Offering to
Venus."
(NH, 6/01, p.47)
1518 Gil Vicente, founder of
Portuguese drama, wrote "The Ship of Purgatory."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Ulrich Zwingli, a Swiss
clergyman, supported Martin Luther’s Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Forks were used at a banquet
in Venice (for the first time?).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Portugal and the Kingdom of
Kotte, Ceylon, signed a peace treaty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Cardinal Wolsey arranged the
Peace of London between England, France, the Pope, Maximilian I and
Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Algiers and Tunis, Barbary
states in North Africa, were founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Henry VIII authorized a
college of physicians and it was founded by Oxford physician Thomas
Linacre.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Porcelain from Asia was
imported to Europe (for the first time?) from Asia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Anthony Blatner, German
goldsmith, built the first fire-engine in Augsburg, Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Vasco Nunez de Balboa,
Spanish explorer, was wrongly charged with treason and beheaded.
(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)
1518 Juan de Grijalva, Spanish
explorer, named the area comprising of Mexico, Central America north of
Panama, the Spanish West Indies, and south-west North America New
Spain. He was also the first European to smoke tobacco, introduced to
him by a native chief.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1518 Lorens de Gominot obtained a
license to import 4,000 African slaves into the New World colonies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Jan 12, Maximilian I of
Hapsburg (59), Holy Roman Emperor and German Kaiser, died.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(AP, 1/12/98)(PC, 1992, p.170)
1519 Feb 15, Pedro Menendez de
Aviles, explorer (found St. Augustine, Florida), was born.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1519 Feb 16, Gaspard de Coligny,
Huguenot leader, French admiral, was born.
(MC, 2/16/02)
1519 Mar 13, The Spaniards under
Cortez landed at Vera Cruz. Cortez landed in Mexico with 10 stallions,
5 mares and a foal. Smallpox was carried to America in the party of
Hernando Cortes.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)(HN, 3/13/98)(SFC, 10/19/01,
p.A17)(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1519 Apr 13, Catherine de Medicis
(d.1589), the daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, was born in Florence. She
married at age 14 and became queen in 1547 as Henry II of France
acceded to the throne. She was the mother of Francis II, Charles IX,
and Henry III.
(www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/women_n2/c_medici.html)
1519 Apr 24, Envoys of Montezuma
II attended the first Easter mass in Central America.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1519 Apr, Montezuma received a
message that white strangers had reappeared and attacked a Mayan
coastal village south of the Aztec border. Hundreds of Mayans were
killed and the strangers sailed north.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)
1519 May 2, Artist Leonardo da
Vinci (67) died at Cloux, France. In 1994 A. Richard Turner wrote
"Inventing Leonardo," a history of Leonardo legends. In 2004 Bulent
Atalay authored “Math and the Mona Lisa: The Art and Science of
Leonardo da Vinci.” In 2004 Charles Nicholl authored “Leonard da Vinci:
The Flights of the Mind.”
http://library.thinkquest.org/13681/data/davin2.shtml?tqskip=1
(AP, 5/2/97)(NH, 5/97, p.58)(Econ, 5/15/04,
p.80)(Econ, 12/11/04, p.81)
1519 Jun 24, Lucretia Borgia (39),
daughter of Pope Alexander VI, died. In 2004 Sarah Bradford authored
“Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love and Death in Renaissance Italy.”
(HN, 4/18/98)(WUD, 1994, p.171)(SSFC, 12/19/04, p.E2)
1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain was
elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to the
Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining
the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and
Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella of Spain.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98)
1519 Jul 16, There was a public
debate between Martin Luther and theologian John Eck.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1519 Aug 11, Johann Tetzel (~79),
Dominican monk, died.
(MC, 8/11/02)
1519 Aug 15, Panama City was
founded.
(MC, 8/15/02)
1519 Aug, Montezuma learned that
Cortez was marching toward Tenochtitlan with an army of 300 soldiers
and 2000 non-Aztec Indians. Cortez was accompanied by Malinche, his
Indian mistress and interpreter.
(ON, 10/00, p.2)
1519 Sep 5, In the 2nd Battle of
Tehuacingo, Mexico, Hernan Cortes faced the Tlascala Aztecs.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1519 Sep 20, Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 270 men and 5 ships on a
voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands in Indonesia.
Magellan was killed en route, but one of his ships eventually
circumnavigated the world. He was first European explorer to reach the
Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic by sailing through the dangerous
straits below South America that now bear his name. [see Sep 20, 1520]
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)(AP, 9/20/97)(HN,
9/20/98)
1519 Sep 21, Hans Backofen
(Backoffen), German sculptor, died at about 49.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1519 Nov 7, University of Leuven
condemned the teachings of Rev. Martin Luther.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1519 Nov 8, The Aztec and their
leader, Moctezuma, welcomed Hernando Cortez and his 650 explorers to
their capital at Tenochtitlan. Spanish adventurer Hernando Cortez and
his force of about 300 Spanish soldiers, 18 horses and thousands of
Mexico's native inhabitants who had grown resentful of Aztec rule
marched unmolested into Tenochtitlán, the capital city of the
Aztec empire. The Aztec ruler Montezuma, believing that Cortez could be
the white-skinned deity Quetzalcoatl, whose return had been foretold
for centuries, greeted the arrival of these strange visitors with
courtesy--at least until it became clear that the Spaniards were all
too human and bent on conquest. Cortez and his men, dazzled by the
Aztec riches and horrified by the human sacrifice central to their
religion, began to systematically plunder Tenochtitlán and tear
down the bloody temples. Montezuma's warriors attacked the Spaniards
but with the aid of Indian allies, Spanish reinforcements, superior
weapons and disease, Cortez defeated an empire of approximately 25
million people by August 13, 1521.
(ATC, p.16)(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3) (HNPD, 11/8/98)
1519 Dec, Magellan reached the Bay
of the Rio de Janeiro.
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)
1519 Corregio began painting the
ceiling frescoes in the dining room of the abbess of St. Paul’s Convent
in Parma.
(SFEC, 9/15/96, p.T6)
1519 Gil Vicente, Portuguese
dramatist, wrote a second farce, "The Ship of Heaven."
(TL-MB, 1988, 1988, p.11)
1519 St. George’s Chapel, Windsor,
England, was completed after 46 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 The Chateau of Chombard was
begun in France, and would take 30 years to finish.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 The Italian influenced
medieval church at the Moscow Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan was
constructed.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.38)
1519 Nanak (1469-1539) founded
Sikhism, a combination of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sikhs revere 10 gurus.
"Be in the world, but not worldly."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)
1519 Ulrich Zwingli initiated the
Swiss Reformation with his preaching in Zurich.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Martin Luther disputed with
Johann Eck in the Leipzig Disputation and questioned the infallibility
of the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Bohemians minted silver
Joachimsthalers, "thalers" for short. This was the basis for the word
"dollar."
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1519 A mass-production technique
for casting brass objects was used in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Domenico de Pineda, Spanish
navigator, explored the Gulf of Mexico.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.11)
1519 Francisco de Montejo, a
captain under Cortez, set about subjugating the Maya in Mexico.
(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1519 In Mexico Cortes discovered a
plot by some Cholulans to assassinate him and ordered some 6,000
Cholulan men executed.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10)
1519 Spanish soldiers in Mexico
learned that the shipwrecked sailor Gonzalo Guerrero had drifted there
in 1511. Guerrero married a Maya woman and raised the first mestizo
children.
(Econ, 11/10/07,
p.102)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Guerrero)
1519-1579 Sir Thomas Gresham, merchant prince. He was
a British banker and money-changer and served as the financial agent
for Elizabeth I. He ran a news service in the Netherlands to keep
informed of finances there and built the Royal Exchange of London
modeled on the Antwerp commodities exchange.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1520 Apr 6, Raphael (b.1483),
[Sanzio], Italian painter (Sistine Madonna), died on his 37th birthday.
His work included "The Veiled Lady" and a set of cartoons that were
woven into 10 tapestries titled "The Acts of the Apostles" (1544-1557).
(WSJ, 4/11/02,
p.D7)(www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphaelbio.html)
1520 May 20, Hernando Cortes
defeated Spanish troops sent to punish him in Mexico.
(HN, 5/20/98)
1520 Jun 15, Pope Leo the Tenth
threatened to excommunicate Martin Luther if he did not recant his
religious beliefs. Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther by the bull
Exsurge.
(AP, 6/15/00)(HT, 6/15/00)
1520 Jun 24, Montezuma, under
orders by Cortez to calm his people, was showered with "stones, darts,
arrows and sticks" from a jeering crowd.
(ON, 10/00, p.5)
1520 Jun 30, Montezuma II was
murdered as Spanish conquistadors fled the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan during the night. Montezuma died from wounds inflicted by
his people. Conquistadors under Cortez plundered gold from Aztecs.
(HN, 6/30/01)(ON, 10/00, p.5)(MC, 6/30/02)
1520 Jul 10, The explorer Cortes
was driven from Tenochtitlan, Mexico, by Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc, and
retreated to Tlaxcala.
(HN, 7/10/98)
1520 Jul 14, Hernando Cortes
fought the Aztecs at the Battle of Otumba, Mexico.
(MC, 7/14/02)
1520 Sep 20, Magellan set sail
from Spain with five ships and 265 men, on a voyage to find a western
passage to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.
(MC, 11/28/01)
1520 Sep 21, Suleiman I (the
Magnificent), son of Selim, became the Ottoman sultan in
Constantinople. He ruled to 1566. [see Sep 30]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(HN, 9/21/98)(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1520 Sep 22, Selim I, Sultan of
Turkey (1512-20), died at 53.
(MC, 9/22/01)
1520 Sep 30, Suleiman I succeeded
his father Selim I as sultan of Turkey. [see Sep 21]
(MC, 9/30/01)
1520 Oct 7, The 1st public burning
of books took place in Louvain, Netherlands.
(MC, 10/7/01)
1520 Oct 15, King Henry VIII of
England ordered bowling lanes at Whitehall.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1520 Oct 21, Ferdinand Magellan
arrived at Tierra Del Fuego (Argentina-Chile).
(MC, 10/21/01)
1520 Oct 23, King Carlos I
(1500-1558) was crowned as German emperor Charles V (1520-1558), a Holy
Roman Emperor.
(http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20V,%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor)
1520 Nov 4, Danish-Norwegian king
Christian II was crowned king of Sweden.
(MC, 11/4/01)
1520 Nov 9, Swedish King Christian
II executed 600 nobles.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1520 Nov 28, Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean after passing through the
South American strait, the straits of Magellan, and entered the “Sea of
the South.”
(V.D.-H.K.p.177)(AP, 11/28/97)
1520 Dec 10, Martin Luther
publicly burned the papal edict demanding that he recant, or face
excommunication.
(AP, 12/10/97)
1520 Dec 18, Magellan struck out
into the open sea to the northwest
(V.D.-H.K.p.177)
1520 A 9-piece tapestry set was
created for the Holy Roman Empire coronation of Belgium-born Charles V,
King of Spain, titled "Los Honores." The set was restored by Belgium in
2000 for the 500th anniversary of Charles’ birth.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1520 The funereal monuments of the
Medici Chapel were commissioned by Pope Clement VII. They were done
primarily by Michelangelo (1475-1564) from 1520 to 1534, being
completed by his students after his departure. The four figures—dawn,
day, dusk and night—are considered among the sculptor‘s most
accomplished work. He left Florence in 1534, hoping to return, but
spent his last years in Rome.
(HNQ, 11/15/00)
1520 Joachim Patenier painted one
of the earliest industrial pictures showing a blast-furnace.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 Jacopo Pontormo made his red
chalk body sketches.
(SFC, 2/15/97, p.D6)
1520 The book "Prester John of the
Indies" was written. It was translated in 1810. Later Robert Silverberg
wrote: "The Realm of Prester John" and John Buchanon wrote "Prester
John." In 1952 the French work "Le Pretre Jean" was written.
(SFEC, 12/15/96, p.C5)
1520 In Germany Jacob Fugger “The
Rich” established a Roman Catholic housing settlement for the poor in
Augsburg in the name of Augsburg’s local St. Ulrich. In return for
cheap rent residents agreed to pray for the Fuggers’ souls.
(WSJ, 12/26/08, p.A10)
1520 The Jews of Rothenburg,
Bavaria, were banished entirely and forevermore.
(NH, 9/96, p.24)
1520 The Anabaptists, Protestants
who baptized believers only and not infants, grew as a movement in
Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. Some emigrated to America and
established themselves as the Amish of Lancaster, Pa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFC, 7/2/98, p.A7)
1520 King Francis founded the
Royal Library of France at Fontainebleu.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 Chocolate was brought from
Mexico to Spain for the first time. [see 1502]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 "Many small stars
congregated... like to two clouds." (Now known as the Large Magellanic
Cloud) Thus one of Ferdinand Magellan’s crew, on the first voyage
around the earth, described the southern Pacific sky on a clear night
in this year.
(NG, 5/88, p.619)
1520 King Christian II of Denmark
and Norway defeated a Swedish army at Lake Asunden and was crowned King
of Sweden. He then renounced his offer of amnesty and massacred most of
the Swedish leaders.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 Emperor Charles V and Henry
VIII met at Dover and agreed to an Anglo-French commercial treaty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 Magellan sailed around the
tip of South America and renamed the South Sea as the Pacific Ocean.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 Scipione del Ferro, Italian
mathematician, solved cubic equations for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1520 A smallpox epidemic raged in
Vera Cruz, Mexico. The 16th century smallpox epidemic in Mexico and
Central America killed about half of the Aztecs.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFEC, 1/30/00, Z1 p.2)
1520-1530 The "Shahnameh" (also shah nama, Persian
Book of Kings) by Firdawsi was commissioned to be illustrated for Shah
Tahmasp by more than a dozen artists. 258 miniatures were made with 750
folios of Farsi text. In 1568 it was given to the Ottoman Sultan.
(WSJ, p. A-18, 10/13/94)
1520-1579 Bayazid Roshan, an Afghan intellectual,
lived. He revolted against the power of the Moghul government.
(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1520/24-1579/80 Giovanni Battista Moroni was a
Renaissance portraitist. He worked in Trent and Bergamo and then
returned to his hometown of Albino.
(WSJ, 2/22/00, p.A38)
1520-1598 William Cecil. He later became the Lord
Treasurer and chief adviser for Queen Elizabeth I, for which he was
made Lord Burghley. He built the Burghley House.
(WSJ, 8/24/99, p.A16)
1521 Jan 3, Pope Leo X
excommunicated Martin Luther from the Roman Catholic Church.
(NH, 9/96, p.18)(AP, 1/3/98)
1521 March 6, Magellan made
landfall at the island of Guam in the Marianas.
(HN, 3/6/98) (V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)
1521 March 9, Magellan sailed
west, southwest towards the Philippines.
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)
1521 Mar 15, Ferdinand Magellan
discovered the Philippine Islands, where he was killed by natives the
following month. [see Apr 26]
(PCh, 1992, p.172)(MC, 3/17/02)(AP, 3/16/97)
1521 Apr 7, Inquisitor-general
Adrian Boeyens banned Lutheran books.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1521 Apr 7, Ferdinand Magellan
landed on Cebu Island, Philippines. Italian chronicler Antonio
Pigafetta reported a thriving port with large supplies of rice and
gold. In 2003 the island was a booming commercial center with a
population of 4 million.
(WSJ, 10/15/03, p.B2A)
1521 Apr 16, Martin Luther arrived
at Diet of Worms.
(MC, 4/16/02)
1521 Apr 17, Under the protection
of Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony, Martin Luther first appeared
before Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the Imperial Diet to face
charges stemming from his religious writings. The Roman Catholic Church
had already excommunicated him on Jan 3, 1521. He was later declared an
outlaw by Charles V.
(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 4/17/98)(AP, 4/17/07)
1521 Apr 18, Martin Luther
confronted the emperor Charles V in the Diet of Worms and refused to
retract his views which led to his excommunication. Cardinal Alexander
questioned the Rev Martin Luther.
(HN, 4/18/99)(MC, 4/18/02)
1521 Apr 21, Martin Luther was
called before an Imperial Diet in Worms. He was already accused of
heresy and excommunicated by the Pope. Here he was absolved of all
charges.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)
1521 Apr 22, French king Francois
I declared war on Spain.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1521 Apr 22, Juan de Padilla,
Spanish nobleman, communero-rebel, was beheaded.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1521 Apr 23, The Comuneros were
crushed by royalist troops in Spain.
(HN, 4/23/99)
1521 Apr 26, Magellan was killed
in a fight with natives on Mactan Island. Magellan named the Mariana
Islands Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of Thieves), and was killed by
natives on Cebu. Juan Sebastian Elcano, Magellan’s second in command,
returned to Spain with 18 men and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with
spices. His coat of arms was augmented in reward with the inscription
Primus circumdisti me: "You were the first to encircle me." Some 50,000
Chamorro people populated the islands. [see Apr 27]
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC,11/10/96,Z1p.2)(TL-MB,
p.12)(SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4)
1521 April 27, Ferdinand Magellan
(50), Portuguese explorer, was killed by natives in the Philippines.
[see Apr 26]
(AP, 4/27/99)
1521 May 8, Peter Canisius,
[Pieter de Hondt/Kanijs], Jesuit, saint, was born.
(MC, 5/8/02)
1521 May 8, Emperor Charles V and
the Diet issued the Edict of Worms. It banned Luther’s work and
enjoined his detention, but was not able to be enforced.
(NH, 9/96, p.20)
1521 May 20, Ignatius Loyola was
seriously wounded by a cannon ball.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1521 May 26, Martin Luther was
banned by the Edict of Worms of because of his religious beliefs and
writings.
(AP, 5/26/97)
1521 May 28, Willem van Croij
(~62), duke of Soria, died.
(MC, 5/28/02)
1521 Aug 13, Spanish conqueror
Hernando Cortez conquered the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan (Mexico
City) after an 85-day battle. Cuauhtemoc fought against Cortes in
Tlatelolco when Moctezuma surrendered. Cortez had an Indian mistress
named La Malinche.
(NG, 6/1988, p.763)(AP, 8/13/97)(TL-MB, p.12)(WSJ,
8/13/97, p.A12)(WSJ, 4/24/98, p.A15)
1521 Aug 27, Josquin Des Prez,
composer, died.
(MC, 8/27/02)
1521 Aug 31, Spanish conqueror
Cortez (1485-1547), having captured the city of Tenochtitlan, Mexico,
set it on fire. Nearly 100,000 people died in the siege and some
100,000 more died afterwards of smallpox. In 2008 Buddy levy authored
“Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the
Aztecs.”
(HN, 8/31/98)(WSJ, 7/10/08, p.A13)
1521 Sep 28, Turkish sultan
Suleiman I's troops occupied Belgrade.
(MC, 9/28/01)
1521 Oct 11, Pope Leo X titled
King Henry VIII of England "Defender of the Faith" in recognition of
his writings in support of the Catholic Church. Henry had penned a
defense of the seven Catholic Sacraments in response to Martin Luther‘s
Protestant reform movement. By 1534, Henry had broken completely with
the Catholic Church, and the Pope‘s authority in England was abolished.
(TL-MB, p.12)(HNQ, 8/12/00)(MC, 10/11/01)
1521 Oct 24, Robert Fayrfax,
composer, died at 57.
(MC, 10/24/01)
1521 Oct 25, Emperor Charles V
banned wooden buildings in Amsterdam.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1521 Nov 19, Battle at Milan:
Emperor Charles V's Spanish, German, and papal troops beat France and
occupied Milan. An eight year war between France and the Holy Roman
Emp., Charles V, began after the French supported rebels in Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(MC, 11/19/01)
1521 Nov 20, Arabs attributed a
shortage of water in Jerusalem to Jews making wine.
(MC, 11/20/01)
1521 Lorenzo Lotto, Italian
artist, painted the "Christ Bidding Farewell to His Mother."
(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)
1521 Suleiman I, the Ottoman
Sultan, conquered Belgrade and invaded Hungary.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1521 The Chateau de Chenonceaux in
the Loire Valley of France was built for the royal tax collector,
Thomas Bohier. It took eight years to construct.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1521 The manufacture of silk cloth
was introduced to France. It had been made in Sicily since the 1100s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1521 In Puerto Rico the Caparra
colony founded by Spanish conquistadores relocated to a barrier island
at the entrance of San Juan Bay.
(HT, 4/97, p.28)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1521 The first running of the
bulls was held at Pamplona, Spain. [see 1591]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1521 Francisco de Gordillo,
Spanish explorer, sailed up the American Atlantic coast to South
Carolina.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1521 Ponce de Leon returned to Key
Marco in southwest Florida, where he was again repulsed by the Calusa
Indians and died from an arrow wound.
(AM, 11/04, p.49)
1521 Clipperton Island was
originally discovered by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521, but was later
named after John Clipperton, an English pirate who led a mutiny against
William Dampier in 1704. Mexico occupied the island in 1897 and
established a military outpost there. In 1930, the Vatican gave the
rights to the King of Italy, Viktor Emanuel II, who declared one year
later that Clipperton was a part of France. In 1944 US President
Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the navy to occupy the island in one of
the most secret US operations of WW II. After the war it was abandoned,
and has since only been visited by the French Navy and an occasional
scientific or amateur radio expedition. In 1989 Jimmy M. Skaggs
authored "Clipperton: A History of the Island the World Forgot."
(NH, 12/96,
p.70)(www.qsl.net/clipperton2000/history.html)
1522 Feb 7, Treaty of Brussels:
Habsburgers split into Spanish and Austrian Branches.
(MC, 2/7/02)
1522 Mar 9-16, Marten Luther
preached his Invocavit.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1522 Apr 29, Emperor Charles V
named Frans van Holly inquisitor-gen of Netherlands.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1522 May 25, Emperor Karel I
returned to Spain.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1522 Aug 27, Giovanni A. Amadei
(75), Amadeo, Italian sculptor, architect, died.
(MC, 8/27/02)
1522 Sep 6, Juan Sebastian Elcano
(Del Cano), Magellan’s second in command, returned to Spain with 18 men
and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His coat of arms was
augmented in reward with the inscription: Primus circumdisti me: "You
were the first to encircle me."18 survivors of the original Magellan
expedition completed the circumnavigation of the globe under Sebastian
del Cano. Plumes of the bird of paradise from New Guinea were first
brought back to Europe. One of the five ships that set out in Ferdinand
Magellan's trip around the world made it back to Spain. Only 15 of the
original 265 men that set out survived. Magellan was killed by natives
in the Philippines.
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC, 11/10/96, zone 1
p.2)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(NH, 9/96, p.8)(HN, 9/6/98)
1522 Sep 8, Spanish navigator Juan
de Elcano returned to Spain. He completed the 1st circumnavigation of
globe, expedition begun under Ferdinand Magellan. [see Sep 6]
(MC, 9/8/01)
1522 Oct 15, Emperor Charles named
Hernan Cortes governor of Mexico.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1522 Dosso Dossi painted "Allegory
of Music."
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1522 Martin Luther completed his
translation of the New Testament into German and returned to
Wittenberg. His supporter, Ulrich Zwingli, condemned Lenten fasting and
celibacy. Luther also published his Christmas Postils as preaching
models for other pastors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 12/21/01, p.W15)
1522 A Bible was printed in
Alcala, Spain, in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Aramaic.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 Adrian VI was elected Pope.
He was the last non-Italian pope until John Paul II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 In 2007 The book "Beyond
Capricorn" said a 16th century maritime map in a Los Angeles library
vault, which accurately marks geographical sites along Australia's east
coast in Portuguese, proves that Portuguese seafarer Christopher de
Mendonca lead a fleet of four ships into Botany Bay in this year.
(Reuters, 3/21/07)
1522 England declared war on
France and Scotland. Holy Roman Emp. Charles V visited Henry VIII and
signed the Treaty of Windsor. Both monarchs agreed to invade France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 Suleiman I captured Rhodes
from the Knights Hospitallers of St. John. The knights surrendered
after a 6-month siege. In 1530 the knights were resettled on Malta by
Charles V.
(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)
1522 Albrecht Durer, German artist
and engraver, designed a flying machine for use in war.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 Guatemala was conquered by
Spanish armies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 A massive slave rebellion,
the first of dozens, was crushed in Hispaniola.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 Martin Cortes (d.1569), son
of Hernando Cortes, was born in Mexico to an Amerindian woman named
Malinche. Cortes also named a 3rd son Martin, who was born in Spain.
Both brothers were arrested in 1566 for purportedly fomenting a
rebellion against the Spanish crown.
(SSFC, 7/11/04, p.M3)
1522 The Portuguese crown began
administering Sao Tome.
(AP, 7/18/03)
1522 Pascual de Andagoya, Spanish
explorer, became the first European to set foot in Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522 Gustavus Vasa became
administrator of Sweden and pledged to free his country from Danish
control.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1522-1524 Titian painted "Bacchanal of the Andrians"
during this period.
(WSJ, 8/3/06, p.D5)
1523 Jun 6, [Gustav] Gustavus Vasa
was elected Gustavus I of Sweden.
(HFA, '96, p.32)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(HN, 6/6/98)
1523 Jul 1, Hendrik Voes, Flemish
priest, church reformer, was burned at stake along with John of
Esschen, Flemish priest, church reformer.
(MC, 7/1/02)
1523 Oct 27, English troops
occupied Montalidier, France.
(MC, 10/27/01)
1523 Nov 30, Amsterdam banned the
assembly of heretics.
(MC, 11/30/01)
1523 Titian painted "Bacchus and
Ariadne," a heroic mythological composition for Alfonso d’Este, Duke of
Ferrara. It is now at the London National Gallery.
(TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)
1523 Hans Holbein completed the
first of several portraits of Erasmus in Basel. He also began the
design of 51 plates on the "Dance of Death," which reflected ideas of
the Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WSJ, 6/24/97, p.A20)
1523 Hans Judenkonig published in
Vienna the first manual of lute playing.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523 Anthony Fitzherbert published
the "Book of Husbandry," the first English manual of agriculture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523 Pope Adrian VI died and was
succeeded by Pope Clement VII, nephew of Lorenzo de’ Medici. Adrian VI
was the last non-Italian Pope until 1978 when Cardinal Wojtyla,
Archbishop of Cracow, became Pope Paul II. Clement was pope until 1534.
(WUD, 1994, p.1691)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(WUD, 1994,
p.276)
1523 Sugar was grown in Cuba for
the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523 The first turkeys were
introduced to Spain and Europe from America by the conquistadors.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A3)
1523 Christian II was deposed in
Denmark after a civil war and was exiled. His uncle became King
Frederick I of Denmark and Norway.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523 The Ottoman Emperor Suleiman
the Magnificent successfully overcame the Knights Hospitaller, Order of
St. John, from their position on the island of Rhodes in the Aegean
Sea. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, offered the Knights the Isle of
Malta. In exchange for a perpetual lease the Knights undertook to send
the emperor a falcon (made famous in the mystery novel, The Maltese
Falcon, and the movie of the same name) once every year as a token of
their fealty. They remained there until the time of Napoleon, and
became known as the Knights of Malta.
(WSJ, 12/30/94, A-6, Review of The Knights of Malta
by H.J.A. Sire)
1523 Portuguese settlers were
expelled from China.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523 The first marine insurance
policies were issued in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1523-1524 Dosso Dossi painted "Jupiter, Mercury and
Virtue."
(WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A20)
1524 Mar 19, Giovanni de Verrazano
of France sighted land around area of Carolinas.
(MC, 3/19/02)
1524 Apr 17, Giovanni da
Verrazano, Florentine navigator, reached present-day New York Harbor.
He explored from Cape Fear to Newfoundland and discovered New York Bay
and the Hudson River. He was later eaten by natives.
(TL-MB, p.12)(HN, 4/17/98)(SFEM, 11/15/98, p.26)(AP,
4/17/08)
1524 Apr 19, Pope Clemens VII
fired the Netherlands inquisitor-general French Van de Holly.
(MC, 4/19/02)
1524 cApr, The Peasant’s War, in
which Protestants fought against Catholics and demanded an end to
feudal services and oppression by the landed gentry, broke out in
Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Jul 26, James I became king
of Scotland at age 12.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1524 Aug 19, Emperor Charles V's
troops besieged Marseille.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1524 Nov 14, Pizarro began his 1st
great expedition, near Colombia.
(MC, 11/14/01)
1524 Dec 11, Henry Van Zutphen,
Dutch Protestant martyr, was burned at stake.
(MC, 12/11/01)
1524 Dec 24, Portuguese navigator
Vasco da Gama (~55), who had discovered a sea route around Africa to
India, died in Cochin, India. He had served as Viceroy in India. Gama
served under the patronage of Dom Manoel and at one time burned alive
380 men, women and children.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(AP, 12/24/97)(MC,
12/24/01)(SSFC, 3/10/02, p.M3)
1524 Albrecht Durer drafted a
dozen drawings of the same face on a grid. Each grid was transformed as
if it were printed on a rubber graph which was then bent and twisted to
distort the normal proportions. Computerized morphing only came c1990.
(MT, 10/94, p.9)
1524 Peter Bennewitz, German prof.
of mathematics, produced the first textbook on theoretical geography:
"Cosmographia."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Jan Wynken de Worde printed
Robert Wakefield’s "Oration" using Italic type for the first time in
English typography.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Martin Luther and Johann
Walther produced jointly a German hymnal: "Geistliche Lieder."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Aden became a tributary of
Portugal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Hans Holbein the Elder (b.
c1460), German-born artist, died in Eisenheim.
(www.abcgallery.com/H/holbein/fholbeinbio.html)
1524 Pedro de Alvarado, a
lieutenant of Cortez, marched into the Guatemalan highlands. He played
the local Indian tribes against one another and won a major battle
fought at a river in western Guatemala against warriors of the Quiche
tribe led by Tecun Uman.
(NG, 6/1988, p.790)
1524 Chevalier Bayard, commander
of French forces in Lombardy, was killed and the French were driven out.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Hernandez de Cordoba founded
Granada, Nicaragua. The city, also known as La Gran Sultana (The Grand
Sultan), is the oldest city in Central America.
(SSFC, 4/10/05, p.F4)
1524 Denmark confirmed Swedish
independence under Gustavus Vasa in the Treaty of Malmo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524 Shah Ismail, ruler of Persia,
died.
(www.britannica.com/eb/article-230075)
1524 Ulrich Zwingli abolished the
Catholic mass in Zurich.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)
1524-1580 Luis Camoes, Portuguese poet. He fought in
colonial battles in Morocco and India and lost one eye. He was arrested
in a street brawl in Lisbon and left for India. He traveled to Macao
and Mozambique after which he published "Os Lusiadas" (The Lusiads,
1572), a poem that glorified Vasco da Gama and the history of Portugal.
www.lusaweb.com
(SFC, 6/4/99, p.D6)(SSFC, 3/10/02, p.M3)
1524-1585 Pierre de Ronsard, established the use of
the vernacular in French verse.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
1524-1608 Giambologna, a sculptor from Florence.
(WSJ, 2/1/96, p.A-16)
Go to 1525