Timeline 1525-1549
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1525 Feb 24,
In the first of the Franco-Habsburg Wars, the Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V captured the French king Francis I at the battle of Pavia,
in Italy.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia)
1525 Mar 20, The Paris
parliament began the pursuit of Protestants (Papists proudly
participated).
(MC, 3/20/02)
1525 Apr 8, Albert von
Brandenburg, the leader of the Teutonic Order, assumed the title
"Duke of Prussia" and passed the first laws of the Protestant
church, making Prussia a Protestant state.
(HN, 4/8/99)
1525 May 7, The German
peasants' revolt was crushed by the ruling class and church.
(HN, 5/7/99)
1525 May 10, Church reformer
John Pistorius was caught in the Hague.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1525 May 14, A German army
under Philip of Hesse surrounded and slaughtered 5,000 ending a
peasant revolt led by Thomas Muntzer.
(MC, 5/15/02)(PCh, 1992, p.173)
1525 May 17, Battle at Zabern:
duke of Lutherans beat rebels.
(MC, 5/17/02)
1525 May 27, Thomas Muntzer
(28), German vicar, Boer leader, head of the German peasant revolt
was beheaded. Some 150,000 peasants died in the uprising.
(PCh, 1992, p.173)(MC, 5/27/02)
1525 Jul 19, The Catholic
princes of Germany formed the Dessau League to fight against the
Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(HN, 7/19/98)
1525 Aug 21, Estavao Gomes
returned to Portugal after failing to find a clear waterway to Asia.
(HN, 8/21/98)
1525 Sep 15, Jan de Bakker
(26), Roman Catholic priest also known under the name Pistorius, was
burned during the Reformation in the Netherlands.
(http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/p/pistorius_joh.shtml)
1525 Dec 30, Jacob Fugger (66),
German banker and merchant, died.
(MC, 12/30/01)
1525 Michelangelo worked on the
Medici chapel.
(NH, 9/96, p.67)
c1525 Joos van Cleve, Belgian
painter, painted "St. John the Evangelist on Patmos."
(MT, Spg. ‘97, p.20)
1525 Spanish architects
established the style of "Plateresque," as exemplified by the
gateway of the Univ. of Salamanca.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 Cardinal Wolsey presented
Hampton Court Palace to Henry VIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 The bishop of London
recruited Augustine Packington as an agent in Antwerp to buy up all
copies of Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament. Packington, a
supporter of Tyndale, sent copies to London, where they were burned
and passed payments on to Tyndale, who used the money for a new
version of his work.
(www.tyndale.org/TSJ/17/cooper.html)(Econ,
12/20/08, p.103)
1525 Thomas Munzer, a German
Anabaptist, set up a communistic theocracy at Mulhausen, Germany.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 William Tyndale
(1494-1536), English religious scholar, completed his translation of
the New Testament in Hamburg, Germany. It was published in Worms in
Spring 1526, and then smuggled to England.
(ON, 11/04,
p.2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale)
1525 The Capuchin order of
friars was founded in Italy. They become among the most effective
Catholic preachers and missionaries in the Counter-Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 The Mennonites, a
Protestant branch of the Anabaptists, were established in Zurich,
Switz.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 Martin Luther married
Katherine von Bora, a former nun, "to spite the devil."
(SFC, 2/28/96, D-10)(SFC, 3/16/02, p.A3)
1525 In India Babur, a warrior
with an Islamic Persian background, invaded Hindu India. He took
Delhi and Agra and made Agra his capital.
(HT, 4/97, p.22)
1525 Andrea della Robbia
(b.1435), Italian artist, died. He was the nephew and pupil of Luca
della Robbia (1400-1482).
(SFC, 11/23/05, p.G2)
1525 In Rome public street
cleaners were employed and paid through a tax on artisans and
tradesmen.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1525 Turkey and Hungary signed
a seven year truce.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 Charles V led the German
and Spanish forces over the French and Swiss at the Battle of Pavia
and became master of Italy. Francis I was captured and taken to
Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 Thousands of German
peasants were slaughtered.
(NH, 9/96, p.67)
1525 Luther wrote his tract:
"Against the Murderous and Thieving Hordes of Peasants."
(NH, 9/96, p.21)
1525 Albrecht Durer, German
engraver, compiled the first German manual on geometry.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 City officials tried to
control the street vendors in Mexico City.
(SFC, 9/7/96, p.A19)
1525 Francisco Pizarro, Spanish
conquistador, sailed from Panama to explore Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 The Spanish made initial
contact with the Incas.
(SFC, 3/19/02, p.A2)
1526 Jan 14, Francis of France,
held captive by Charles V for a year, signed the Treaty of Madrid,
giving up most of his claims in France and Italy.
(HN, 1/14/99)
1526 Feb 27, Saxony and Hesse
formed the League of Gotha, a league of Protestant princes.
(MC, 2/27/02)
1526 Mar 26, King François I
returned Spanish captivity to France.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1526 Apr 21, Mongol Emperor
Zahir-ud-din Babur annihilated Indian Army of Ibrahim Lodi at the
Battle of Panipat. Babar, King of Kabul, established in this year
the Mughal dynasty at Delhi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(SFEC, 5/21/00, p.T8)(WSJ,
3/31/07, p.P10)
1526 Jul 6, King Afonso of
Kongo (1509-1542) sent a letter of complaint to Portugal regarding
the impact of slave trade in his country.
(www.millersville.edu/~winthrop/Thornton.html)
1526 Jul 26, The Spaniard Lucas
Vasquez de Ayllon and his colonists left Santo Domingo in the
Caribbean for Florida.
(HN, 7/26/98)
1526 Oct 18, Lucas Vazquez de
Ayllp, Spanish colonialist who settled in SC, died.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1526 Nov 9, Jews were expelled
from Pressburg, Hungary, by Maria of Hapsburg.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1526 Nov 30, Giovanni de’
Medici (b.1498), brother to Cosimo the Elder, died soon after his
leg was amputated due to a bullet wound.
(www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/372320/Giovanni-de-Medici)(AM,
7/05, p.41)
1526 Nov, The 1st American
slave revolt occurred in SC at the Spanish settlement of San Miguel
de Gualdape near the mouth of the Pee Dee River in South Carolina.
(http://whgbetc.com/mind/slave_revolts_2.html)
1526 Albrecht Durer painted the
"Four Apostles," his last great religious painting and presented it
to the city of Nuremberg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 Lucas Cranach the elder
(1472-1553) painted the "Adam and Eve," typical of the artist’s
Gothic style as opposed to the "decadent" Italian style.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(WUD, 1994, p.339)
1526 William Tyndale published
the first complete version of the New Testament in English at Worms,
Germany. "Tyndale was the first translator of the biblical texts
from their original Greek and Hebrew into English."
(WSJ, 12/22/94, A-20)(WSJ, 11/19/96, p.A20)
1526 John Taverner, organist
and composer, was appointed the Master of Choristers at Oxford Univ.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 The 1st Africans to the US
arrived at a Spanish settlement South Carolina.
(www.inmotionaame.org/timeline.cfm?bhcp=1)
1526 The Teutonic Knights, a
German military and religious order of knights and priests, broke
away from the Catholic Church to become Lutherans.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 Pope Clement VII formed
the League of Cognac against Emp. Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 The slave trade escalated
to the point where the Portuguese bribed officials to revolt and
provided goods and guns to any chief who would supply slaves. King
Affonso wrote to King John of Portugal asking that the Portuguese
ban the slave trade in Kongo. Numerous letters were sent but King
John did nothing.
(ATC, p.152)
1526 Ferdinand of Austria was
elected King of Bohemia and inaugurated the Austro-Hungarian state.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(WSJ, 7/14/99, p.A23)
1526 Zhu Duan (b.1464), Chinese
artist, died. His work included the hanging scroll “Looking at a
Misty River at Dusk.”
(http://wwar.com/masters/z/zhu_duan.html)(SFC,
6/28/08, p.E1)
1526 Francis I of France and
Emp. Charles V signed the Peace of Madrid wherein Francis renounced
claims to much Italian territory.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 In Italy the Beretta
family made crossbows. With advancing technology the family launched
into firearms (1550).
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)(Econ, 11/18/06, p.64)
1526 Conquistador Francisco
Hernandez de Cordoba (b.~1475) was beheaded by Pedrarias Dávila, a
superior officer, over his claims to Nicaragua.
(SSFC, 6/26/11, p.G3)
1526 Turkish forces of Suleiman
I defeated the Hungarian forces and killed Hungarian King Louis II
at the Battle of Mohacs.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526 Peace was concluded
between Poland and Russia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1526-1712 In northern India the Mughal Dynasty was
the last great dynasty to rule.
(Hem., 2/97, p.55)
1527 Mar 16, The Emperor Babur
defeated the Rajputs at the Battle of Kanvaha, removing the main
Hindu rivals in Northern India.
(HN, 3/16/99)
1527 Apr 30, Henry VIII and
King Francis of France signed the treaty of Westminster.
(HN, 4/30/98)
1527 May 6, German and Spanish
troops under Charles V began sacking Rome, bringing about the end of
the Renaissance. Libraries were destroyed, Pope Clement VII
was captured and thousands were killed. 147 of 189 of the Pope’s
Swiss guard were killed.
(HN, 5/6/02)(PCh, 1992, p.174)(WSJ, 4/14/06,
p.W5)
1527 May 16, Florence expelled
the Medici nephews of the Pope and reverted to a republic..
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(MC, 5/16/02)
1527 May 21, Philip II
(d.1598), king of Spain and Portugal (1556-98), was born. He invaded
England and roasted heretics. He collected a fifth of all the wealth
generated from the mines and trade in the Americas. He invested
heavily into his military and lost it all with the defeat of the
Armada in 1588. His debt at his death amounted to 85 million ducats,
or 300 tons of gold.
(HN, 5/21/98)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(MC, 5/21/02)
1527 May 30, The University of
Marburg was founded. It is the oldest Protestant University in
Germany.
(HFA, '96, p.30)(AHD, p.797)(HN, 5/30/98)
1527 Jun 21, Nicolo Machiavelli
(b.1469), Florentine statesman, author (The Prince), died. “When the
effect is good... it will always excuse the deed.”
(WSJ, 5/21/96, p.A-16)(WSJ, 6/22/98,
p.A20)(www.online-literature.com/machiavelli/)
1527 Jun 24, Gustaaf I began
Reformation in Sweden, taking RC possessions.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1527 Nov 18, Luca Cambiaso,
Italian painter and sculptor, was born.
(MC, 11/18/01)
1527 Nov 20, Wendelmoet
"Weyntjen" Claesdochter, became the 1st Dutch woman to be burned as
heretic.
(MC, 11/20/01)
1527 Dec 6, Pope Clemens VII
fled to Orvieto.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1527 Adrian Willaert, Flemish
composer, was made maestro di capella at St. Mark’s, in Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527 Henry VIII appealed to the
Pope for permission to divorce Catherine of Aragon.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527 Croatia formed a state
union with Austria.
(WSJ, 7/14/99, p.A23)
1527 Giuseppe Arcimboldi
(d.1593), Italian painter [Arcimboldo], was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.78)(WSJ, 7/10/97, p.A13)
1527 Muslim Somali Chief, Ahmed
Gran, used firearms against the Ethiopians for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527 Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de
Vaca, a Spanish soldier, was appointed 2nd in command under Panfilo
de Narvaez (47), to explore the recently discovered land of Florida.
(ON, 10/03, p.1)
1527 Spanish mercenaries paid
by Charles V sacked Rome and left 4,000 dead. Some see this event as
marking the close of the Renaissance.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527 Theophrastus von Hohenheim
established chemotherapy and the modern school of medical thinking
at the Univ. of Basel in Switzerland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527 Hernando Cortez and his
conquistadores completed the conquest of New Spain. They brought
back to Spain tomatoes, avocados, papayas, and vanilla.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1527-1528 Henry VIII imprisoned Pope Clement VII
for disobedience. It was to Clement that Henry appealed for an
annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, which had been
granted under special dispensation in the first place.
(V.D.-H.K.p.163)
1528 Jan 22, England &
France declared war on Emperor Charles V of Spain. The French army
was later expelled from Naples and Genoa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(MC, 1/22/02)
1528 Apr 6, Albrecht Durer
(b.1471), German painter, graphic artist, died in Germany. His wife
Agnes inherited his 6,874-florin estate.
(SFEC, 2/9/97, DB
p.6)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer)
1528 Apr 14, A Spanish
expedition, led by Panfilo de Narvaez, arrived at the west coast of
Florida with 400 soldiers and 42 horses.
(ON, 10/03, p.1)
1528 May 1, The Spanish Narvaez
expedition began an inland march to Florida with some 300 men and 40
horses.
(ON, 10/03, p.1)
1528 Jul 30, The Spanish
Narvaez expedition captured the Indian town of Aute (Florida).
(ON, 10/03, p.2)
1528 Sep 28, A Spanish fleet
sank in Florida hurricane; 380 died.
(MC, 9/28/01)
1528 Nov 2, The Spanish Narvaez
expedition, having traveled some 700 miles toward eastern Texas,
encountered a massive storm and their 5 barges separated.
(ON, 10/03, p.2)
1528 Nov 6, A Spanish barge
under Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca landed in East Texas. The
survivors of 2 barges spent the winter on an island they named Isla
de Malhado, "The Island of Misfortune." By the spring of 1529 there
were 15 castaways left and half the native population was dead from
disease.
(ON, 10/03, p.3)
1528 Nov 30, Great Wierd, Dutch
Gelderland army commander, was beheaded.
(MC, 11/30/01)
1528 Hans Holbein painted "The
Artist’s Family." After meeting Sir Thomas More in England, he
returned temporarily to Basel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 Paracelsus (Theophrastus
von Hohenheim), a Swiss physician and alchemist, wrote the first
manual of surgery, "Die Kleine Chirurgia." (See Paracelsus in 1537)
His middle name was Bombastus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(HC, 1/9/98)
1528 Baldassare Castiglione
(1478-1529), Italian diplomat and courtier, published "Il Libro del
Cortegiano" (The Courtier), an exhaustive study of etiquette and
court life that was read and copied throughout Europe. In 1561 Sir
Thomas Hoby provided an English translation.
(WSJ, 5/28/04, p.W3)(WSJ, 1/14/07, p.P12)
1528 In Mexico the fortress of
San Juan de Ulua was built on a coral reef in Vera Cruz. It was
later estimated that half-million slaves died in the process.
(SFEC, 5/17/98, p.T12)
1528 The Scottish Reformation
began.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 Cardinal Wolsey dissolved
22 religious houses and used the money for the founding of several
colleges.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 Jacob Hutter (d.1536),
Anabaptist evangelist from South Tyrol, founded a "community of
love," whose members shared everything. They settled in Moravia due
to the religious tolerance there.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.13)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Hutter)
1528 Wheat was introduced into
New Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 Hernando Cortes was
recalled to Spain and he brought with him haricot beans.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 England established its
first colony in the New World at St. Johns, Newfoundland.
(SFEC, 4/25/99, Z1 p.8)
1528 Charles V granted to the
Welser family, Augsburg merchants, rights to colonize most of
north-eastern South America.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 Philip Melanchthon,
Protestant reformer, proposed German educational reforms.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528 In Germany the Carolinum
school was founded in Ansbach, Bavaria.
(AP, 9/17/09)
1528 Babar the Great ordered a
large mosque built in Ayodha, 2 years after he established the Mogul
Empire in India. The Babri Mosques was destroyed by a Hindu mob in
1992.
(AM, 7/04, p.49)
1528 Typhus swept through Italy
and killed tens of thousands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1528-1530 Pontormo (Jacopo Carucci) painted
"Portrait of a Halberdier."
(WSJ, 4/9/99, p.W16)
1528-1588 Paolo Cagliari Veronese, Venetian
painter. He was hauled before the Inquisition in1573 and accused of
painting profanities.
(WUD, 1994, p.1588)(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1529 Apr 16, Louis de Berquin,
French humanist, reformer, heretic, was burned at stake.
(MC, 4/16/02)
1529 Apr 19, The 2nd Parliament
of Speyer banned Lutheranism. At the Diet of Speyer the Lutheran
minority protested against restrictions on their teachings and were
called "Protestant" for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.13)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speyer)
1529 Apr 22, Spain and Portugal
divided the eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragosa.
(HN, 4/22/98)
1529 May 6, Babur defeated the
Afghan Chiefs in the Battle of Ghagra, India.
(HN, 5/6/98)
1529 May 27, 30 Jews of Posing,
Hungary, charged with blood ritual, were burned at stake.
(MC, 5/27/02)
1529 Jun 9, Zurich declared war
on Catholic cantons.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1529 Jun 21, John Skelton (69),
English poet, died.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1529 Jul 26, Francisco Pizarro
was made governor for life and captain-general in New Spain. He
returned to Peru in a fleet of three ships. Pizarro received a royal
warrant in Toledo, Spain, to "discover and conquer" Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(HN, 7/26/98)
1529 Sep 8, The Ottoman Sultan
Suleiman re-entered Buda and established John Zapolyai as the puppet
king of Hungary.
(HN, 9/8/98)
1529 Oct 1-3, Martin Luther met
with Huldrych Zwingli.
(MC, 10/1/01)
1529 Oct 15, Ottoman armies
under Suleiman ended their siege of Vienna and head back to
Belgrade. The Ottomans siege of Vienna was a key battle of world
history. The Ottoman Empire reached its peak with the Turks settled
in Buda on the left bank of the Danube after failing in their siege
of Vienna.
(WSJ, 3/27/96, p.A-16)(TL-MB, 1988,
p.13) (HN, 10/15/98)
1529 Oct 17, Henry VIII removed
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey as Lord Chancellor for failing to secure an
annulment of his marriage.
(HN, 10/17/98)(PCh, 1992ed, p.176)
1529 Oct 21, Henry VIII of
England was named Defender of the Faith by the Pope after defending
the seven sacraments against Luther.
(HN, 10/21/98)
1529 Oct 26, Thomas More was
appointed English Lord Chancellor.
(MC, 10/26/01)
1529 Nov 3, The first
Reformation Parliament for five years opened in London, England and
the Commons put forward bills against abuses amongst the clergy and
in the church courts.
(HN, 11/3/99)(MC, 11/3/01)
1529 Nov 4, Thomas Wolsey,
English Lord Chancellor and cardinal, was arrested.
(MC, 11/4/01)
1529 Bernardino Luini, a pupil
of Leonardo da Vinci, completed his fresco of the Passion and
Crucifixion at the Santa Maria Degli Angioli church in Lugano,
Switzerland.
(SFEC, 6/14/98, p.T4)
1529 Luther published two
hymns: "Away in a Manger" and "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1529 Civil war commenced
between Catholic and the Reformed cantons in Switzerland. The
Catholics were ultimately defeated.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1529 Emp. Charles V ceded the
Spanish rights in the Spice Islands to the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1529 The Turks at Buda planted
paprika from the New World.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1529 Maize from America, grown
in Turkey, was introduced to England as "turkey corn."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1529 Baldassare Castiglione
(b.1478), Italian diplomat, courtier and author of "Il Libro del
Cortegiano" (The Courtier), died while on a papal mission to Toledo.
(WSJ, 1/14/07, p.P12)
1529-1608 Giambologna, a Florentine sculptor. A
biography was written by Baldinucci.
(WSJ, 1/8/99, p.C13)
1530 Feb 23, Spain's Carlos I
was crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the
last coronation of a German king by a Pope. Charles restored the
Medici to power after capturing Florence and ceded Malta to the
landless religious order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
(TL-MB, p.14)(MC, 2/24/02)(PC, 1992, p.176)
1530 Mar 7, King Henry VIII's
divorce request was denied by the Pope. Henry then declared that he,
not the Pope, is supreme head of England's church.
(MC, 3/7/02)
1530 Apr 18, Francois Lambert
d'Avignon (~43), French church reformer, died.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1530 May 7, Louis I Conde,
French prince, leader of Huguenots, was born.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1530 Aug 25, Ivan IV (Ivan the
Terrible), 1st tsar of Russia (1533-84), was born.
(MC, 8/25/02)(http://www.ilstu.edu/~jmalli1/)
1530 Sep 20, Luther advised the
Protestant monarch compromise.
(MC 9/20/01)
1530 Nov 19, Augsburg Emperor
Karel I demanded the Edict of Worms.
(MC, 11/19/01)
1530 Nov 29, Cardinal Thomas
Wolsey (55), former adviser to England's King Henry the VIII, died.
He had served as Lord Chancellor from 1514-1529. Wolsey had amassed
a fortune second only to that of the king.
(AP, 11/29/97)(PCh, 1992ed, p.176)
1530 Dec 26, (OS) Zahir al-Din
Mohammed Babur Shah (47), founder Moguls dynasty (India), died.
Babur left power to his son Humayun, who built a royal city called
Purana Qila that is part of Delhi today. His memoirs, known as the
Baburnama, are considered the first true autobiography in Islamic
literature. The first English translation was made in 1922 by
Annette Beveridge.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur)(Econ,
12/18/10, p.80)
1530 Antonio Allegri de
Correggio (1489-1534), Italian painter, painted his supreme
altarpiece the "Adoration of the Shepherds." Only 40 of drawings
have survived.
(TL-MB, p.14)(WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25)
1530 Titian, Italian artist and
chief master of the Venetian school, painted Cardinal Ippolito
de’Medici. He became court painter in Bologna.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 In Antwerp William Tyndale
published his translation into English of the Pentateuch, the first
five books of the Old Testament, and shipped copies to England.
(WSJ, 12/22/94, A-20)(ON, 11/04, p.2)
1530 Erasmus (1469-1536), Dutch
Renaissance humanist, authored “On Good Manners for Boys” (De
civilitate morum puerorum).
(Econ, 10/8/11, p.102)
1530 Georgius Agricola, German
mineralogist and scholar, published "De Re Metallica," the first
systematic book on mineralogy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 Jacobus Calchus, a
Carmelite friar, wrote a 34-page Latin treatise on whether a man
might marry the widow of his deceased brother. It was used to
bolster Henry VIII’s case to divorce Catherine of Aragon in favor of
Anne Boleyn.
(SFC, 5/14/02, p.A2)
1530 Palsgrave’s English-French
dictionary mentioned bottle corks for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 The earliest know French
contract for comedia dell’arte players was drawn up.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 Etienne Briard introduced
round characters in musical engraving.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 The San Francisco Church
and monastery in Valladolid, Mexico, was begun.
(SSFC, 11/17/02, p.C11)
1530 Florence, Italy, held the
first lottery, La Lotto de Firenze. It was followed by similar
drawings in Genoa and Venice to raise funds for various public
projects.
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R34)(http://www.logiuocodellotto.com/)
1530 The game of bingo can be
traced back to a lottery game called "Il Giuoco del Lotto d'Italia"
played in Italy about this time. By the eighteenth century, the game
had matured, and in France, playing cards, tokens, the reading out
of numbers had been added to the game. In the nineteenth century,
Bingo was widely used in Germany for educational purposes to teach
children spelling, animal names, and multiplication tables.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingo_%28U.S.%29)
1530 Martin Luther and Philip
Melanchthon drew up the Augsburg Confessions and presented them
unsuccessfully to the German Diet at Augsburg convened by Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 The carpenter’s bench and
vice first come into use.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1530 Opium known as laudanum
was used as a pain reliever.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1530 The Las Tortugas Islands
were renamed the Caymans, They were named after an indigenous type
of crocodile that no longer lives there.
(AP, 5/10/03)
1530-1531 In Belgium the Antwerp exchange was
founded for brokers to trade shares and commodities.
(TL-MB, p.14)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1530s Gonzalo Oviedo, a Spanish
colonist, sent back the first reports and pictures of life in North
America.
(MT, Sum. ‘98, p.9)
1530s Khayr Ad-Din (d.1546)
known by the European name Barbarossa, meaning Redbeard, united
Algeria and Tunisia as military states under the Ottoman caliphate.
He was a Barbary pirate and became admiral of the Ottoman fleet.
(HNQ, 4/25/02)
1531 Jan 5, Pope Clemens VII
forbade English king Henry VIII to re-marry.
(MC, 1/5/02)
1531 Jan 22, Andrea del Sarto
(44), Italian painter, died.
(MC, 1/22/02)
1531 Jan 26, Lisbon was hit by
an earthquake and some about 30,000 died.
(MC, 1/26/02)
1531 Feb 11, Henry VIII was
recognized as the supreme head of the Church of England.
(HN, 2/11/97)
1531 Feb 27, German Protestants
formed the League of Schmalkalden to defend themselves against
Charles V and the Roman Catholic states.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(HN, 2/27/99)
1531 Apr 5, Richard Roose was
boiled to death for trying to poison an archbishop.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1531 May 31, "Women's Revolt"
in Amsterdam: wool house in churchyard.
(MC, 5/31/02)
1531 Sep 14, Philipp Apian
(d.1589), German geographer and cartographer, was born.
(http://www.antiquemaps.co.uk/chapter12.html)
1531 Oct 11, The Catholics
defeated the Protestants at Kappel during Switzerland’s second civil
war.
(HN, 10/11/98)
1531 Oct 11, Huldrych Zwingli,
Swiss church reformer (Zwinglian), died. Ulrich Zwingli, Swiss
Protestant reformer, was killed in the Swiss civil war between the
Protestant and Catholic cantons.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(MC, 10/11/01)
1531 Oct 24, Bavaria, despite
being a Catholic region, joined the League of Schmalkalden, a
Protestant group which opposed Charles V.
(HN, 10/24/98)
1531 Nov 23, Peace of Kappel
ended the second civil war in Switzerland.
(AP, 11/23/02)
1531 Dec 6, John Volkertsz
Trimaker, Dutch Anabaptist leader, was beheaded.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1531 Dec 12, Legend held that a
dark-skinned Virgin Mary appeared to a peasant outside Mexico City
and left an imprint on his cactus-fiber poncho. The poncho became an
icon for the Virgin of Guadalupe. Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an
Indian peasant, had visions of the Virgin Mary. In 2002 Pope John
Paul II planned to canonize him. The Vatican’s main source was a
religious work that dated to 1666.
(SFC, 2/1/99, p.A9)(WSJ, 2/27/02, p.A1)(WSJ,
4/17/02, p.A1)(AP, 7/30/02)
1531 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch
humanist and scholar, published the first complete edition of
Aristotle’s works.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 Andrea Alciati published
the "Emblemata," the first and most influential emblem book.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 Michael Servetus
(1511-1553) published his 1st book: "De Trinitatis Erroribus." He
was forced underground by the Inquisition emerged as Michael
Villeneuve in Lyons. He later undertook medical studies in Paris. In
2002 Lawrence and Nancy Goldstone authored "Out of the Flames."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(HN, 10/27/98)(WSJ, 9/18/02,
p.D8)
1531 "De Architecture" by
Vitruvius (70-15BC) was translated into Italian.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 Haley’s comet caused panic
in many parts of the world.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 German sculptor Tilman
Riemenschneider (c71) died. Most of his work was unpainted in wood
and stone.
(WSJ, 12/8/99, p.A20)
1531 The first stage theater of
a permanent and public kind was established at Ferrara in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 The Spaniards founded
Puebla, on the route from Veracruz to Mexico City, to house
demobilized conquistadors.
(SFEC,11/9/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)
1531 In Mexico Queretaro was
designated the third city of New Spain.
(SSFC, 1/27/08, p.E5)
1531 Francisco Pizarro left
Panama with 180 men to conquer Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 The Inquisition in
Portugal became notably assiduous in reaction to the spread of
Protestantism.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531 Ferdinand I was elected
King of the Romans, some 27 years before succeeding his brother
Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1531-1533 A 12-piece tapestry set was created
based on hunting scenes included "The Killing of the Wild Boar"
(December). It was later housed in the Louvre.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
c1531-1537 Ceramicist Francesco Urbini was later
believed to have created a plate that shows a male head made up
entirely of phalluses. In 2003 a British museum paid $317,000 for
it. The head is framed by a garland carrying the inscription: "Ogni
homo me guarda come fosse una testa de cazi" (Every man looks at me
as if I were a dickhead).
(Reuters, 9/18/03)
1532 Mar 18, English parliament
banned payments by English church to Rome.
(MC, 3/18/02)
1532 Mar 25, Pietro Pontio,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1532 May 16, Sir Thomas More
resigned as English Lord Chancellor.
(MC, 5/16/02)
1532 Nov 15, Pope Clemens VII
told Henry VIII to end his relationship with Anne Boleyn.
(MC, 11/15/01)
1532 Nov 16, Pizarro first
encountered Incan emperor Atahualpa at Cajamarca, who declined
conversion to Christianity. Pizzaro and 167 fellow Spaniards,
armored and on horseback, killed or wounded some 6,000 to 7,000
natives and captured emperor Atahualpa. In 2007 Kim MacQuarrie
authored “The Last Days of the Incas.
(SSFC, 7/8/07, p.M2)
1532 Ludovico Ariosto, Italian
Renaissance poet, published the third and last edition of his epic
poem, "Orlando Furioso." This skeptical and humorous work about
legendary chivalry later influenced the writing of Edmund Spenser
and Miguel de Cervantes.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1532 Francois Rabelais, French
satirist, published "La Vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel," a
grotesque and humorous satire on almost every aspect of contemporary
religion and culture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SSFC, 2/10/02, p.G5)
1532 John Calvin (1509-1564),
French theologian, started the Protestant Reformation in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)
1532 In Italy the Shroud of
Turin was scorched in a fire and doused with water.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.A24)
1532 Henry (VIII) pressed
Cardinal Wolsey to move the Pope to grant an annulment, but Wolsey
was unsuccessful, was accused of treason and died on the way to face
the King. A new minister, Thomas Cromwell formulated a plan by which
the crown assumed spiritual as well as temporal authority in
England. Henry could now divorce Catherine, marry Anne Boleyn and
reform a separate Church of England. With Anne he sired Elizabeth I,
and then had her killed so as to marry Jane Seymour, who died in
childbirth. He later married and divorced Anne of Cleves and then
Catherine Howard, who was very promiscuous and was beheaded.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)
1532 Sugarcane was first
cultivated in Brazil.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1532 A 2,100 lb. bell was cast
in Japan. It was later shipped to San Francisco and placed in the
Asian Art Museum. It was rung every New Year 108 times after a
Buddhist tradition, once for each of the mortal desires that plague
mankind.
(SFC, 1/1/97, p.A15)
1532 Suleiman I, Sultan of the
Ottoman empire, invaded Hungary.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1532 Spanish conquistadores
reached the high valley of the Andes. Pizzaro entered Cuzco, Inca
capital of Peru.
(V.D.-H.K.p.11)
1532 Pizzaro with 183 soldiers
entered the lowlands of northern Peru near Cajamarca, the capital of
the Inca empire.
(SFEC, 7/5/98, p.A10)
1532-1540 Thomas Cromwell disbanded most of the
monasteries in England and absorbed their vast wealth under the
crown.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)
1533 Jan 25, England's King
Henry VIII secretly married his second wife, Anne Boleyn (who later
gave birth to Elizabeth I) in a service performed by Thomas
Cranmer.
(AP, 1/25/98)(HN, 1/25/99)(PCh, 1992ed, p.177)
1533 Feb 28, Michel de
Montaigne (d.1592), was born near Bordeaux, France. He was the
French moralist who created the personal essay. Montaigne was
brought up by his father under peasant guidance and a German tutor
for Latin. He spent a lifetime of political service under Henry IV,
and then composed his "Essays." This was the first book to reveal
with utter honesty and frankness the author's mind and heart.
Montaigne sought to reach beyond his own illusions, to see himself
as he really was, which was not just the way others saw him.
"Nothing is so firmly believed as what we least know."
(WUD, 1994, p.928)(V.D.-H.K.p.144) (HN, 2/28/99)
1533 Mar 30, Henry VIII made
Thomas Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer had advised Henry
that his 1509 marriage to Catherine of Aragon was null and void
because she had previously married Henry’s late brother Arthur, even
though that marriage was ever consummated.
(PCh, 1992ed, p.177)
1533 May 14, Margaret of
Valois, queen consort of Navarre, was born.
(HN, 5/14/01)
1533 May 23, The marriage of
England's King Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon was declared null
and void.
(AP, 5/23/97)(HN, 5/23/98)
1533 May 28, England's
Archbishop declared the marriage of King Henry VIII to Anne Boleyn
valid.
(AP, 5/28/97)
1533 Mar 30, Henry VIII
divorced his 1st wife, Catherine of Aragon.
(MC, 3/30/02)
1533 Apr 8, Claudio Merulo,
organist, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1533 Jun 1, Anne Boleyn, the
second wife of King Henry VIII, was crowned as Queen Consort of
England.
(AP, 6/1/08)
1533 Jul 11, Pope Clement VII
excommunicated England's King Henry VIII.
(AP, 7/11/97)
1533 Jul 6, Ludovico Ariosto
(57), Italian poet (Orlando Furioso), died.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1533 Aug 28, Atahualpa, last of
the Inca rulers was strangled at the orders of Spanish conquistador
Francisco Pizarro. The Inca empire died with him.
(MC, 8/28/01)
1533 Aug 29, Francisco Pizarro
captured Cuzco and completed his conquest of Peru. He ordered the
imprisonment and murder of Atahualpa, the last ruler of the Inca
Empire. Atahualpa was executed by orders of Francisco Pizarro,
although the chief had already paid his ransom. Ruminahui
(Rumanahui), a general of Atahualpa, led 15,000 soldiers into the
mountains north of Quito, after Pizarro killed the Inca emperor
Atahualpa. His forces carried an estimated 70,000 man-loads of gold.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(AP, 8/29/97) (SFEC, 7/5/98,
p.A10)(SFEC, 8/9/98, p.A15)(HN, 8/29/98)
1533 Sep 7, Elizabeth I, Queen
of England, was born in Greenwich. She led her country during the
exploration of the New World and war with Spain which destroyed the
Spanish Armada. Elizabeth Tudor (d.1603), the daughter of Henry VIII
and Anne Boleyn, reigned as Queen of England from 1558 to 1603. She
went bald at age 29 due to smallpox.
(WUD, 1994, p.463)(SFC,10/18/97, p.E4)(AP,
9/7/97)(HN, 9/7/98)(MC, 9/7/01)
1533 Nov 15, Francisco Pizarro
entered Cuzco, Peru. [see Aug 29]
(HN, 11/15/98)
1533 Hans Holbein the Younger
(1497-1543) painted "The Ambassadors," a brilliant portrait of two
French ambassadors to England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(WSJ, 12/30/06, p.P10)
1533 Titian painted "Charles
V."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1533 The first madrigals,
developed mostly in Italy and England, were published in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1533 Cartagena de Indias
(Colombia) was founded by Spain and served as a major port for the
trade of slaves, gold and cargo.
(SSFC, 5/18/03, p.C12)
1533 Catherine de'Medici (14)
brought along her Neapolitan chefs for her wedding to the duc
d'Orleans, who later became King Henry II. French court cuisine
hardly changed.
(Hem., Nov.'95, p.129)(WSJ, 11/12/99, p.W13)
1533 Spaniards arrived at Zaci,
the capital of the Cupul Maya, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula and
were pushed out.
(SSFC, 6/29/08, p.E5)(http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)
1533 Ivan IV (The Terrible),
succeeded to the Russian throne at the age of three. He ruled until
1544 under the regency of his mother and later of powerful nobles.
His hatchet man and head of the dreaded "Oprichniki" was Maliuta
Skuratov. Ivan IV created the Streltsy, Russia’s first permanent
army. Ivan IV later killed his 27-year-old son, Ivan, in a fit of
rage over suspected alliance with his enemies, the boyars, or
nobles.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.30,31)
1533 Ottoman ruler Suleiman I
concluded a treaty with Austria and got time to deal with dissident
elements in Anatolia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1533-1556 Thomas Cranmer was the archbishop of
Canterbury. In 1996 Diarmaid MacCulloch wrote his story: "Thomas
Cranmer."
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)
1533-1603 Elizabeth Tudor reigned as Queen of
England from 1558 to 1603. She went bald at age 29 due to smallpox.
(WUD, 1994, p.463)(SFC,10/18/97, p.E4)
1534 Feb 26, Pope Paul III was
affirmed George van Egmond as bishop of Utrecht.
(PTA, 1980, p.440)(SC, 2/26/02)
1534 Mar 26, Lübeck, Hanseatic
League port in the Baltic, accepted free Dutch ships into East Sea.
(SS, 3/26/02)(WUD, 1994 p.851)
1534 Mar, England’s King Henry
VIII imposed the Oath of Royal Supremacy.
(www.newadvent.org/cathen/11177a.htm)
1534 Apr 7, Josr de Anchieta,
Spanish Jesuit, missionary (Brazilian Tupi Indians), was born.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1534 Apr 17, Sir Thomas Moore
(d.1535) was jailed in the Tower of London.
(SFEC, 12/19/99, p.T3)(MC, 4/17/02)
1534 Apr 20, Elizabeth Barton,
[St Magd van Kent], British prophet, died.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1534 Apr 20, Jacques Cartier
departed St. Malo on the 1st of his 3 expeditions to the New World.
(http://tinyurl.com/ddztr)
1534 May 10, Jacques Cartier
reached Newfoundland. He noted the presence of the Micmac Indians
who fished in the summer around the Magdalen Islands north of Nova
Scotia.
(CFA, '96, p.46)(SFEC, 5/11/97, p.T15)
1534 May 12, Wurttenburg became
Lutheran.
(MC, 5/12/02)
1534 Jun 9, Jacques Cartier
became the first man to sail into the mouth of the St. Lawrence
River.
(http://tinyurl.com/ddztr)
1534 Jun 29, Jacques Cartier
discovered Canada’s Prince Edward Islands.
(MC, 6/29/02)
1534 Jul 13, Ottoman armies
captured Tabriz in northwestern Persia.
(HN, 7/13/98)
1534 Jul 18, Zacharias Ursinus,
German theologian (Heidelberger Catechism), was born.
(MC, 7/18/02)
1534 Jul 24, Jacques Cartier
landed in Canada and claimed it for France. Jacques Cartier while
probing for a northern route to Asia visited Labrador and said: "Fit
only for wild beasts... This must be the land God gave to Cain."
[see May 10]
(NG, V184, No. 4, 10/1993, p. 4)(MC, 7/24/02)
1534 Aug 15, St. Ignatius of
Loyola, Spanish ecclesiastic, founded the Society of Jesus (the
Jesuits) in Paris with the aim of defending Catholicism against
heresy and undertaking missionary work. Ignatius converted to
Christianity while convalescing after a battle and wrote his
Spiritual Exercises meant as a guide for conversion. In Paris,
Ignatius and a small group of men took vows of poverty, chastity and
papal obedience. Ignatius formally organized the order in 1539 that
was approved by the pope in 1540. The society‘s rapid growth and
emphasis on scholarship aided in the resurgence of Catholicism
during the Counter-Reformation. The Jesuits were also active in
missionary work in Asia, Africa and the Americas.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(HNQ, 1/13/01)(MC, 8/15/02)
1534 Aug 20, Turkish admiral
Chaireddin (Khair ad-Din) "Barbarossa" occupied Tunis.
(MC, 8/20/02)(PC, 1992, p.178)
1534 Sep, Don Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Vaca, reunited earlier with 3 survivors of the Narvaez
expedition: Andres Dorantes, Alonso de Castillo and Estevanico, a
black African and formerly Castillo's slave, fled their enslavement
under the Mariames Indians.
(ON, 10/03, p.4)
1534 Sep, During his voyage
back to France Cartier learned from the 2 Native sons, Dom Agaya and
Taignoagny of Iroquoian Chief Donnacona, that their father's village
of Stadacona (present-day Quebec) was called a 'kanata'. Cartier
wrote the name 'Kanata' on his charts and maps, perhaps to mark the
land belonging to Chief Donnacona's tribe. This is the first
recorded use of the name 'Canada', and the name by which the country
would become known.
(http://tinyurl.com/ddztr)(Canada, 1960, p.20)
1534 Oct 18, A new pursuit of
French protestants began.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1534 Nov 3, English Parliament
passed Act of Supremacy, making King Henry VIII head of the English
church, a role formerly held by the Pope. Henry VIII was declared
"the only supreme head in Earth of the Church of England." He
suppressed the monasteries, ordered Bibles burned and renounced
papal jurisdiction. He issued the Act of Supremacy which signified a
break with the Catholic Church of Rome.
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(SFEC, 6/11/00, p.A30)(WSJ,
4/4/01, p.A18)(http://tinyurl.com/86a3z)
1534 Dec 4, Turkish sultan
Suleiman occupied Baghdad.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1534 Dec 6, Quito, Ecuador, was
founded by Spanish.
(http://worldfacts.us/Ecuador-Quito.htm)
1534 Michelangelo left Florence
following years of work on the Medici tombs.
(OG)
1534 Mannerism, influenced by
Michelangelo, developed in painting and architecture. Francesco
Parmigianino (1503-1540), painter of the "Madonna with the Long
Neck," was a leading exponent.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(Econ, 1/26/08, p.82)
1534 Lorenzo Lotto, Italian
artist, painted the "Adoration of the Shepherds."
(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)
1534 Pope Paul III (1534-1549),
Alessandro Farnese, confirmed "The Last Judgement" commission to
Michelangelo, who settled in Rome and began to work on the immense
painting on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)(OG)(Econ, 12/13/03, p.82)
1534 Gratien du Pont, a French
poet, published a chessboard with 64 rhyming insults to females, one
for each square.
(Econ, 7/10/04, p.76)
1534 Jan Van Wynkyn (Wynkyn de
Worde) published "Tullius Offyce," the 1st Latin-English dictionary.
He was the 1st printer in England to use italic type.
(SFEC, 6/11/00, p.A30)
1534 Regensburg Cathedral,
Germany, was completed after 259 years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1534 Anabaptists took power in
Münster, Germany. Their reading of the Old Testament permitted
polygamy and led them to proclaim a world rebellion. Their name
became synonymous with anarchy for over 200 years.
(WSJ, 9/18/02, p.D8)
1534 The Ottoman Empire
extended from Hungary to Baghdad.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.14)
1534 The King of Siam died of
smallpox.
(SFC, 10/19/01, p.A17)
1534-1536 Titian’s “Portrait of Isabella d’Este,
Marchioness of Mantua,” dated to about this time.
(SFC, 10/29/11, p.E2)
1535 Jan 6, Lima, Peru, was
founded by Francisco Pizarro. [see Jan 18]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(WSJ, 7/2/97, p.B8)(MC,
1/6/02)
1535 Jan 15, Henry VIII
declared himself head of English Church. [see Oct 30, 1534]
(MC, 1/15/02)
1535 Jan 18, Francisco Pizarro
founded Lima Peru. [see Jan 6]
(MC, 1/18/02)
1535 Jan, Thomas Cromwell sent
out his agents to conduct a commission of enquiry into the character
and value of all ecclesiastical property in the kingdom.
(HNC, 6/14/02)
1535 Feb 10, 12 nude
Anabaptists ran through the streets of Amsterdam. [see 1534]
(MC, 2/10/02)
1535 Feb 11, Gregory XIV, Roman
Catholic Pope was born.
(HN, 2/11/97)
1535 Mar 10, Bishop Tomas de
Berlanga discovered the Galapagos Islands.
(www.gct.org/history.html)
1535 Apr 17, Antonio Mendoza
was appointed first viceroy of New Spain.
(HN, 4/17/98)
1535 Apr 29, John Houghton,
English, was executed.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1535 May 19, French explorer
Jacques Cartier set sail for North America.
(HN, 5/19/98)
1535 May 21, Imperial
authorities in Antwerp captured and imprisoned William Tyndale for
heresy over his translation of the Bible into English.
(WSJ, 12/22/94,
A-20)(www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/bios/b2tyndalew.htm)
1535 Jun 22, John Fisher (65),
English bishop (1504-35), cardinal, saint, was beheaded by
Henry VIII.
(MC, 6/22/02)
1535 Jun 24, Francis of Waldeck
overcame the Anabaptists of Munster. Fanatic leader John of Leyden
and others were tortured and executed in Jan 1536.
(MC, 6/24/02)(PC, 1992, p.179)
1535 Jun, Castaways Don Alvar
Nunez Cabeza de Vaca with 3 companions resumed their journey from
Texas to Mexico after spending 8 months with the congenial Avavares
Indians.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)
1535 Jul 1, Sir Thomas More
went on trial in England for treason.
(MC, 7/1/02)
1535 Jul 6, Thomas More
(b.1478) was beheaded in England for treason, for refusing to
renounce the Catholic church in favor of King Henry VIII's Church of
England. More’s sentence to death by hanging was commuted to
beheading. He was canonized by the Catholic Church in 1935. In 1966
Robert Bolt authored the play "A Man for All Seasons" based on
More’s struggle with Henry. In 1998 Peter Ackroyd published "The
Life of Thomas More." Pope John Paul II named More as the patron
saint of politicians in 2000.
(V.D.-H.K.p.161)(AP, 7/6/97)(HN, 7/6/98)(WSJ,
10/22/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 11/7/00, p.A27)
1535 Jul 10, Jacob Van Campen,
Reconstruction bishop, was beheaded.
(MC, 7/10/02)
1535 Aug 31, Pope Paul III
deposed & excommunicated King Henry VIII.
(YN, 8/31/99)
1535 Sep, The site of the city
of Quebec was first visited by Jacques Cartier during his 2nd voyage
to the New World. It was an Indian village called Stadacona. Quebec
is the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in what is now
Canada.
(HNQ, 10/3/99)(Canada, 1960, p.20)
1535 Oct 2, Jacques Cartier
first saw the site of what is now Montreal and proclaimed "What a
royal mountain," hence the name of the city. [see 1536] Having
landed in Quebec a month ago, Jacques Cartier reached a town, which
he named Montreal.
(SFEC, 3/2/97, p.T7)(HN, 10/2/98)
1535 Oct 4, The 1st full
English translation of the Bible was printed in Switzerland. Miles
Coverdale’s translation of the Bible into English (from Dutch and
Latin) was the first complete version in English and was dedicated
to Henry VIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(MC, 10/4/01)
1535 Nov 1, Francesco Sforza,
Italian ruler ("Il Sforza del Destino") Milan, died.
(MC, 11/1/01)
1535 Rabelais published the
second edition of "Gargantua." It was published after Pantagruel
even though it was the first part of the two part work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1535 The summer palace of
Prague Castle, The Belvedere, was begun with a design derived from
Brunelleschi’s foundling hospital in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1535 France became the first
country to have a permanent embassy at the Sublime Porte in
Istanbul.
(Econ, 12/12/09, p.93)
1535 Holy Roman Emperor Charles
V led a naval expedition to Tunis against Barbarossa. The foray
proved successful, but Barbarossa escaped and continued to fight.
(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)
1535 Spanish conquistadors
attempted to create a settlement in the Buenos Aires area but were
driven away by the Karandias Indians.
(SSFC, 10/14/01, p.T5)
1535 The Spaniards founded a
temporary settlement on the banks of the Rio de la Plata that 45
years later becomes the city of Buenos Aires.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1535 Diego de Almagro explored
Chile.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1535 The Anabaptists under John
of Leiden formed a communist state at Munster. When the city was
recaptured, John was tortured to death.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1535 Emissaries of Cortez
discovered La Paz, in Baha, Mexico.
(SSFC, 11/2/03, p.C10)
c1535-1625 Sofonisba Anguissola, Italian artist.
She was the first woman to achieve fame as a painter in this
century. She served as art instructor to Queen Isabel and worked as
a court painter. Her paintings here illustrated include "The Chess
Game" (1555), a self-portrait (c1552), portrait of her sister Elena
(c1551), and the "Holy Family with Saints Anne and John the Baptist"
(1592).
(Smith., 5/95, p.106-109)
1536 cJan, Spanish castaways
Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca with 3 companions reached the Pacific
Coast in northern Mexico under Indian escort and encountered Spanish
troops engaged as slave hunters.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)
1536 Feb 2, The Argentine city
of Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza of Spain. The
memorial Column standing at the center of Buenos Aires, gives the
date as 1500.
(AP, 2/2/97)(MC, 2/2/02)
1536 Feb 25, Jacob Hutter
(d.1536), Anabaptist evangelist from South Tyrol, was burned as a
heretic in Austria. He had founded of a "community of love" in 1528,
whose members shared everything.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.13)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Hutter)
1536 Apr 14, English king Henry
VIII expropriated minor monasteries.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1536 May 2, King Henry VIII
accused Anna Boleyn of adultery, incest, and treason. [see May 15,
May 19]
(MC, 5/2/02)
1536 May 6, King Henry VIII
ordered a bible placed in every church.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1536 May 10, Thomas Howard, 4th
duke of Norfolk, English Earl Marshall, was born.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1536 May 15, Anna Boleyn and
Lord Rochford were accused of adultery, incest, treason. [see May 2,
May 19]
(MC, 5/15/02)
1536 May 17, Anne Boleyn's 4
"lovers" were executed.
(MC, 5/17/02)
1536 May 19, Anne Boleyn, the
second wife of England's King Henry VIII, was beheaded on Tower
Green after she was convicted of adultery and incest with her
brother, Lord Rochford, who was executed two days before. It was the
day before Henry VIII's marriage to Jane Seymour.
(AP, 5/19/97)(DTnet, 5/19/97)(HN, 5/19/99)
1536 May 21, The Reformation
was officially adopted in Geneva, Switzerland.
(HN, 5/21/98)
1536 May 23, Pope Paul III
installed the Portuguese Inquisition.
(MC, 5/23/02)
1536 May 30, English king Henry
VIII married Jane Seymour (wife #3).
(MC, 5/30/02)
1536 May, English poet Thomas
Wyatt was imprisoned in the Tower of London for allegedly committing
adultery with Anne Boleyn.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_(poet))
1536 May, Jacques Cartier
sailed for France from Canada and carried with him the kidnapped
local chief Donnacona, who later died in France. Donnacona, prior to
his death, described a mythical kingdom with great riches called
Saguenay.
(Canada, 1960, p.21)
1536 Jun 6, Mexico began it's
inquisition.
(MC, 6/6/02)
1536 Jul 6, Jaques Cartier
returned to France after discovering the St. Lawrence River in
Canada.
(HN, 7/6/98)
1536 Jul 9, French navigator
Jacques Cartier returned to Saint-Malo from Canada.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1536 Jul 12, Desiderius Erasmus
(b.1469 in Rotterdam) died, humanist, priest (Novum instrumentum
omne), died. His most famous works included "In Praise of Folly" and
a Greek text of the New Testament. In 1999 Prof. Charles Trinkaus
published "Collected Works of Erasmus: Controversies," an
examination of the religious conflict between humanism and the
Reformation.
(V.D.-H.K.p.159-160)(SFC, 9/27/99, p.A26)(WSJ,
1/31/03, p.W13)(MC, 7/12/02)
1536 Jul 14, France and
Portugal signed the naval treaty of Lyons aligning themselves
against Spain.
(HN, 7/14/98)
1536 Jul 18, The authority of
the pope was declared void in England.
(AP, 7/18/97)
1536 Jul 24, Spanish castaways
Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca with 3 companions arrived in Mexico
City under escort from Culiacan.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)
1536 Oct 6, William Tyndale
(b.1494), the English translator of the New and Old Testament, was
burned at the stake at Vilvoorde Castle (Belgium) as a heretic by
the Holy Roman Empire.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyndale)
1536 Oct 14, Garcilaso de la
Vega, Spanish poet and diplomat, died in battle.
(MC, 10/14/01)
1536 Nov 13, Robert Packington
(d.1536), a mercer in London and brother of Augustine Packington,
was shot and killed. Packington had spoken against the covetousness
and cruelty of the clergy in the House of Commons.
(www.tyndale.org/TSJ/17/cooper.html)
1536 Toyotomi Hideyoshi
(d.1598), Japan’s unifier and folk hero, was born in a village
called Nakamura in Owari province.
(www.samurai-archives.com/hideyoshi.html)
1536 Sansovino created his
sculpture relief of "St. Mark Healing a Demoniac."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
1536 Hans Holbein the Younger
was made court painter to Henry VIII of England. He painted a famous
portrait of Henry VIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(SFEC, 12/1/96, BR p.4)
1536 Titian painted the
"Portrait of Francesco Maria della Rovere, Duke of Urbino."
(WSJ, 3/9/98, p.A16)
1536 The first song book with
lute accompaniment was published in Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 John Calvin published the
"The Institutes of the Christian Religion," which spread Calvinist
ideas across Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 The suppression of the
smaller monasteries in England under Thomas Cromwell was completed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 Although English conquest
of Wales took place under the 1284 Statute of Rhuddlan, a formal
Union did not occur until 1536, shortly after which Welsh law, which
continued to be used in Wales after the conquest, was fully replaced
by English law under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-1542. There was
another Act of Union in 1542.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales)(SFC,
7/23/97, p.A10)
1536 In England Hyde Park was
seized from the monks at Westminster Abbey by Henry VIII and
preserved as forest for the royal hunt.
(SFEM, 3/21/99, p.8)
1536 Robert Aske led an
uprising of some 30,000 people against the dissolution of the
monasteries in the northern counties of England. It ended a year
later with the arrest and hanging of Aske.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 Savoy and Piedmont were
conquered by France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 Provence was invaded by
Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 Jacques Cartier discovered
the St. Lawrence River and explored as far as the site of Montreal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1536 The first Spanish
settlement was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina, but the
colony failed. The cows and horses however thrived on the tall pampa
grass and when new colonists arrived two decades later they found
the thriving livestock.
(Hem. 10/'95, p.103)
1536 A Spanish conquistador
noted oil seeping in the countryside of Colombia.
(WSJ, 1/3/96, p.A-1)
1536 Spanish soldiers crushed
an Indian revolt and Incas fled to Peru’s Vilcabamba region. In 2002
archeologists uncovered a settlement on Cerro Victorio.
(SFC, 3/19/02, p.A2)
1536 The city of Porlamar was
founded on the southeastern coast of Margarita Island off the coast
of Venezuela.
(SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)
1537 Jan 6, Alessandro de'
Medici (b.1510), Italian monarch of Florence, was assassinated by
his cousin Lorenzino (d.1548). This event was commemorated in the
bust Brutus by Michelangelo. Cosimo I (18) came to power following
the murder of Alessandro.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Florence)(AM,
7/05, p.36)
1537 Mar 25, The 5th Lithuanian
war with Russia (1534-1537) ended with a peace treaty. It lasted
until the start of war with the Livonian Order (1562-1582).
(LHC, 3/25/03)
1537 May 20, Hieronymus
Fabricius Ab, physician (De Formato Foetu), was born in Aquapend,
Italy.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1537 Jun 2, Pope Paul III
banned the enslavement of Indians in the New World.
(HN, 6/2/99)
1537 Aug 15, Juan de Salazar,
Spanish pioneer, founded Asuncion, the capital of Paraguay.
(SFEC, 1/12/97, Z3 p.4)(PC, 1992, p.181)
1537 Aug, Castaway Don Alvar
Nunez Cabeza de Vaca returned from Mexico to Spain where he wrote an
account of his 3,000 mile journey through North American and his
experiences with the Indians. In 2006 Paul Schneider authored
“Brutal Journey: The True Story of the First Crossing of North
America.” Schneider used de Vaca’s original memoir as well as an
official report prepared by survivors of the Narvaez expedition.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)(SSFC, 6/11/06, p.M3)
1537 Oct 12, Edward IV, King of
England (1547-53), was born. He was the only son of Henry VIII by
his third wife Jane Seymour.
(HN, 10/12/98)(MC, 10/12/01)
1537 Oct 13, Jane Grey, Queen
of England for 9 days, was born.
(MC, 10/13/01)
1537 Oct 24, Jane Seymour, the
third wife of England's King Henry VIII, died 12 days after giving
birth to Prince Edward, later King Edward VI.
(AP, 10/24/97)
1537 Miles Coverdale completed
William Tyndale’s English translation of the Bible. A complete
Bible, two-thirds of which had been translated by Tyndale, was
published by royal permission.
(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)(Econ, 12/20/08, p.102)
1537 Hans Holbein’s masterpiece
was his life-size Tudor dynastic portrait in Whitehall Palace that
included Henry VIII and his father Henry VII..
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.23)
1537 The complete works of
Cicero, "Opera Omnia," was published in Venice in four volumes.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Paracelsus, Philippus
Aureolus, Swiss physician and alchemist, published his "Grosse
Astronomie," a manual of astrology. [See Paracelsus in 1528]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Sebastiano Serlio,
architect at the palace of Fontainebleau, published the first of six
volumes of his "Trattato di Architettura."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 The first Catholic hymnal
was published.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Costanzo Vesta published
his first book of madrigals in Rome, a landmark in the development
of the form.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 The first conservatories
of music were founded for girls in Venice, and for boys in Naples.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Jacopo Sansovino began
building the famous Old Library of St. Mark’s, Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Popayan, Colombia, was
founded.
(SFEC, 11/10/96, p.T10)
1537 The Spanish built La
Fortaleza overlooking the bay on the southwestern edge of San Juan,
Puerto Rico.
(HT, 4/97, p.29)
1537 Andreas Vesalius, the
Belgian "father of anatomy", accepted the chair of anatomy at Padua.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Niccolo Fontana founded
the science of ballistics.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Gerhardus Mercator,
Flemish geographer, surveyed and drew a map of Flanders that was so
accurate that Charles V made him his geographer.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 Robert Aske was arrested
and hung for the uprising in northern England against the closing of
the monasteries by Thomas Cromwell.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1537 In India Bangalore was
founded on the Deccan Plateau by a king who was lost and given a
bowl of boiled beans (Bendakalooru means town of boiled beans) by
women in the area.
(WSJ, 3/25/98, p.B10)
1537 The Reformation came to
Norway.
(WSJ, 8/27/96, p.A12)
1538 Feb 24, Ferdinand of
Hapsburg and John Zapolyai, the two kings of Hungary, concluded the
peace of Grosswardein.
(HN, 2/24/99)
1538 Feb 26, Worp van Thabor,
Frisian abbot of Thabor (Chronicon Frisiae), died.
(SC, 2/26/02)
1538 Mar 10, Thomas Howard
(d.1572), Duke of Norfolk, executed by Queen Elizabeth, was born.
(HN, 3/10/98)(MC, 3/10/02)
1538 Apr 24, Guglielmo Gonzaga,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/24/02)
1538 Apr 26, Giovanni P.
Lomazzo, Italian writer, poet (Trattato), was born.
(MC, 4/26/02)
1538 May 26, Geneva threw out
John Calvin and his zealots. Calvin was exiled from Geneva for three
years and lived in Strasbourg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(MC, 5/26/02)
1538 Jun 18, Treaty of Nice
ended the war between Emperor Charles V and King Francois I. It only
lasted 10 months.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(PCh, 1992, p.180)(MC,
6/18/02)
1538 Jul 8, Diego de Almagro
(63), Spanish conquistador (Chile and Peru), died.
(MC, 7/8/02)
1538 Dec 17, Pope Paul III
excommunicated England's King Henry VIII. [see Aug 31, 1535]
(MC, 12/17/01)
c1538 A colossal gilded statue
of Buddha was erected at Ayutthaya (Siam). It survived the sacking
of the city in 1767 and in 1854 was renamed Si Mongkhon Bophit by
King Monghut.
(WSJ, 4/21/05, p.D7)
1538 Titian painted his "Urbino
V."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1538 Benvenuto Cellini,
Florentine artist, was imprisoned for about a year in the dungeon
beneath the papal fortress of Castel Sant’Angelo for killing his
brother’s murderer.
(SSFC, 7/22/07, p.G2)
1538 Religious plays were first
performed in Mexico on the feast of Corpus Christi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1538 Mercator (1512-1594),
Flemish cartographer, used the name "America" for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.15)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator)
1538 Construction of Henry
VIII’s Nonsuch Castle in Cuddington, Surrey, southeast England,
began. It took eight years to complete and was still incomplete when
Henry died in 1547. It stood for less than 150 years having fallen
into disrepair in the 1680s. By 1690 the palace had vanished. A
watercolor picture of the castle was painted by Joris Hoefnagel in
1568 as part of a record of the most important buildings in Europe.
The picture was put up for auction in 2010.
(Reuters, 11/3/10)
1538 The Thirteen Articles of
the Church of England were written. In 1964 A.G. Dickens (d.2001 at
91) authored "The English Reformation."
(HNQ, 10/20/98)(SFC, 8/4/01, p.E2)
1538 Thomas Cromwell ordered an
English Bible to be available to the public in every Church.
(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)
1538 Gonzalo Jimenez de
Quesada, Spanish conquistador, founded Bogota, Colombia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1538 France’s King Francois I
closed the French bath houses by this time.
(Econ, 12/19/09, p.139)
1538 Portugal captured Diu,
India, and established it as part of a fortified trade network.
(SSFC, 3/19/06, p.F7)
1538 The earliest reference to
a diving bell was made at Toledo, Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1539 Feb 19, Jews of Tyrnau,
Hungary, (then Trnava, Czech), were expelled.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1539 Apr 17, Tobias Stimmer,
Swiss painter, cartoonist (Comedia), was born.
(MC, 4/17/02)
1539 Apr 19, Emperor Charles V
reached a truce with German Protestants at Frankfurt, Germany.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1539 May 28, Hernando de Soto
sailed from Cuba to Florida with 13 pigs to help sustain his 700 men
on his gold-hunting expedition. [see May 30]
(ON, 4/01, p.4)(MC, 5/28/02)
1539 May 30, Spanish explorer
Hernando de Soto landed at Tampa Bay, Florida, with 600 soldiers in
search of gold. Hernando de Soto returned to the New World at the
head of a 1,000-man expedition into North America. He landed near
present-day Tampa Bay and proceeded through what is now Alabama and
Tennessee, making treaties with some Indian, viciously fighting with
others.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(AP, 5/30/97)(HN,
5/30/98)(HNQ, 10/11/00)
1539 Jun 3, Hernando De Soto
claimed Florida for Spain. In 1922 Lippincott published "Narratives
of de Soto in Florida." The translated texts included "A Narrative
of de Soto’s Expedition Based on the Diary of Rodrigo Rangel" by
Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes."
(HN, 6/3/98)(ON, 4/01, p.5)
1539 Jul 5, Antonio M.
Zaccaria, Italian physician, saint, died.
(MC, 7/5/02)
1539 Aug 10, King Francis of
France declared that all official documents were to be written in
French, not Latin.
(HN, 8/10/98)
1539 Nov 15, Richard Whiting
(b.1461), the Bishop of Glastonbury, was hung, drawn and quartered
on Glastonbury Tor after being convicted of treason for remaining
loyal to Rome. Little Jack Horner was reputed to have been the
steward to Whiting, whose jury included Horner. 12 deeds, sent by
Whiting as a bribe to the king, were reportedly carried by Horner,
who was said to have stolen the one to the manor of Mells, it being
the real 'plum' of the twelve manors. The first publication date for
the lyrics to the Little Jack Horner nursery rhyme is 1725.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Jack_Horner)
1539 Claeszon Marinus van
Reymerswaele created his painting "The Banker and His Wife" (The
Money Changer and His Wife).
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R54)(WSJ, 1/21/02, p.A13)
1539 Jacques Arcadett, a
Dutchman, was appointed master of music at the Julian Chapel. His
first book of four-part madrigals was published about this time and
was reprinted for more than a century.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1539 Cosimo I de’ Medici
(1519-1574), Duke of Florence, married Eleonora (1522-1562),
daughter of the Spanish viceroy of Naples. Their wedding included a
musical intermedi, one of the first such interludes for which music
survives.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici)(TL-MB, 1988,
p.15)
(AP, 8/19/09)
1539 Michelangelo began to
redesign the Capitol in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1539 The Six Articles, a
religious stature, was passed at the "instance" of Henry VIII. It
set forth the position of the English Church on six fundamental
points in an effort to stem the growth and influence of the English
Protestants.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1539 In England Richard
Whiting, the last abbot of Glastonbury, was hanged at Glastonbury
Tor.
(Local Inscription, 2000)
1539 In Lyon, France, printers
went on strike against long hours, poor conditions and excessive
profits by masters.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1539 Japanese trading
monopolies ended in favor of a free market.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1539 German scholar George
Joachim Rheticus received permission to write a condensed version of
the ideas of astronomer Nicholas Copernicus. The short book was
titled “First Account.”
(ON, 2/11, p.6)
1539 Olaus Magnus, Swedish
ecclesiastic and historian, produced a map of the world.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1539 The first form of a
flintlock was recorded in Sweden.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)
1540 Jan 6, England's King
Henry VIII married his fourth wife, Anne of Cleves. The marriage
lasted about six months.
(HN, 1/6/99)(AP, 1/6/98)
1540 Jan 25, Edmund Campion,
saint, Jesuit martyr (Decem Rationes), was born in London.
(MC, 1/25/02)
1540 Feb 9, The 1st recorded
race met in England at Roodee Fields, Chester.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1540 Feb 14, Emperor Charles V
entered Ghent without resistance and executed the rebels. He
brutally beat down an uprising against taxes for an expansionist
war. Nine leaders were beheaded and another hanged. City burgers
were forced to walk the streets barefoot with rope hanging round
their necks. The "Gentse Feesten" annual festival re-enacts this
event every mid-July.
(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/14/02)
1540 Feb 23, Spanish explorer
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado began his unsuccessful search for the
fabled Seven Cities of Gold in the American Southwest. Antonio de
Mendoza, Viceroy of Mexico, sent Francisco Coronado overland to
search for the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola in present day New
Mexico. Coronado, Spanish explorer, introduced horses, mules, pigs,
cattle, and sheep into the American southwest. An Indian guide spoke
of a rich kingdom called Quivira. When no cities were found he
confessed under torture that the story was false.
(NPS-CNM, 4/1/97)(HN, 2/23/99)(TL-MB, 1988,
p.16)(SFC, 1/31/04, p.D1)
1540 Mar 4, Protestant count
Philip of Hessen married his 2nd wife.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1540 Mar 9, Hernando de Soto
reached southern Georgia. He found the Indians there raising tame
turkeys, caged opossums, corn, beans, pumpkins, cucumbers and plums.
(ON, 4/01,
p.5)(www.floridahistory.com/inset7.html)
1540 May 17, Afghan chief Sher
Khan defeated Mongol Emperor Humayun at Kanauj.
(HN, 5/17/98)
1540 Jun 10, Thomas Cromwell
was arrested in Westminster.
(MC, 6/10/02)
1540 Jun 24, Henry VIII
divorced his 4th wife, Anne of Cleves.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1540 Jun 29, Thomas Cromwell,
English ex-chancellor, was sentenced to death.
(MC, 6/29/02)
1540 Jul 9, England's King
Henry VIII had his 6-month-old marriage to his fourth wife, Anne of
Cleves, annulled.
(AP, 7/9/97)
1540 Jul 28, King Henry VIII's
chief minister, Thomas Cromwell, was executed. The same day, Henry
married his fifth wife, Catherine Howard.
(AP, 7/28/97)(HN, 7/28/98)(PCh, 1992, p.181)
1540 Aug 25, Explorer Hernando
de Alarcon traveled up the Colorado River.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1540 Sep 27, The Society of
Jesus, a religious order under Ignatius Loyola, was approved by the
Pope. The Jesuits were recognized by Pope Paul III. They were to
become the chief agents of the Church of Rome in spreading the
Counter-Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(HN, 9/27/98)
1540 Oct 11, Charles V of Milan
put his son Philip in control.
(HN, 10/11/98)
1540 Oct 19, Hernando de Soto
fought native Indians at the bloody battle of Mabila in present day
Alabama.
(WSJ, 8/5/05,
p.W2)(www.floridahistory.com/inset91.html)
1540 Renaissance artist Lucas
Cranach the Elder (1472-1553) created his painting "Suffer the
Little Children to Come Unto Me" about this time In 2009 it was
stolen from a Lutheran church in the southern Norway town of Larvik.
It’s value was estimated at 15-20 million kroner ($2.1-$2.8
million).
(AP, 3/8/09)
1540 Faust died; a famous
magician who employed his magical wiles to entrap men and young
woman and to take from them whatever his evil mind desired.
(V.D.-H.K.p.238)
1540 Garcia Lopez de Cardenas,
a Spanish conquistador, became the first European to know the
Colorado and the Grand Canyon.
(NG, 5.1988, Mem Forum)(SFEC, 10/4/98, BR p.12)
1540 The united companies of
barbers and surgeons were incorporated in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1540 German vintner records
described this year as the “Great Sun Year,” as relentless heat and
drought withered the Rhine between Cologne and the Netherlands.
(SFC, 3/31/05, p.F3)
1540 Sher Shah, Afghan rebel,
became Emperor of Delhi.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1540 Ruffs as accordion-style
collars was a fashion brought to Europe from India and popularized
by the queen of Navarre.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R40)
1540 Francesco Mazzola
Parmigianino (b.1503), Italian painter and master draftsman, died.
His paintings included "Antea."
(Econ, 1/26/08, p.82)
1540 Spaniards settled
Campeche, Mexico. Montejo the Younger, the founder of Merida, gained
a foothold at Campeche.
(SSFC, 5/4/03, p.D12)(SSFC, 1/25/09, p.E4)
1540 Arequipa, Peru, was
founded by Spanish conquerors.
(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)
1540 The first potato from
South America reached Pope Paul III. It was then taken to France and
grown as an ornamental plant.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1540 In Portugal Coimbra Univ.
was founded in a royal palace.
(SFEC, 4/26/98, p.T7)
1540 Venice and Turkey signed a
treaty at Constantinople.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1540 Ether was produced from
alcohol and sulfuric acid.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1540 The pulmonary circulation
of the blood was discovered by Michael Servetus, a Spanish
theologian and physician. In 1553 he was burned at the stake in
Geneva for heresy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(WSJ, 9/18/02, p.D8)
1540 Antonio de Mendoza,
Viceroy of Mexico, sent a sea expedition under Hernando de Alarcon
up the Gulf of California where they entered the mouth of the
Colorado River and became the first Europeans to stand on California
soil.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(NPS-CNM, 4/1/97)
1540 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish
conquistador, was appointed governor of the province of Rio de la
Plata. His advocacy of Indian rights caused him to be arrested and
banished to a Spanish outpost in North Africa.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)
1540s The 1982 French film "The
Return of Martin Guerre" with Gerard Depardieu was based on a true
story set in 16th century France against a backdrop of the
Reformation and a marriage of convenience between 11-year-old
Bertrande de Rols and 14-year-old Martin Guerre.
(SFC, 7/12/96, p.D7)(WSJ, 7/17/96,
p.A12)
1540-1541 Francisco Coronado, one of the first
Spanish conquistadores to enter the Southwest, vividly described a
group of "dog nomads," that he encountered wintering just outside
the walls of the Pecos Pueblo, a multi-storied village of more than
1000 inhabitants, east of Santa Fe, New Mexico.
(MT, 12/94, p.2-3)
1540-1580 In Vincenza Palladio created a wide
variety of palaces and public buildings.
(AMNHDT, 5/98)(WSJ, 11/8/02, p.W12)
1540-1596 Jacopo Zucchi, a mannerist painter. His
work included "The Bath of Bathsheba" (1570).
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1541 Feb 12, Santiago, Chile,
was founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, a lieutenant
of Pizarro. When the Spaniards arrived in Chile, 11 languages were
in widespread use: Quechua, Aymara, Rapanui, Chango, Kunza,
Diaguita, Mapudungun, Chono, Kawesqar, Yagan and Selk’nam. By 2007
only the 1st 3 remained. The last ethnic Selk’nam died in the 1970s.
(PCh, 1992,
p.182)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia)(SSFC,
8/12/07, p.A18)
1541 Mar 14, In the area of the
state of Mississippi Hernando de Soto and his men were attacked by
hundreds of Chickasaw Indians. 11 Spaniards were killed along with
15 horses and 400 pigs.
(ON, 4/01, p.5)
1541 Apr 4, Ignatius Loyola,
Spanish ecclesiastic, was elected 1st superior-general of the
Jesuits.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(MC, 4/4/02)
1541 May 8, Spanish explorer
Hernando de Soto discovered and crossed the Mississippi River, which
he called Rio de Espiritu Santo. He encountered the Cherokee
Indians, who numbered about 25,000 and inhabited the area from the
Ohio River to the north to the Chattahoochee in present day Georgia,
and from the valley of the Tennessee east across the Great Smoky
Mountains to the Piedmont of the Carolinas. [see May 21]
(NG, 5/95, p.78)(AP, 5/8/97)(HN, 5/8/99)
1541 May 21, The Spaniards
first saw the mighty Mississippi, the "Father of the Waters." Still
dreaming of fabled rich cities, De Soto succumbed to fever on May
21, 1542 and was buried in the mud of the Mississippi, to prevent
his body being disturbed by Indians. [see May 8]
(HNQ, 10/11/00)
1541 May, The expedition of
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, having crossed the high plains of
Texas, feasted on game and held a Mass of thanksgiving.
(Sm, 2/06, p.12)
1541 Jun 18, Irish parliament
"selected" Henry VIII as King of Ireland.
(SFEC, 12/22/96, Z1 p.6)(MC, 6/18/02)
1541 Jun 26, Francisco Pizarro,
the Spanish Conqueror of Peru, was murdered by his former followers
in Lima.
(HN, 6/26/98)(MC, 6/26/02)
1541 Jun 29, The Spanish
[first] crossed the Arkansas River. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
continued to explore the American southwest. He left New Mexico and
crossed Texas, Oklahoma and east Kansas.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(HFA, '96, p.32)
1541 Aug 23, Jacques Cartier
landed near Quebec on his third voyage to North America and
established a short-lived community there.
(HN, 8/23/98)(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1541 Sep 24, Philippus Aureolus
Paracelsus (b.1493), Swiss alchemist, physician and theologian,
died. The 1835 poem "Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim" by Robert
Browning was based on the life of Paracelsus. In 2006 Philip Ball
authored ”The Devil’s Doctor: Paracelsus and the Renaissance World
of Magic and Science.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracelsus)(Econ,
1/21/06, p.81)
1541 Oct 31, "The Last
Judgement" by Michelangelo on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel
at Rome was officially unveiled. It is one of the largest paintings
in the world.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(OG)
1541 Nov 9, Queen Catharine
Howard was confined in the London Tower.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1541 El Greco (d.1614), artist,
was born in Crete. He settled in Toledo, Spain, in 1577 and died
there.
(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1541 Lorenzo Lotto, Italian
artist, painted the "Portrait of a Man With a Felt Hat."
(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A17)
1541 The "Codex Mendoza" was an
Aztec pictorial manuscript of this time. It showed tribute received
by the Aztecs from people like the Mixtec with turquoise shields and
beads. It also showed 3 young people being stoned to death for
drunkenness.
(NH, 4/97, p.24)(Arch, 1/05, p.29)
1541 Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542),
British poet, authored his “Defence,” an attempt to get out of the
Tower of London where he faced charges of treason.
(Econ, 5/7/11, p.91)
1541 John Knox, a Scottish
theologian and historian, led the Calvinist Reformation in Scotland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1541 John Calvin, French
theologian, set up a theocratic government in Geneva. Some of the
finest French watchmakers joined him.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16) (Hem.,
2/96, p.96)
1541 Spanish conquistadors
arrived in the area of New Mexico and encountered the Jemez Indians,
who numbered around 30,000. The Jemez lived in fortified villages in
the high mesas and had arrived over 200 years earlier. In 2001 the
tribe numbered about 3,400.
(SSFC, 11/11/01, p.C8)
1541 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish
conquistador, became the 1st European to see the Iguacu Falls in
Brazil. He named the falls Saltos de Santa Maria but the
Tupi-Guarani name persisted.
(SFEC, 10/8/00, p.17)
1541 Francisco de Orellana,
Spanish soldier and explorer, descended the River Amazon from the
Andes to its mouth in the Atlantic Ocean. When Pizarro's
half-brother prepared to explore the lands east of Quito, Francisco
de Orellana led an advance expedition and wound up exploring the
Amazon basin, following the current to emerge at the mouth of the
river in August 1542. From there, he returned to Spain (by way of
Trinidad), full of tales of riches and strange tribes led by women
like the Amazons of Greek mythology. Orellana died in a return
expedition to the Amazon River four years later.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(HNQ, 2/11/01)
1541 Ethiopia was invaded by
the Portuguese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1541 In Guatemala a volcano
crater filled with water cracked and a mud slide engulfed the
capital town of Ciudad Vieja. Over 1,000 people were buried. The
volcano was named Agua from that point on.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)
1541 Jean Clouet (b.1480),
French Renaissance artist, died. He was the chief painter of King
Francis I. Clouet’s work included a 1519 portrait of Francis I as
Saint John the Baptist.
(Econ, 10/16/10,
p.104)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Clouet)
1541 Morelia, the capital of
the Mexican state of Michoacan, was founded by the royal edict of
Antonio de Mendoza. It was originally named Valladolid after a city
in Spain. The name was changed in 1928 to honor the local village
priest and revolutionary hero Jose Maria Morelos.
(Hem, Nov.'95, p.146)(SSFC, 11/17/02, p.C11)
1541 In Morocco, the Portuguese
abandoned their sea defense settlement at Mogador, later Essaouira.
Mogador had originally been named by the Phoenicians.
(SFEC, 1/2/00, p.T4)
1541 Suleiman I annexed
southern and central Hungary. The Turkish Ottomans occupied
Budapest, Hungary, until 1546.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(Sm, 3/06, p.76)
1541 An earthquake and tidal
wave finished off the settlement of Nueva Cadiz on Isla de Cubagua
off the coast of Venezuela.
(SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)
1542 Feb 13, Catherine Howard
(b.c1520), the fifth wife of England's King Henry VIII, was executed
for adultery.
(WUD, 1994, p.689)(AP, 2/13/98)
1542 May 21, Spanish explorer
Hernando De Soto died while searching for gold along the Mississippi
River. His men buried his body in the Mississippi River in what is
now Louisiana in order that Indians would not learn of his death,
and thus disprove de Soto's claims of divinity.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(AP, 5/21/97)(MC, 5/21/02)
1542 Jun 24, Juan de la Cruz,
[de Yepes], Spanish Carmelite, poet, saint, was born.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1542 Jun 27, Juan Rodriguez
Cabrillo set out from the port of Navidad, Mexico, with 2 ships, the
San Salvador and the Victoria, to "discover the coast of New Spain."
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo claimed California for Spain. [see Sep 28]
(NPS-CNM, 4/1/97)(MC, 6/27/02)
1542 Jul 15, In 2007 an expert
on the "Mona Lisa" says he had ascertained with certainty that Lisa
Gherardini (b.1479), the symbol of feminine mystique, died on this
day, and was buried at the Sant'Orsola convent in central Florence
where she spent her final days.
(AFP, 1/19/07)
1542 Jul 21, Pope Paul III
launched the Inquisition against Protestants (Sanctum
Officium). Alleged heretics were tried and tortured in an effort to
stem the spread of the Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(MC, 7/21/02)
1542 Aug 24, In South America,
Gonzalo Pizarro returned to the mouth of the Amazon River after
having sailed the length of the great river as far as the Andes
Mountains.
(HN, 8/24/98)
1542 Aug, Francisco de Orellana
emerged at the mouth of the Amazon river. He had led an advance
expedition from Peru and wound up exploring the Amazon basin and
following the current to the mouth.
(HNQ, 2/11/01)
1542 Sep 24, Thomas Wyatt
(b.1503), British poet, died. He is credited with introducing the
sonnet into English. In 2011 Nicola Shulman authored “Graven With
Diamonds: The Many Lives of Thomas Wyatt, Courtier, Poet, Assassin.”
(Econ, 5/7/11,
p.91)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wyatt_%28poet%29)
1542 Sept 28, Juan Rodriguez
Cabrillo, Spanish explorer, stepped ashore at the present day harbor
of San Diego and named it San Miguel. He went on to explore the
coast of California. The tip of Point Loma in San Diego is the home
of the Cabrillo National Monument, the second most visited monument
in the US after the Statue of Liberty. The island of Coronado was
named in honor of the Four Crowned Martyrs, Los Quatro Martires
Coronados, on whose feast day it was discovered.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(AAM, 3/96, p.52)(NPS-CNM,
4/1/97)(SFC,12/26/97, p.C22)
1542 Oct 4, Roberto Bellarmino,
Italian Jesuit theologian, diplomat, saint, was born.
(MC, 10/4/01)
1542 Oct 7, Explorer Cabrillo
discovered Catalina Island off the Southern California coast.
(MC, 10/7/01)
1542 Oct 14, Abul-Fath
Djalal-ud-Din, 3rd Mogul emperor of India (1556-1605), was born.
(MC, 10/14/01)
1542 Nov 22, New laws were
passed in Spain giving protection against the enslavement of Indians
in America.
(HN, 11/22/98)
1542 Nov 24, The English
defeated the Scots under King James at the Battle of Solway Moss, in
England.
(HN, 11/24/98)(MC, 11/24/01)
1542 Nov, Cabrillo landed at
the Channel Island, now known as San Miguel. His men got into a
scuffle with local Indians and Cabrillo broke a leg. The party
continued to sail north almost to present day Fort Ross.
(NPS-CNM, 4/1/97)
1542 Dec 7, Mary Stuart, Queen
of Scotland (1560-1587), was born. [see Dec 8]
(MC, 12/7/01)
1542 Dec 8, Mary, Queen of
Scotland (1542-67), was born. She became the Queen of England when
she was a week old, but was forced to abdicate her throne to her son
because she became a Catholic. She was executed for plotting against
Elizabeth I. [see Dec 7]
(HN, 12/8/00)
1542 Dec 14, James V (b.1512),
king of Scotland (1513-42), died.
(MC, 12/14/01)
1542 Bernard Palissy started
working in France. He produced dishes and plates with leaves,
lizards, snakes, insects and shells in high relief.
(SFC, 1/8/97, z-1 p.6)
1542 Magdalen College,
Cambridge, was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542 The University of Zaragoza
was founded [in Spain?].
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542 The Medici tapestry
factory in Florence was founded about this time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542 War was renewed between
the Holy Roman Empire and France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542 Explorer Juan Cabrillo
spotted the 534 foot rock at Morro Bay, Ca.
(SFEC, 8/25/96, p.T10)
1542 An 2nd Act of Union united
Wales into England. It followed the 1542 Act of Union.
(SFC, 7/23/97, p.A10)
1542 Britain’s 1st bankruptcy
laws were crafted under Henry VIII.
(Econ, 3/6/04, p.53)
1542 A landslide on the Yangtze
River cut off navigation for 82 years.
(NH, 7/96, p.32)
1542 Antonio da Mota,
Portuguese explorer, became the first European to enter Japan.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542 Merida, Mexico, was
founded by Francisco de Montejo at the holy Maya city of T’Ho.
Montejo was the son of the captain under Cortez with the same name.
(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1542 In Russia Ivan the
Terrible at age 12 entertained himself by dropping dogs from the
higher battlements of the Kremlin.
(SFC, 4/18/98, p.C3)
1542 150 Spanish colonists
settled Asuncion, capital of Paraguay.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1542-1544 A 7-piece set of tapestries was created
titled the "Seven Deadly Sins." They were later housed at the
Palacio Real in Madrid.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1542-1591 John of the Cross, Spanish mystic,
writer and theologian. He co-founded with St. Theresa the Order of
Discalced (barefoot) Carmelites.
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)
1542-1605 Emperor Akbar, 3rd Grand Moghul of India
and godfather of Shah Jahan. Akbar commissioned an illustrated
manuscript of the Hamzanama (Story of Hamza, the paternal uncle of
the prophet Mohammed). The 1,400 painted folios took over 100
artists 15 years to complete.
(WSJ, 8/8/02, p.D10)
1542-1621 Cardinal Robert Bellarmine, became chief
theologian of the Roman Catholic church. He denied Galileo’s
mathematical proofs and astronomical observations. He was named a
saint and was canonized in 1930.
(V.D.-H.K.p.201)
1543 Jan 3, Juan Rodriguez
Cabrillo died of gangrene and was buried at San Miguel.
(NPS-CNM, 4/1/97)
1543 Feb 21, In the Battle at
Wayna Daga Ethiopian and Portuguese troops beat Moslem army. Ahmed
Gran, sultan of Adal, died in the battle.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelawdewos_of_Ethiopia)
1543 Apr 14, Bartoleme Ferrelo
returned to Spain after discovering a large bay in the New World
(San Francisco).
(HN, 4/14/99)
1543 May 24, The city of
Valladolid, Mexico, was founded in the Yucatan peninsula.
(SSFC, 6/29/08,
p.E5)(www.valladolidyucatan.com/history.html)
1543 May 24, Nicolaus
Copernicus, astronomer, died in Poland. His book, "On the
Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs," (De Revolutionibus Orbium
Caelestium), proof of a sun-centered universe, was printed just
before he died. Although he did say that the earth rotated once a
day and did revolve around the sun once a year, he kept 2 features
of the old Aristotelian system: one involved uniform circular
motion, and the other was quintessential matter, for which such
motion was said to be natural. In 1916 the Catholic clergy placed
the book on its “Index of Prohibited Books.” In 2004 Owen Gingerich
authored "The Book Nobody Read," an examination of how the ideas of
Copernicus spread. In 2006 William T. Vollmann authored “Uncentering
the Earth: Copernicus and The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.”
In 2008 his remains, buried in a Roman Catholic Cathedral in
Frombork, Poland, were positively identified using DNA evidence. In
2011 Dava Sobel authored ”A More Perfect Heaven: How Copernicus
Revolutionized the cosmos.”
(WSJ, 3/5/04, p.W8)(NH, 4/1/04, p.66)(SSFC,
2/5/06, p.M1)(AP, 11/20/08)(Econ, 9/24/11, p.106)
1543 Jul 1, England and
Scotland signed the peace of Greenwich.
(HN, 7/1/98)
1543 Jul 12, England's King
Henry VIII married his sixth and last wife, Catherine Parr, who
outlived him.
(AP, 7/12/97)
1543 Sep 3, Cardinal Beaton
replaced Earl Arran as regent for Mary of Scotland.
(MC, 9/3/01)
1543 Sep 9, Mary, Queen of
Scots, was crowned Queen of England.
(HN, 9/9/01)
1543 Sep, The Spanish survivors
of the de Soto expedition reached Spanish settlements in Mexico.
(ON, 4/01, p.5)
1543 Benvenuto Cellini, Italian
goldsmith, produced a magnificent salt cellar for Francis I, which
still survives.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Luther wrote a pamphlet
titled: "On the Jews and Their Lies." Anti-Semitism flourished long
before Hitler came along. The founder of the Protestant movement,
Martin Luther, despised Jews. In 1543, he wrote this evil book which
helped to set the stage for the Holocaust. Among his most well known
admirers was Adolf Hitler "My advice, as I said earlier, is: First ,
that their synagogues be burned down... Second, that all their
books, their Talmudic writings, also the entire Bible be taken from
them... Third, that they be forbidden on pain of death to praise God
... Fourth, that they be forbidden to utter the name of God
within our hearing and .... be expelled from their country and be
told to return to Jerusalem where they may lie, curse, blaspheme,
murder,..." (Translation by Martin H. Bertram, Fortress Press,
1955).
(NH, 9/96, p.21)
http://www.btinternet.com/~ablumsohn/links.htm
1543 Andreas Vesalius, Belgian
physician, published his "De humani corporis fabrica" (Concerning
the Fabric of the Human Body), which contained the first complete
description of the human body.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(WSJ, 10/19/99, p.A24)
1543 Aug 22, French and Ottoman
forces captured Nice following a siege of the city. Admiral
Barbarossa led the Ottoman fleet in the campaign.
(Econ, 12/12/09,
p.93)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Nice)
1543 Protestants were burned at
the stake for the first time in the Spanish Inquisition. Pope Paul
III issued an index of prohibited books.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Phillip of Spain married
Maria of Portugal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Henry VIII of England and
Emp. Charles V formed an alliance against France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 King Francis I of France
invaded Luxembourg. A combined French and Turkish fleet captured
Nice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Filipino natives expelled
Spanish conquistador, Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, a year after he had
discovered and named them.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Portuguese ships landed on
the Japanese Island of Tanega. The first European visitors to Japan
introduced muskets and baked bread.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 New Spain received
European vegetables and grains such as broad beans, chickpeas,
barley, and wheat, transported by a new viceroy from Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543 Sugar cane was introduced
to Brazil about this time. Fermented sugar cane later became the
base for cachaca, a light rum that is the national spirit. Cachaca
is used to prepare the national drink, the caipirinha.
(Hem, 4/96, p.10)
1543 Hans Holbein, one of the
greatest artists of the German Renaissance, died in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1543-1773 The Palacio de los Capitanes in Antigua,
Guatemala, was the center for Spanish rule over Chiapas, Guatemala,
Honduras and Nicaragua during this period.
(SFEM, 6/13/99, p.32)
1544 Mar 11, Torquato Tasso,
Italian Renaissance poet (Aminta, Apologia), was born.
(MC, 3/12/02)
1544 May 17, Scot earl Matthew
van Lennox signed a secret treaty with Henry VIII.
(MC, 5/17/02)
1544 May 24, William Gilbert,
English physicist, was born. He coined the terms "electric" and
"magnetic" poles.
(HN, 5/24/99)
1544 May 29, Jacobus Latomus
[Jasques Masson] (~68), Belgian inquisitor, died.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1544 Sep 14, Henry VIII's
forces took Boulogne, France.
(HN, 9/14/98)
1544 Sep 18, English King Henry
VIII's troops occupied Boulogne, France. [see Sep 14]
(MC, 9/18/01)
1544 Sep 19, Francis, the king
of France, and Charles V of Austria signed a peace treaty in Crespy,
France, ending a 20-year war. The Peace of Crespy ended the fighting
between Charles V and Francis I. Henry VIII was not consulted.
France surrendered much territory and Charles gave up his claim to
Burgundy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(HN, 9/19/98)
1544 Nov 27, Ascanio Trombeti,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/27/01)
1544 The first herbarium was
published by Italian botanist Luca Ghini.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1544 The University of
Konigsberg was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1544 Henry VIII crossed the
Channel to Calais to campaign with Charles V against Francis I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1544 The Turks invaded Hungary
for the third time and seized the crown jewels. (TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1544 Gustavus I of Sweden
signed an alliance with France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)
1544 Rats first showed up in
North America.
(SFC, 6/15/96, p.E4)
1544-1545 Titian painted "Danaë."
(WSJ, 5/8/03, p.D8)
1544-1557 A set of cartoons designed by Raphael
(1483-1520) were woven into 10 tapestries titled "The Acts of the
Apostles."
(WSJ, 12/3/99, p.W16)(WSJ, 4/11/02,
p.D7)
1544-1603 William Gilbert, English physician,
discovered that the earth was a magnet from his observations on the
behavior of lodestone, the mineral now called magnetite. He grew to
suspect that the earth’s gravity and magnetism were connected in
some way , but he never understood how. Under the reign of
Protestant Queen Elizabeth I, he was able to argue for Copernicus’s
heliocentric picture of the solar system, and suggested that the
planets must be held in their orbits by some kind of magnetism.
(V.D.-H.K.p.198)
1545 Feb 13, William of Nassau
became prince of Orange.
(MC, 2/13/02)
1545 Feb 19, Pierre Brully,
[Peter Brulius], Calvinist minister, was burned to death.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1545 Apr 12, French king
Francis I ordered the Protestants of Vaudois killed.
(MC, 4/12/02)
1545 Apr 13, Elisabeth van
Valois, French queen of Spain, daughter of Henri II, was born.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1545 Jul 8, Don Carlos, son of
Spanish king Philip II (protagonist in Schiller's drama; hero
in Verdi opera), was born.
(MC, 7/8/02)
1545 Jul 19, A French fleet
entered The Solent, the channel between the Isle of Wight and
Hampshire, England, and French troops landed on the Isle of Wight.
King Henry VIII of England watched his flagship, Mary Rose, capsize
in Portsmouth harbor as it left to battle the French. 73 people died
including Roger Grenville, English captain of Mary Rose. The Mary
Rose was raised in 1982.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN,
7/19/98)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rose)
1545 Sep 24, Albrecht von
Brandenburg, archbishop, monarch, founder of The Brandenburg
Concerts of Mainz, died at 55.
(MC, 9/24/01)
1545 Oct 18, John Taverner,
English composer (Western Wynde), died.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1545 Dec 13, The Church Council
of Trent began with the meeting of 30 bishops. It lasted 3 years but
took 18 years to complete its work. The Council sparked the
beginning of the Counter-Reformation. [see 1562]
(CU, 6/87)(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 Agnolo Bronzino,
Florentine painter, produced his work: "Venus, Cupid, Folly and
Time."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 Benvenuto Cellini, Italian
goldsmith, wrote his autobiography, which greatly influenced the
Renaissance.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN, 11/3/99)
1545 Conrad von Gesner, Swiss
naturalist, published the first volume of his "Bibliotheca
Universalis," a catalogue of all the writers who ever lived.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 In Mexico Bishop Fray
Bartolome de las Casas championed the Indians in the area of
Chiapas.
(WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A1)
1545 The first European
botanical garden was established in Padua.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 Lord Lisle, English fleet
commander, set ablaze Treport in Normandy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 Claude Garamond, French
typographer, cut a Greek type that remained in use to the early 19th
century. Some modern typefaces bear his name.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1545 The Spanish discovered the
silver mines of Potosi, Bolivia. From the town of Cerro Rico, which
means Hill of Riches, they took out the equivalent of $2 billion
from one mountainside.
(NH, 10/96, p.4)
1545 A typhus epidemic killed
hundreds of thousands of natives and colonists in Cuba and New
Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 Feb 18, Martin Luther
(b.1483), leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany, died in
Eisleben. In 1989 Harvard professor Heiko A. Oberman (1930-2001)
authored “Luther.”
(V.D.-H.K.p.165)(WSJ, 6/23/07, p.P10)(AP,
2/18/08)
1546 Mar 29, Cardinal Beaton,
English archbishop of St. Andrews, was murdered.
(MC, 3/29/02)
1546 May 29, Cardinal Beaton,
English archbishop of St. Andrews, was murdered.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1546 Jun 7, The Peace of Ardes
ended the war between France and England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN, 6/7/98)
1546 Aug 3, French printer
Etienne Dolet, accused of heresy, blasphemy and sedition, was hanged
and burned at the stake for printing reformist literature.
(HN, 8/3/98)
1546 Dec 14, Tycho Brahe
(d.1601), astronomer, was born in Knudstrup, Denmark. He constructed
the most precise astronomical instruments of his time.
(SCTS, p.136)(HN, 12/14/00)(MC, 12/14/01)
1546 Titian painted his great
family portrait of Paul III and his Grandsons Ottavio and Cardinal
Alessandro Farnese.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 The Farnese Hours
manuscript was illuminated by Giulio Clovio.
(SFC, 2/15/97, p.D1)
1546 Girolamo Fracastoro,
(Hyeronymous Fracastorius), Italian Florentine physician, gave the
first description of typhus and the nature of contagion in his work
"De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis." He had earlier described and
named syphilis.
(WP, 1952, p.28)(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 The first Welsh book, "Yny
Lhyvyr Mwnn," was printed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 Henry VIII founded Christ
Church, Oxford’s largest college.
(SSFC, 11/11/01, p.C11)
1546 Henry VIII closed the bath
houses of Southwark.
(Econ, 12/19/09, p.139)
1546 Pierre Lescot, French
architect, began the building of the Louvre in Paris. Francois I,
needing more space for acquired works of art, started the
construction of 2 new wings to the 12th century Louvre fortress.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(WSJ, 10/7/98, p.A20)
1546 Pope Paul III put
Michelangelo in charge of the restoration of St. Peter’s Basilica in
Rome. He designed the dome of St. Peter’s.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(SSFC, 2/18/07, p.A2)
1546 Charles V got into the
Schmalkaldic War against the Protestant princes upon support by the
Catholic Counter-Reformation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 The Turks occupied
Moldavia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 A coalition of eastern
Maya laid siege to Valladolid, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula.
Spanish conquistadores brutally crushed a major Mayan rebellion in
New Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 Gerardus Mercator, Flemish
geographer, affirmed that the earth has magnetic pole.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1546 Barbarossa, one of the
great figures in the court at Istanbul, died. Khayr Ad-Din was a
Barbary pirate and later, as admiral of the Ottoman fleet, he united
Algeria and Tunisia as military states under the Ottoman caliphate
in the 1530s.
(HNQ, 2/10/99)
1546-1568 Alexandru Lapuseanu, ruler of Moldavia,
outlawed divorce and imposed the death penalty on anyone who started
such legal proceedings.
(SFC, 6/2/96, Zone 1p.2)
1547 Jan 8, The first
Lithuanian book was printed in Konigsberg (Karaliauciuje) at the
printing shop of H. Weinreich. It was a catechism titled:
"Katekizmusa prasti Zadei, makslas skaitima raschta yr giesmes" by
the Lithuanian student Martynas Mazvydas (200-300 copies). He had
been specifically invited by Albrecht von Brandenberg to prepare a
book in Lithuanian that would assist the priests in teaching the
native language and help spread the ideas of the Reformation, i.e.
Lutheranism. It was a small format book of 79 pages part of which
was taken up by 11 hymns presented with music. The text was a
faithful translation of J. Seklucian’s (1545) and J. Malecki’s
(1546) Polish catechisms.
(Voruta #27-28, 7/1996, p.10)(DrEE,
9/14/96, p.4)(LHC, 1/7/03)
1547 Jan 16, Ivan IV, popularly
known as "Ivan the Terrible," crowned himself the new Czar of Russia
in Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. He was the first Russian ruler to
assume that title.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN, 1/16/99)(AP, 1/16/08)
1547 Jan 19, Henry Howard (29),
earl of Surrey, army commander, poet, was beheaded.
(MC, 1/19/02)
1547 Jan 28, England's King
Henry VIII died; his sixth and last wife was Catherine Parr. He was
succeeded by his 9-year-old son, Edward VI.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(AP, 1/28/98)(HN, 1/28/99)
1547 Jan, An inventory of the
possessions of King Henry VIII was begun under Edward VI, Henry’s
son and successor. It took three years to complete. His total wealth
amounted to some 600,000 pounds. A commoner’s daily wage at this
time was about two and one-half pence.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.20)
1547 Feb 3, Russian czar Ivan
IV (17) married Anastasia Romanova.
(MC, 2/3/02)
1547 Feb 20, King Edward VI of
England was enthroned following the death of Henry VIII (Jan
28).
(MC, 2/20/02)
1547 Mar 21, Matthew
Stryjkovski (d.c1592), the 1st author of a printed history of
Lithuania, was born in Strykov, Poland.
(LHC, 3/21/03)
1547 Mar 31, Francis I, King of
France (1515-1547), died and was succeeded by his son Henry II, who
was dominated by his mistress, Diane de Poitiers, during his 12 year
reign.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN, 3/31/99)
1547 Apr 24, Charles V's troops
defeated the Protestant League of Schmalkalden at the battle of
Muhlberg.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1547 May 20, Melchior Bischoff,
composer, was born.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1547 Jun 21, There was a great
fire in Moscow.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1547 Sep 2, Hernan Cortes,
Spanish general who defeated Aztec Indians, died.
(MC, 9/2/01)
1547 Sep 10, The Duke of
Somerset led the English to a resounding victory over the Scots at
Pinkie Cleugh. This was the last battle to be fought between English
and Scottish royal armies and the last in which the longbow was used
tactically en masse.
(HN, 9/10/98)(WSJ, 11/4/04, p.D10)
1547 Sep 10, The English
demanded that Edward VI (10), wed Mary Queen of Scots (5).
(MC, 9/10/01)
1547 Sep 10, Pierlugi Faranese,
Italian son of Pope Paul III, was murdered.
(MC, 9/10/01)
1547 Sep 29, Miguel de
Cervantes Saavedra (d.1616) was born, at Alcala de Henares, near
Madrid. "He was first a soldier and was captured by Barbary pirates
in 1575. His family was unable to raise the ransom money until 1580.
He was not initially successful as a writer until he wrote "The
Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote de la Mancha" (1604).
(V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)
1547 Oct 19, Pierino del Vaga,
Italian painter, died at 46.
(MC, 10/19/01)
1547 The "Dodekachordon" on the
12 church modes by Henricus Glareanus, Swiss music theorist, was
published.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Hans Staden of Germany was
shipwrecked on the Atlantic coast of Brazil. He was later rescued
and in 1557 published an illustrated account of his adventures.
(Arch, 5/05, p.30)
1547 French became the official
language of France, displacing Latin.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Nostradamus, French
astrologer, made his first predictions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Forces of Charles V
captured the Elector of Saxony at the Battle of Muhlberg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 The Truce of Adrianople
was concluded between Charles V, Ferdinand I of Hungary, and
Suleiman I of Turkey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 The English parliament
repealed the Statute of the Six Articles, which defined heresy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Moscow was destroyed by
fire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 Apr 1, Sigismund I, the
Elder (81), King of Poland, died.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(MC, 4/1/02)
1548 Jun 30, Formerly Holy
Roman (Catholic) Emperor Charles V ordered Catholics to become
Lutherans.
(MC, 6/30/02)
1548 Jul 16, La Paz, Bolivia,
was founded.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1548 Aug 15, Mary Queen of the
Scots (6), who was engaged to the Dauphin, landed in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(MC, 8/15/02)
1548 Sep 5, Catharine Parr
(36), queen of England and last wife of Henry VIII, died.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1548 Tintoretto, Italian
Renaissance artist, painted his work "St. Mark Rescuing the Slave."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 Jacopo Tintoretto
(1518-1594), Venetian school Italian artist, established his fame
with the painting “Miracle of the Slave.”
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintoretto)(Econ,
2/10/07, p.90)
1548 Titian painted his
portrait of Charles V at Muhlberg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 John Bale’s "Kynge Johan,"
the first English historical drama, appeared.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 The Hotel de Bourgogne,
first theater (under a roofed building) in Paris opened.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 Charles V annexed the 17
provinces of the Netherlands to the Burgundian Circle of the Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 Gonzalo Pizarro, son of
the conqueror of Peru, was defeated by and executed by Pedro de la
Gasca in the Battle of Xaquixaguane.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 The University of Messina,
Sicily, was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 Spaniards in Mexico
exploited the silver mines.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1548 In Thailand King Chakrapat
was saved by his wife Suriyothai, who maneuvered her elephant in
front of the invading Burmese King Tabinshweeti and took the sword
thrust intended for her husband. The historical film "Suriyothai"
was directed by Chatri Chalerm Yukol and premiered in Aug 2001. It
was about the 16th Queen Suriyothai who saved her husband King
Thianracha during a war with invaders from Myanmar.
(SFC, 9/30/99, p.E6)(WSJ, 8/30/01, p.A11)(SFC,
7/3/03, p.E1)
1549 Feb 14, Maximilian II,
brother of the Emperor Charles V, was recognized as the future king
of Bohemia.
(HN, 2/14/99)
1549 Mar 20, Thomas Seymour of
Sudely, English Lord Admiral, was beheaded.
(MC, 3/20/02)
1549 May 27, Lijsbeth Dirksdr,
Friesian Anabaptist, drowned.
(MC, 5/27/02)
1549 Jun 9, Book of Common
Prayer was adopted by the Church of England. Thomas Cranmer,
Archbishop of Canterbury, issued the "Book of Common Prayer." Other
prayer books were forbidden by the Act of Uniformity. The book was
mandated by the government under Edward VI, son of Henry VIII, so
that services could be spoken in the language of the people.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(MC,
6/9/02)
1549 Aug 9, France declared war
on England. England declared war on France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(HN, 8/9/98)
1549 Aug 15, Francis Xavier,
Portuguese Jesuit missionary, landed in Kagoshima, Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)(ON, 11/02, p.8)(MC,
8/15/02)
1549 Sep 13, Pope Paul III
closed the first session of the Council of Bologna.
(HN, 9/13/98)
1549 Oct 1, Anna of H
Bartolomaeus was born. She was a Flemish prioress and founded a
nunnery.
(MC, 10/1/01)
1549 Nov 5, Philippe du
Plessis, France, author, was born.
(MC, 11/5/01)
1549 Wen Cheng-ming, Chinese
artist, created his hanging scroll "Trees in a Valley."
(WSJ, 5/15/02, p.D7)
1549 Giorgio Vasari wrote the
first biography of Leonardo da Vinci.
(NH, 5/97, p.58)
1549 The 17 provinces of the
Netherlands became independent of the Holy Roman Empire.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 La Pleiade, a group of 7
French poets, established the Alexandrine metre of a 12-syllable
line. Pierre de Ronsard was in the group.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 Piro Ligorio designed the
Villa d’Este at Tivoli for the Cardinal d’Este Ippolito II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 Court jesters, mainly
dwarfs and cripples, appeared in Europe. [see 1202]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 Jesuit missionaries
arrived in South America.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 Sao Salvador, later Bahia
in Brazil, was founded by Thome de Souza, Portugal’s first governor
of Brazil. Portuguese conquerors founded Salvador.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)(SFEC, 8/8/99, p.T8)
1549 The Ye Old Cock Tavern
opened in London.
(SFEC, 9/12/99, p.T14)
1549 Ivan IV called the first
national assembly in Russia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1549 Pope Paul III died and was
succeeded by Julius III.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
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