Timeline 1550-1574
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1550
Mar 24, France and England signed the Peace of
Boulogne. It ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France
bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 3/24/02)
1550 Apr 2, Jews were expelled
from Genoa, Italy. [see Jun 15, 1567]
(MC, 4/2/02)
1550 Apr 12, Edward de Vere, 17th
Earl of Oxford, was born (d.1604). Some claimed that he was responsible
for all the 37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long narrative poems that are
attributed to William Shakespeare. De Vere was first advanced as the
author of Shakespeare’s work in 1918 by English schoolmaster J. Thomas
Looney.
(SFC, 4/26/97, p.E1)(WSJ, 5/1/97, p.A16)(WSJ,
4/18/09, p.A2)
1550 Apr 28, Powers of Dutch
inquisition were extended.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1550 Apr 29, Emperor Charles V
gave inquisitors additional authority.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1550 May 25, Camillus de Lellis,
Italian soldier, monastery founder, saint, was born.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1550 Jun 27, Charles IX, king of
France (1560-74), was born.
(SC, 6/27/02)
1550 Jul 7, Chocolate was
introduced (Europe).
(MC, 7/7/02)
1550 Sep 5, William Cecil
appointed himself English minister of foreign affairs.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1550 The Flemish Tapestry, "The
Bridal Chamber of Herse," was woven by Willem de Pan-nemaker. It is now
stored in the N.Y. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
(WSJ, 1/5/96, p.A-8)
1550 Michelangelo (75) completed
the frescoes of the Cappella Paolina, "the Conversion of Paul" and "The
Crucifixion of St. Peter."
(OG)
1550 Michelangelo began his
painting "The Deposition from the Cross," which included a
self-portrait as Nicodemus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 Japanese Ukiyoe painting,
which takes subjects from everyday life, had its beginnings.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 Nicholas Udall wrote the
first known English comedy: "Ralph Roister Doister."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 Giorgio Vasari, Italian
architect and painter, published his definitive "Lives of the Artists,"
and founded the Fine Arts Academy in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(WSJ, 2/5/97, p.A16)
1550 Palladio, Italian architect,
designed the Villa Rotunda, Vincenza. It has four porticoes and
symmetrical planning and is an example of his search for harmonious
proportions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 John Marbeck produced the
first musical setting for the English liturgy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 John Marbeck, English
theologian, published a concordance of the entire English
bible.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
c1550 In California later
radiocarbon tests indicated human habitation at the bay side foot of
San Bruno Mountain up to this time. The Sipliskin Tribe, a northern
branch of the Ohlone Indi-ans, occupied the site.
(SFEC,12/29/97, p.A13)
1550 In Washington state Mount St.
Helens began almost nonstop eruptions that continued for a century.
(SFEC, 8/16/98, p.A15)
1550 Anton Fugger, Augsburg
banker, went bankrupt. This caused financial chaos throughout Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 Rhaticus, German
mathematician, published a set of trigonometric tables.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
c1550 In Hawaii a Great Wall was
built on the Big Island behind which refuge, sanctuary and purification
could be sought. Puhonua o Honaunau National Historic Park later marked
the area.
(SSFC, 8/26/01, p.T9)
1550 In Italy the Beretta family
branched into guns.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1550 Mercury was discovered in
Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1550 African slaves were shipped
to Brazil to work sugar plantations.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)
1550 South America shipped rubber
to Europe.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1550 Helsinki was founded by the
Swedes.
(SFEM, 8/8/99, p.44)
1550s In Moscow Ivan the IV built
a stone church to commemorate the triumph of Orthodoxy over Roman
Catholicism, Islam and the Uniates, who sought to unite the Catholic
and Orthodox churches.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.36)
1550-1555 Julius III, Giommaria Ciocci del Monte or
Giovanni Maria del Monte, served as Pope 1550-1555.
(WUD, 1994, p.773)
1550-1563 Henry Machyn, a merchant tailor in London,
kept a diary over this time that described the funerals of noble
persons, the coronation of Queen Elizabeth I, the murder of Arden of
Fe-versham by his wife and her lover, and other London events. A
definitive edition of the diaries was in process by English Prof. R.W.
Bailey and graduate students at the Univ. of Mich. in 1996.
(MT, 6/96, p.9)(MT, Fall 02, p.22)
c1550-1600 Grace O’Malley led a 200-strong band on
Clare Island, Ireland, financed by piracy.
(SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T8)
c1550-1615 Shakespeare was born in England and
authored about thirty-five plays. "Man and woman are always the focus
of the plays... the medieval world picture fades into the back-ground,
and humankind emerges naked and unadorned...he was skillful in comedy
as in trag-edy, and he even knew how to mix the two... he invaded the
life of ordinary families in his plays, revealing to us what we had
always known but never faced. " [see Apr 23, 1564]
(V.D.-H.K.p.146)
1551 Mar 9, Emperor Charles V
appointed his son Philip as heir to the throne. Don Philip was
recognized as the sole heir of Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 3/9/02)
1551 May 2, William Camden,
English historian (Brittania, Annales), was born.
(MC, 5/2/02)
1551 May 12, San Marcos University
opened in Lima, Peru. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos was
founded under Spanish royal charter.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 5/12/02)(AM, 7/01, p.18)
1551 Jun 27, France promulgated
the Edict of Chateaubriand, a crackdown on Protestantism in France. The
Edict of Chateaubriand placed severe restrictions on Protestants,
including loss of one-third of property to informers and confiscation
of all property of those who left France.
(www.pierrechastain.com/timeline.htm)
1551 Oct 16, Edward Seymour,
Duke of Somerset, was re-arrested.
(MC, 10/16/01)
1551 Konrad von Gesner wrote the
first modern book on Zoology: "Historia Animalium."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Cranmer published his 42
Articles, the basis of Anglican Protestantism.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Palestrina, Italian composer,
was appointed director of music at St. Peter’s in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Pope Eugenius IV brought some
of the Middle-Eastern Christians back into the Western Christian fold
when he established the Chaldean rite of the Catholic Church.
(WSJ, 3/12/00, p.A10)
1551 The term "Xmas" was used at
least this early for Christmas. The short form derived from the Greek
letters "XP," chi and rho, as an abbreviation of the Greek symbol for
Christ.
(SFC,12/24/97, Z1 p.6)
1551 Spanish sailors in the
Caribbean became ill after eating a fish stew. Most likely caused by
ciguatera, a disease caused by toxins of microorganisms eaten by reef
fish.
(NH, 5/96, p.60)
1551 Spaniards in Chile began
producing wine.
(SFC, 8/31/07, p.F4)
1551 Henry II led French forces
against Charles V in Italy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Persecution of the Jews
became widespread in Bavaria.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Turkish forces captured
Tripoli but failed to take Malta.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Printing was introduced into
Ireland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Erasmus Rheinhold, German
astronomer, published astronomical tables based on the numerical values
provided by Nicolas Copernicus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 Leonard Digges, English
inventor, described the theodolite (a surveying instrument to measure
horizontal and vertical angles) in his posthumously published
"Pantometria."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 The Jesuits founded the Papal
Univ. in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1551 The National Univ. of Mexico
was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552 Jan 15, France signed a
secret treaty with German Protestants.
(MC, 1/15/02)
1552 Jan 22, Edward Seymour, Duke
of Somerset, was beheaded for treason.
(MC, 1/22/02)(MT, Fall 02, p.23)
1552 Jan 23, The 2nd version of
Book of Common Prayer became mandatory in England. The Second Prayer
Book of Edward VI, more radical than the first, was authorized by a
second Uniformity Act.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 1/23/02)
1552 Feb 1, Sir Edward Coke,
English jurist, was born in Mileham, Norfolk. He helped the
de-velopment of English law with his arguments for the supremacy of
common law over royal pre-rogative.
(HN, 2/1/99)(MC, 2/1/02)
1552 Apr 14, Laurentius Andreae,
[Lars Andersson], Swedish church reformer, died.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1552 Jul 18, Rudolf II of
Habsburg, emperor of Germany (1576-1612), was born.
(MC, 7/18/02)
1552 Aug 2, The treaty of Passau
gave religious freedom to Protestants living in Germany. The Augsburg
Interim was annulled and Lutherans were allowed freedom of worship in
Ger-many.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(HN, 8/2/98)
1552 Aug 14, Fra Paolo Sarpi,
[Paulus Venetus], expert, philosopher, was born in Venice.
(MC, 8/14/02)
1552 Aug, Ivan IV of Russia began
his conquest of Kazan, Tatarstan, and Astrakhan in the Volga delta.
Kazan, the capital of Tatarstan, fell to Ivan in September.
(Econ, 6/2/07, p.56)(www.1000kzn.ru/razdel/en/227/)
1552 Oct 6, Matteo Ricci, Italian
Jesuit missionary (China), was born.
(MC, 10/6/01)
1552 The Badianus Manuscript is
the earliest known treatise on New World indigenous medi-cine. It was
written and translated in Nahuatl and Latin by Aztec scribes Martinus
de la Cruz and Juan Badianus.
(AM, 7/01, p.37)
1552 Etienne Jodelle, French
dramatist, completed his "Cleopatre Captive," the first French
neoclassical tragedy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552 Edward VI founded Christ’s
Hospital in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552 The English again attacked
the Irish town and monastery at Clonmacnoise and carried everything
away.
(SFEC, 8/1/99, p.T8)
1552 The Treaty of Friedewalde
confirmed the alliance between Henry II of France and the Protestant
princes of Germany against Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552 The Turks invaded Hungary
again with a victory at the Battle Szegedin. Istvan Dobo led the
defense of Eger against the Turks. The siege of Eger lasted 38 days.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(Hem., 6/98, p.126)
1552 Books on geography and
astronomy were burned in England because of fears of magic.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552 The shift from the Julian to
the Gregorian calendar was begun. In 2000 Duncan Steel authored
"Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar."
(SFEC, 2/20/00, Par p.7)
1552 Bartolomeo Eustachio, Italian
anatomist, described the Eustachian tube of the ear and the Eustachian
valve in the heart.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1552-1553 Giovanni Battista Moroni, Renaissance
artist, painted his "Portrait of Isotta Brembati."
(WSJ, 4/13/00, p.A19)
1552-1599 Edmund Spencer, helped establish the form
of modern English in literature.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)
1553 Apr 29, A Flemish woman
introduced to England the practice of starching linen.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1553 May 5, Erasmus Alberus (~52),
German theologist (Barfesser Munche), died.
(MC, 5/5/02)
1553 Jun 12, King Edward VI
accepted archbishop Cranmer's "42 Articles."
(MC, 6/12/02)
1553 Jul 6, Edward VI Tudor (15),
King of England (1547-53), died. Mary Tudor was warned that Edward VI
was already dead and that she was walking into a trap set by John
Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, Edward’s regent.
(ON, 5/00, p.3)(MC, 7/6/02)
1553 Jul 9, Maurice of Saxony was
mortally wounded at Sievershausen, Germany, while de-feating Albert of
Brandenburg-Kulmbach.
(HN, 7/9/98)
1553 Jul 10, After King Edward VI
of England died of tuberculosis, John Dudley, the Duke of
Northumberland, tried to get his daughter, Lady Jane Grey (the
great-granddaughter of Henry VII), declared the queen and got
archbishop Cranmer’s signature to that end. However the suc-cession
went to Mary, the Catholic half-sister of Edward. Cranmer and others
were then found guilty of treason.
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.24)
1553 Jul 19, 15-year-old Lady Jane
Grey, daughter of John Dudley, the Duke of Northumber-land, was deposed
as Queen of England after claiming the crown for nine days. Mary, the
daughter of King Henry VIII, was proclaimed Queen.
(AP, 7/19/97)
1553 Aug 2, An invading French
army was destroyed at the Battle of Marciano in Italy by an imperial
army.
(HN, 8/2/98)
1553 Aug 3, Mary Tudor, the new
Queen of England, entered London.
(HN, 8/3/98)
1553 Aug 12, Pope Julius III
ordered the confiscation and burning of the Talmud.
(SC, 8/12/02)
1553 Aug 23, John Dudley, the Duke
of Northumberland, English Lord Admiral, premier (1551-53), was
beheaded on Tower Hill in front of 10,000 onlookers.
(ON, 5/00, p.5)(Internet)
1553 Sep 4, Cornelia da
Nomatalcino, a monk who converted to Judaism, was burned at the stake.
(MC, 9/4/01)
1553 Oct 16, Lucas Cranach the
elder (b.1472), German painter and graphic artist, died at 81. His work
included "Madonna and Child in a Landscape."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(WUD, 1994,
p.339)(http://tinyurl.com/ykv47h)
1553 Oct 19, Bonifazio Veronese,
Veneziano, [de' Pitati], Italian painter, died.
(MC, 10/19/01)
1553 Oct 21, Volumes of the Talmud
were burned.
(MC, 10/21/01)
1553 Oct 27, Michael Servetus
(b.1511), Spanish theologian and physician, was burnt for her-esy in
Geneva, Switzerland. His last book "Christianismi Restitutio" included
a chapter on the pulmonary circulation of blood. In 2002 Lawrence and
Nancy Goldstone authored "Out of the Flames." [see 1540]
(HN, 10/27/98)(WSJ, 9/18/02, p.D8)(WSJ, 1/18/08,
p.W10)
1553 Nov 13, English Lady Jane
Grey and the bishop Cranmer were accused of high treason.
(MC, 11/13/01)
1553 Dec 13, Henry IV (d.1610),
Henry of Navarre, Henry the Great, 1st Bourbon king of Na-varre,
France, (1572/89-1610), was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.662)(MC, 12/13/01)
1553 "Les Observations de
Plusieurs Singularitez et Choses Memorables" was written by Pi-erre
Belon, French naturalist and traveler. It included an account of
Turkish fruit sorbets.
(NH, 4/97, p.77)
1553 Pedro Cieza de Leon wrote the
first European description of the potato in his “Chroni-cles of Peru.”
(SSFC, 10/5/08, p.A15)
1553 Virgil’s "Aeneid" was
translated into English for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 Christopher Tye composed "The
Acts of the Apostles."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 The Forty-two Articles of the
Church of England were written by Archbishop Thomas Cranmer "for the
avoiding of controversy in opinions." The Forty-two Articles had been
partly derived from the Thirteen Articles of 1538. When Mary became
queen in 1553 and restored Ca-tholicism, the Forty-two Articles were
eliminated.
(HNQ, 10/20/98)
1553 Protestants fearing
persecution in England began leaving to Switzerland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 The League of Heidelberg was
formed by German Catholic and Protestant princes to stop Philip of
Spain from becoming Holy Roman Emperor.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 The National Autonomous
University of Mexico (UNAM) was founded as a royal, pontifi-cal
university.
(WSJ, 9/1/99, p.A1)
1553 Suleiman I of Turkey made
peace with Persia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 Turkish warships ravaged the
Mediterranean.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 In London The Mysterie and
Compagnie of the Merchant Adventurers for the Discoverie of Regions,
Dominions, Islands and Places Unknown offered stock to finance a quest
for a pas-sage to the riches of the East. The Muscovy Company venture
led to the death of explorer Sir Hugh Willoughby who died with the
crews of 2 ships in the Arctic ice. A 3rd ship reached the court of
Ivan the Terrible in Moscow and returned with a treaty giving England
freedom to trade there.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1553 Hugh Willoughby and Richard
Chancellor voyaged to Russia via Archangel seeking a north-east passage
to China. Willoughby discovered Novaya Zemlya and died on the Kola
Pen-insula.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 Giambattista della Porta,
Italian inventor, improved the camera obscura.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1553 Francois Rabelais (b.1490),
French physician, satirist and humorist, died. He studied with the
Benedictines and received orders from the Franciscans. His work
included the multi-volume "La Vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel."
(WUD, 1994, p.1183)(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SSFC, 2/10/02,
p.G5)
1554 Jan 9, Gregory XV, Roman
Catholic Pope was born.
(HN, 1/9/98)
1554 Feb 12, Lady Jane Grey (17),
who had claimed the throne of England for nine days, the Queen of
England for thirteen days, was beheaded on Tower Hill along with her
husband, Guildford Dudley, after being condemned for high treason.
(HN, 2/12/99)(AP, 2/12/08)
1554 Feb 21, Hieronymus Bock,
German doctor (founder of modern botany), died.
(MC, 2/21/02)
1554 Feb 23, Henry Grey, Duke of
Suffolk and Lady Jane Grey's father, was executed.
(MC, 2/23/02)
1554 Mar 3, Johan Frederik de
Greatmoedige (50), ruler of Saxon (1532-47), died.
(SC, 3/3/02)
1554 Mar 12, Richard Hooker,
English theologian, was born. He authored "Laws of Ecclesias-tical
Polity."
(HN, 3/12/99)
1554 Jul 24, Queen Mary of England
married Philip II, king of Spain and the Catholic son of Emp. Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(ON, 5/00, p.5)(MC, 7/24/02)
1554 Oct, Mongol fighters battled
Chinese defenders at the Jinshanling wall. After 3 days of fighting the
Chinese overwhelmed the Mongols.
(SFC, 2/9/06, p.E4)
1554 Nov 30, Sir Philip Sidney
(d.1586), English poet, statesman and soldier was born.
(HN, 11/30/98)(MC, 11/30/01)
1554 Nov 30, England reconciled
with Pope Julius III.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 11/30/01)
1554 Benvenuto Cellini completed
his masterpiece, the bronze Perseus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Palladio wrote "L’Antichita,"
a guidebook to Roman antiquities.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Jorg Wickram, German writer,
wrote the first German romance novel: "Der Goldfaden."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Palestrina composed his first
book of Masses.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 John Knox fled to Geneva
where he met Jean Calvin.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Henry II of France invaded
the Netherlands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Dragut, leader of the
Mediterranean pirates, recaptured Mehedia, Tunisia, from the Spaniards.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 At London’s Guildhall Sir
Nicholas Throckmorton was tried and found not guilty. The verdict was
deemed unsatisfactory and the whole jury was carted off to prison and
released af-ter paying heavy fines. [see Nov, 1583]
(SFC, 8/11/96, p.T7)
1554 Fernelius, French physician,
codified the medicine of the Renaissance.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Flemish hop growers emigrated
to England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1554 Sao Paulo in Brazil was
founded by the Jesuits with a mission school.
(USA Today, OW, 4/22/96, p.3)(Hem, 8/96, p.67)
1554-1562 Pierre Eskrich (aka Pierre DuVase), a
French illustrator, produced a collection of 218 bird paintings. He had
fled Lyon to Geneva to escape the Edict of Chateaubriand (1551), a
crackdown on Protestantism in France.
(SFC, 3/17/06, p.E7)
1555 Feb 9, John Hooper, the
deprived Bishop of Gloucester, was burned for heresy.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1555 Mar 23, Julius III (67), born
as Giovanni M. del Monte, Pope (1550-55), died. He was succeeded by
Marcellus II and then by Paul IV.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(SS, 3/23/02)
1555 May 25, Gemma Frisius (46),
Frisian geographer, astronomer, died.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1555 Sep 8, Thomas Villanova,
Spanish saint and archbishop of Valencia, died.
(MC, 9/8/01)
1555 Sep 25, The Religious Peace
of Augsburg compromised differences between Catholics and Protestants
in the German states. Each prince could chose which religion would be
fol-lowed in his realm. Lutheranism was acknowledged by the Holy Roman
Empire. The Peace of Augsburg was the first permanent legal basis for
the existence of Lutheranism as well as Ca-tholicism in Germany. It was
promulgated as part of the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire. Charles V's
Augsburg Interim of 1548 was a temporary doctrinal agreement between
German Catholics and Protestants that was overthrown in 1552.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(PCh, 1992, p.189)(HNQ, 2/8/99)
1555 Sep 30, Oxford Bishop
Nicholas Ridley was sentenced to death as a heretic.
(MC, 9/30/01)
1555 Oct 16, Hugh Latimer (80),
Protestant royal chaplain of Anne Boleyn, was burned at stake at Oxford
for heresy under the Catholic rule of Mary, half-sister of Edward VI.
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(HN, 10/16/98)(MC, 10/16/01)
1555 Oct 16, Nicholas Ridley,
Protestant English theologian and bishop of Rochester, was burned at
Oxford for heresy under the Catholic rule of Mary, half-sister of
Edward VI.
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(HN, 10/16/98)(MC, 10/16/01)
1555 Oct 21, English parliament
refused to recognize Philip of Spain as king.
(MC, 10/21/01)
1555 Oct 25, Emperor Charles V put
his son Philip II in charge of Netherlands, Naples, and Milan.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1555 Nov 21, Georgius Bauer
(b.1494), German mineralogist (Agricola), died. His full descrip-tion
of mining, smelting, and chemistry in "De Re Metallica," was published
in Basel in 1556. In it he described the hazards of mining, including
occupational diseases such as "difficulty in breathing and destruction
of the lungs." It was still the major source on the state of technology
in the Middle Ages. In 1912 it was translated by Herbert Hoover, mining
engineer and future US president.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)(WSJ, 7/29/06,
p.P8)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Agricola)
1555 Fr. Bernardino de Sahagun
wrote down "The War of Conquest: The Aztec’s Own Story."
(ON, 10/00, p.5)
1555 England’s Parliament
established the Company of Watermen and Lightermen to regu-late the
Thames boating industry.
(AP, 1/9/07)
1555 In England Queen Mary began a
campaign of burnings and hangings during which over 300 people were
executed for refusing to abandon their Protestant faith.
(ON, 5/00, p.5)
1555 Michelangelo began work on
his Rondanini Pieta with a modern expressionistic quality.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555 The first Aztec dictionary
was published.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555 Pierre Belon, French
naturalist, published the first comprehensive study of birds in
"L’Histoire de la nature des oyseaux."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555 Guillaume Rondelet wrote a
classic taxonomy of fishes. His categories, based on gen-eral shape and
habitation, precluded any deep insight into a genealogical basis of
historical or-der.
(NH, 9/97, p.15)
1555 The first Jesuit play was
performed in Vienna.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555 Balthazar de Beaujoyeoux,
violinist, introduced several fellow violinists to the court of
Catherine de Medici. Under his influence the lute was replaced by the
violin as France’s most popular instrument.
(SFC, 12/29/96, zone 1 p.2)
1555 Siena was incorporated with
Florence. When the Florentine army defeated the Siennese a moratorium
was put on further development in the walled city.
(EWH, p.426)(SFEC, 6/29/97, p.T11)
1555 Japanese pirates besieged
Nanking.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555 The Ottoman Empire continued
its conquest of the North African coast.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1555-1600 Richard Hooker, architect of Anglicanism.
The Anglican Communion emerged from the conflicts between Henry VIII
and Pope Clement VII over Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn.
(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)
1555-1636 Tung Ch’i-ch’ang, painter and master of
calligraphy. He also mastered the play of void and presence at the
heart of Chinese ink painting.
(SFC, 10/14/96, p.B3)
1556 Feb 5, Henry II of France and
Philip of Spain signed the truce of Vaucelles.
(HN, 2/5/99)
1556 Feb 14, Archbishop Thomas
Cranmer was declared a heretic.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1556 Feb 2, The worst earthquake
in history devastated China’s Shanxi Province, killing 830,000 people.
(PCh, 1992,
p.190)(www.kepu.ac.cn/english/quake/ruins/rns03.html)
1556 Mar 21, Former Archbishop of
Canterbury Thomas Cranmer (66), scheduled to de-nounce his errors and
be burned at the stake, denounced his own confessions and was hustled
off to be burned. He then put forth his hand and declared: "Forasmuch
as my hand offended, writing contrary to my heart, my hand shall first
be punished."
(WSJ, 9/12/96, p.A14)(MC, 3/21/02)
1556 Mar 22, Cardinal Reginald
Pole became archbishop of Canterbury.
(MC, 3/22/02)
1556 Mar 28, Philip II, Charles
V's son, was crowned king of Spain. [see Sep 12]
(MC, 3/28/02)
1556 Apr 13, Portuguese Marranos
who reverted back to Judaism were burned alive by order of Pope.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1556 Jun 16, Pedro Fernandes
Sardinha, The 1st bishop of Bahia, was shipwrecked between the
rivers São Francisco and Cururipu and murdered by the Indians.
The Caytes of the Brazil-ian coast ate the crews of every wrecked
Portuguese ship they found. They ate the first Bishop of Bahia, two
Canons, the Procurator of the Royal Portuguese Treasury, 2 pregnant
women and several children.
(WSJ,
7/8/96,p.A9)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/13466a.htm)
1556 Jul 31, St. Ignatius of
Loyola (65), founder of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuit order of
Catholic priests and brothers, died in Rome.
(AP, 7/31/97)(MC, 7/31/02)
1556 Sep 9, Pope Paul IV refused
to crown Ferdinand of Austria emperor.
(MC, 9/9/01)
1556 Sep 12, Emperor Charles
resigned and his brother Ferdinand of Austria took over. Charles V
resigned and ended his days in a Spanish monastery. He bequeathed Spain
to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother
Ferdinand I. A few years of peace in Europe followed. The event formed
the basis for a later historical play by Friedrich Schiller, which was
in turn used by Verdi for his opera "Don Carlos."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(WSJ, 3/21/96, p.A-12)(MC,
9/12/01)
1556 Sep 13, Charles V and Maria
of Hungary marched into Spain.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1556 Nov 5, The Emperor Akbar
defeated the Hindus in a 2nd Battle at Panipat and secured control of
the Mogul Empire. Akbar the Great became Mogul Emperor of India and
defeated the Afghans at the Battle of Panipat in the Punjab.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(HN, 11/5/98)
1556 Nov 10, The Englishman
Richard Chancellor was drowned off Aberdeenshire on his re-turn from a
second voyage to Russia.
(HN, 11/10/98)
1556 Robert Recorde, English
mathematician, wrote a navigational guide to China, "The Cas-tle of
Knowledge." He was the first person to use the "=" sign.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1556 Orlando di Lasso, Belgian
composer, composed his first book of motets, among the ear-liest of
2,000 compositions.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1556 Suleiman’s mosque in
Constantinople was completed after six years of work.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1556 The Jesuit order was
established in Prague.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1556 In India Humayun fell down
the library steps in Purana Qila and died. This put his 14-year-old
son, Akbar, on the throne.
(HT, 4/97, p.22)
1556 The first tobacco seeds from
Brazil reached Europe, brought back by Andre Thevet, a Franciscan monk.
[see Mar 5, 1558, 1561]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1556 Philip II of Spain made the
Duke of Alba his chief military and political advisor.
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1556-1605 The Mughal Empire (Northern India)
prospered under Akbar.
(ATC, p.1161)
1556-1605 Akbar the Great during his reign built a
walled Mughal fort at Hund in northern Pakistan, that now encloses a
modern village.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.C)
1556-1620 Adriaen de Vries, Dutch sculptor. He was
born in The Hague and worked in Florence under the sculptor Giovanni
Bologna. His work included "Juggling Man" (c1610-1615), a bust of Emp.
Rudolf II (1603), and the Neptune Fountain (1615-1618).
(WSJ, 1/6/98, p.A20)(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)
1557 Feb 27, The 1st Russian
Embassy opened in London.
(MC, 2/27/02)
1557 Jul 16, Anne of Cleves (41),
queen of England and 4th wife of Henry VIII, died.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1557 Aug 10, Spanish and English
troops in alliance defeated the French at the Battle of St. Quentin
(San Quintino). French troops were defeated by Emanuele Filiberto's
Spanish army at St. Quentin, France.
(HN,
8/10/98)(www.niaf.org/news/news_italy/news_italy_mar2003.asp)
1557 Sep 1, Jacques Cartier,
French explorer, died in St. Malo, France.
(www.plpsd.mb.ca/amhs/history/cartier.html)
1557 Sep 11, Catholic &
Lutheran theology were debated in Worms. Catholics and Protes-tants met
in Worms in a final effort to achieve reconciliation.
(MC, 9/11/01)(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 Dec 3, The 1st Covenant of
Scottish protestants formed.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1557 Pieter Breughel the Elder
created his painting "The Drunkard Pushed Into the Pigsty."
(WSJ, 9/6/02, p.W14)
1557 The first English play to be
censored, "The Sea-Sack Full of Newes," was produced at Aldgate in
London, and was promptly suppressed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 William Whittingham
translated the Geneva Testament into English. It was divided into
verses and printed in Roman type.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 Robert Recorde published the
first English treatise on algebra, "Whetstone of Witte."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 The world’s first sovereign
bankruptcy took place following the indulgence of Genoese lenders for
Spain’s Philip II expensive taste for warfare.
(Econ, 9/23/06, p.11)
1557 The influx of New World
silver caused bankruptcies in France and Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 The Portuguese settled in
Macao, on the coast of southern China, and established trad-ing
factories. Trade agreement gave the Portuguese a virtual monopoly for
300 years on mari-time commerce China and Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(SFEC, 5/16/99, p.A24)(SFEM,
10/10/99, p.16)
1557 The Russians invaded Poland
and started the 14-year Livonian War of succession in the Baltic lands
held by the Teutonic Knights.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 The Spanish enslaved local
Indians around Guanajuato, Mexico, to work a silver mine. A major vein
was struck in 1768.
(SSFC, 5/4/03, p.D7)
1557 John III (the Pious) of
Portugal, who began the Inquisition, died. He was succeeded by his
three-year old grandson, Sebastian.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 Olaus Magnus (b.1490),
Swedish mapmaker, died. He guessed at the location of the northern land
of Thule mentioned by Greek explorer Pytheas (c380-310BC).
(WSJ, 3/4/06, p.P9)
1558 Jan 6, The French seized the
British held port of Calais.
(HN, 1/6/99)
1558 Jan 7, The French, under the
Duke of Guise, finally took the port of Calais from the Eng-lish.
(HN, 1/7/99)
1558 Mar 5, Smoking tobacco was
introduced in Europe by Francisco Fernandes. [see 1556]
(MC, 3/5/02)
1558 Apr 24, Mary, Queen of
Scotland, married the French dauphin, Francis.
(HN, 4/24/98)
1558 Apr 26, Jean Francois Fernel,
French physician, died.
(MC, 4/26/02)
1558 Jun 22, The French took the
French town of Thioville from the English.
(HN, 6/22/98)
1558 Jul 13, Led by the court of
Egmont, the Spanish army defeated the French at Graveli-nes, France.
(HN, 7/13/98)
1558 Jul 23, Battle at
Grevelingen: Gen. Lamoral van Egmont beat France. [see Jul 13]
(MC, 7/23/02)
1558 Aug 4, 1st printing of Zohar
(Jewish Kabala).
(MC, 8/4/02)
1558 Sep 21, Charles V (b.1500),
King of Spain (Carlos I), former Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556), died.
In 2006 lab tests showed that Charles suffered from gout.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(http://tinyurl.com/kq9sq)
1558 Nov 6, Thomas Kyd, English
dramatist (Spanish Tragedy), was born.
(MC, 11/6/01)
1558 Nov 17, Queen Mary (1553-58),
Mary I Tudor (42), "Bloody Mary", died. Elizabeth I as-cended the
English throne. With the reign of Elizabeth I a new statement of
doctrine of the Church of England was needed. The Church of England was
reestablished. In 1996 Carolly Erickson authored "Bloody Mary."
(AP, 11/17/97)(HNQ, 10/20/98)(HN, 11/17/98)(ON,
5/00, p.5)(MC, 11/17/01)
1558 Nov 17, Reginald Pole (58),
English cardinal, scholar, "heretic", died.
(MC, 11/17/01)
1558 Hendrick Goltzius (d.1617),
Dutch Master painter, was born.
(WSJ, 8/14/03, p.D8)
1558 John Knox published his "The
First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regi-ment of Women."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 Giovanni Battista della
Porta, Italian artist, published his "Natural Magic," the first
pub-lished account of the use of the camera obscura as an aid to
artists.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 The religious climate in
England changed for the better and Protestants returned home from
Geneva and Zurich.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 The Hamburg exchange was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 The Univ. of Jena was founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 Mary Queen of Scots married
the Dauphin, who later became Francis II of France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 Ferdinand I became Holy Roman
Emperor without being crowned by the Pope.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558 Thomas Gresham (1519-1579,
English financier, put forward proposals for reforming the English
currency. He formulated Gresham’s Law, a hypothesis that bad money
drives good money out of circulation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(WUD, 1994, p.622)
1558 John Dee, English
mathematician, invented two compasses for master pilots.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1558-1637 Hon’ami Koetsu, Japanese art collector,
calligrapher and ceramist in Kyoto.
(WSJ, 9/21/00, p.A24)
1559 Jan 15, England's Queen
Elizabeth I was crowned in Westminster Abbey and Lord Dud-ley soon
became her favorite.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(AP, 1/15/98)
1559 Jan 29, Thomas Pope (~52),
English politician, benefactor, died.
(MC, 1/29/02)
1559 Feb 16, Pope Paul IV called
for the overthrow of sovereigns supporting heresy.
(MC, 2/16/02)
1559 Mar 14, Jacques d'Auchy,
Walloon Baptist merchant, was executed.
(MC, 3/14/02)
1559 Apr 3, Philip II of Spain and
Henry II of France signed the peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending a long
series of wars between the Hapsburg and Valois dynasties. Turin was
chosen as the new capital of Savoy state under Duke Emanuele Filiberto.
(HN,
4/3/99)(www.world66.com/europe/italy/piemonte/turin/history)
1559 May 8, An act of supremacy
defined Queen Elizabeth I as the supreme governor of the church of
England.
(HN, 5/8/99)
1559 May 10, Scottish Protestants
under John Knox rose against Queen Mary. Knox preached an inflammatory
sermon at Perth and incited the Protestants lords to rise. They
cap-tured Edinburgh and sacked religious houses in other cities.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(MC, 5/10/02)
1559 May 13, Excavated corpse of
heretic David Jorisz was burned in Basel.
(MC, 5/13/02)
1559 Jul 10, Henry II of France
died following a wound to the head by a tournament lance on June 30.
This allegedly fulfilled a prophecy by Nostradamus. Gabriel de Lorges
de Montgom-ery, captain of the Scottish Guards, accidentally killed
Henry II as they jousted in front of the Hotel Royal des Tournelles.
The widowed queen, Catherine de Medicis (d.1589), had the royal
residence demolished.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(SFEM, 3/15/98, p.16)
1559 Aug 14, Spanish explorer de
Luna entered Pensacola Bay, Florida.
(HN, 8/14/98)
1559 Aug 22, Spanish archbishop
Bartholome de Carranza was arrested as a heretic.
(MC, 8/22/02)
1559 Sep 19, 5 Spanish ships sank
in a storm off Tampa. About 600 died.
(MC, 9/19/01)
1559 Titian began his work
"Europa." It was completed in 1562. In 1896 it was acquired by Isabella
Stewart Gardner. [see 1562]
(WSJ, 3/9/98, p.A16)
1559 The Escorial, an enormous
palace built on a grid plan for Philip II, was begun in Madrid.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 The first synod of Calvinist,
or Reformed, churches, met in Paris. The common name given to French
Protestants during the Reformation, Huguenots, came into use soon
thereafter. They formed a loose national organization as they won
converts among many French nobles. This led to a series of wars as
Roman Catholic nobles feared the growth of Huguenot power. [see 1572]
(HNQ, 10/8/00)
1559 The Elizabethan Prayer Book
was used for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 Pope Paul IV issued the
Catholic Church's 1st Index Librorum Prohibitorum. The Index of
Forbidden Books was maintained until 1966.
(SFC, 1/21/04, p.D2)
1559 Pope Paul IV died and was
succeeded by Pius IV.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 The Geneva Academy was
founded. It became a Univ. in 1873.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 Realdo Columbus, Italian
anatomist, advanced the understanding of human blood circu-lation.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 The Treaty of
Cateau-Cambresis ended the war between the late Holy Roman Emp. and
France, and between England and France. Calais was to remain French for
eight years and then to be restored to England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 1,500 Spanish settlers sailed
from Vera Cruz to found a settlement on Pensacola Bay in Florida, but
were repulsed by hostile Indians. A Spanish settlement was founded in
the area of Pensacola, Fl., but its exact location is a mystery.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(AP, 3/24/06)
1559 King Christian of Denmark and
Norway died after almost 24 years on the throne. He was succeeded by
his son Frederick II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 Wen Zhengming (b.1470),
Chinese artist, died. He was later considered the Michelan-gelo of
Chinese art. Most of his work, composites of poetry, calligraphy and
painting, was done to repay obligations.
(Econ, 8/21/04, p.70)
1560 Jan 31, Spanish king Philip
II married Elisabeth de Valois.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1560 Aug 10, Hieronymus
Praetorius, German composer, was born.
(MC, 8/10/02)
1560 Aug 21, Tycho Brahe
(1546-1601) became interested in astronomy.
(SC, 8/21/02)
1560 Sep 16, Arnaud du Tilh, who
had confessed to impersonating Martin Guerre, was hanged in front of
Guerre’s house in Artigat, France. In 1941 Janet Lewis (1899-1998)
pub-lished "The Wife of Martin Guerre," a historical novel based on
Guerre. The story was turned into an opera in 1961 with music by
William Bergsma. In 1984 a French film version was re-leased "The
Return of Martin Guere." An American version, "Somersby," was made in
1993 set during the Civil War.
(SFC, 12/5/98,
p.C2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Guerre)
1560 Hsu Wei wrote the first
classic Chinese novel, "Ching Ping Mei."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 Cardinal Mendoza, archbishop
of Burgos, wrote "Tizon de la nobleza de Espana," (the Blot on the
Spanish Nobility). He claimed that virtually the entire aristocracy had
Jewish or Moorish blood to point to the folly of the Inquisition’s
campaign to prevent anyone with Jewish blood from securing a position
of authority under the crown.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1560 The Geneva Bible, an English
translation, was published.
(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)
1560 Giorgio Vasari’s commission
for the Uffizi Palace took shape in Florence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 Anika Stroganoff began
construction of the Annunciation Cathedral in Solvychegodsk, Russia.
His grandchildren completed it in 1584.
(WSJ, 9/7/00, p.A24)
1560 The Church of Scotland was
founded. The Presbyterian branch of Protestant Christian-ity was
started by John Knox.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(SFC, 7/21/97, p.A11)
1560 The beginnings of Puritanism
appear in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 The Huguenot conspiracy of
Amboise attempted without success to overthrow the Guises, a powerful
French ducal line that championed the Catholic cause.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 In Japan a foundry began
making pots and developed to become Nabeya B-tech Kaisha (NBK), a 21st
century maker of high-precision machine parts.
(Econ, 3/8/08, p.72)
1560 Turkish galleys routed a
Spanish fleet off of Tripoli.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 Giovannin Battista della
Porta founded the first scientific society in Naples.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 King Francis II of France
died and was succeeded by Charles IX. Francis’ widow, Mary Queen of
Scots decided to return to Scotland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 King Gustavus I of Sweden
died. He was succeeded by Eric XIV, who courted Queen Elizabeth.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1560 The first blacks set foot in
Brazil.
(SFC, 9/21/96, p.A8)
1560-1609 Oswald Croll, the inventor of the Unguentum
Sympatheticum Crolii, a salve for both weapons and wounds.
(NH, 6/00, p.28)
1561 Jan 22, Sir Francis Bacon
(e.1626), English philosopher, was born in London. He was a statesman
and essayist. Educated at Cambridge, he served under Queen Elizabeth
and King James I. "He wrote the "Essays" throughout his life and these
are filled with pithy wisdom and homely charm. His "Advancement of
Learning" and "Novum Organon" constitute his most im-portant
contribution to knowledge. He held for the inductive method of learning
as opposed to the deductive method. The deductive method, according to
Bacon, failed because the seeker after knowledge deduced from certain
intuitive assumptions conclusions about the real world that might have
been logically correct but were not true to nature. The inductive
method suc-ceeded because the student of nature ascended by what Bacon
called a "ladder of intellect" from the most careful and indeed humble
observations to general conclusions that had to be true because their
foundation was experience. "If a man will begin in certainties he shall
end in doubts; but if he will be content to begin in doubts he shall
end in certainties." In 1998 Perez Zagorin published "Francis Bacon."
(V.D.-H.K.p.140)(AP, 5/1/98)(HN, 1/22/99)
Bacon also conceived the
invention of "idols" to explain the existence of human error. He
identified four idols:
1) The idols of the tribe, i.e. intellectual faults
that are common to all human beings (the univer-sal tendency to
oversimplify).
2) The idols of the cave, i.e. errors caused by
individual idiosyncrasies.
3) The idols of the marketplace, caused by the
language itself.
4) The idols of the theater, i.e. philosophical
systems that stood in the way of the patient, hum-ble search for truth."
(V.D.-H.K.p.140)
Bacon suggested that ideas could
be classified with an alphabet that represented fun-damental notions.
"Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability." In 1998
Perez Zago-rin published the biography "Francis Bacon." It was Bacon
who said that "knowledge is power," (scientia potestas est).
(Wired, 8/96, p.86)(WSJ, 7/23/98, p.A14)
1561 Jan 28, The Edict of Orleans
suspended the persecution of French Huguenots.
(MC, 1/28/02)
1561 Mar 29, Santorio Sanctorius
was born in Trieste. He became a physician, and was burned at stake as
a heretic.
(MC, 3/29/02)
1561 May, In Montpellier, France,
a Calvinist stronghold, the Catholics marched in protest against the
Calvinists chanting "We shall dance in spite of the Huguenots." Wars of
religion be-gan to rip France apart and lasted for the next 6 decades.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R22)
1561 Aug 19, Mary Queen of Scots
arrived in Leith, Scotland, to assume the throne after spending 13
years in France.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1561 Aug 29, Bartholomeus
Pitiscus, German mathematician (Trigonometry), was born.
(MC, 8/29/01)
1561 Sep 20, Queen Elizabeth of
England signed a treaty at Hamptan Court with French Hu-guenot leader
Louis de Bourbon, the Prince of Conde. The English would occupy Le
Harve in return for aiding Bourbon against the Catholics of France.
(HN, 9/20/98)
1561 Sep 23, Philip II of Spain
gave orders to halt colonizing efforts in Florida. The French took
advantage of the opportunity.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(HN, 9/23/98)
1561 Dec 9, Edwin Sandys, a
founder of the Virginia colony, was born.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1561 Ruy Lopez wrote the first
manual of chess instruction.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 Thomas Sackville and Thomas
Norton, English dramatists, wrote the first known English tragedy,
"Gorboduc or Ferrex and Porrex." It marked the first use of blank verse
in the English theater.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 Gabriel Fallopius, wrote one
of the first studies in anatomy in "Observationes anatomi-cae."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 Portuguese monks at Goa
introduced printing to India.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 The Order of the Teutonic
Knights in the Baltic States was secularized.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 The first Calvinist refugees
from Flanders, clothworkers, settled in Sandwich, England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 The Edict of Orleans
suspended the persecution of the Huguenots.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1561 The Basilica of St. Basil in
Moscow, begun in 1555, was completed under the reign of Ivan the
Terrible to celebrate the conquest of the Khanate of Kazan.
(WSJ, 9/16/06,
p.P18)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Basil's_Cathedral)
1561 Jean Nicot, French ambassador
to Lisbon, sent tobacco seeds and powdered leaves back to France. The
word "nicotine" is derived from his name. French diplomat Jean Nicot
in-troduced the use of tobacco to the French court in the 1560s.
Tobacco was cultivated and smoked by American Indians long before the
arrival of Columbus to the New World. By the 1530s Spanish settlers
were cultivating wild tobacco (N. rustica) and exporting it to Europe
from the West Indies. Sir Walter Raleigh popularized smoking tobacco in
England during the late 1500s. Nicotine, an addictive alkaloid found in
tobacco and certain other plants, is named for Nicot, as is the genus
name for the tobacco plant, Nicotiana.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(HNQ, 1/24/00)
1561 Santa Cruz (Bolivia) was
founded by the Spaniard Nuflo de Chavez as a bulwark against Portuguese
expansion.
(WSJ, 12/6/96, p.A12)
1561 Philip II moved his court to
Madrid, which was but a village until this time, and pro-claimed Madrid
as capital of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.T11)
1561 Simon Bening, Flemish
painter, died. He was known as the best illuminator of his time.
(Econ, 1/3/04, p.62)
1561-1598 In Merida, Mexico, the Catedral de San
Idelfonso was constructed on the site of a Ma-yan temple by Spanish
conquistadors. It was designed as a stronghold in their struggle to
sub-due the Maya.
(SSFC, 5/6/01, p.T6)
1562 Jan 17, French Protestant
Huguenots were recognized under the Edict of St. Germain.
(AP, 1/17/98)
1562 Feb 5, Michael Radvila the
Black accepted homage of G. Ketler, Duke of Couronia, to Sigismund
August.
(LHC, 2/5/03)
1562 Mar 1, Blood bath at Vassy;
General de Guise allowed the murder of 1200 Huguenots. The Guises
massacred more than 60 Huguenots at a Protestant service at Vassy and
sparked off The Wars of Religion in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(SC, 3/1/02)
1562 Mar 4,The Archdiocese of
Riga was attached to Lithuania.
(LHC, 3/4/03)
1562 Mar 9, Kissing in public was
banned in Naples and made punishable by death.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1562 May 1, The 1st French
colonists in the US, a 5-vessel Huguenot expedition led by Jean Ribault
(1520-1565), landed in Florida. He continued north and established a
colony named Charlesfort at Parris Island, SC.
(Arch, 1/05,
p.47)(www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0841765.html)
1562 Jul 23, Gottfried, Gotz von
Berlichingen, German Knight of kingdom, died.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1562 Sep 17, The Council of Trent
took ecclesiastical canon. The Council of Trent (1545-1563) demanded
that clarity replace embellishment and display in church
music.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(MC, 9/17/01)
1562 Oct 9, Gabriel Fallopius,
anatomist (discovered fallopian tubes), died in Modena, Italy.
(MC, 10/9/01)
1562 Nov 25, Lope Felix de Vega,
dramatist and poet (Angelica, Arcadia), was born in Ma-drid, Spain.
(MC, 11/25/01)
1562 Dec 19, The French Wars of
Religion between the Huguenots and the Catholics began with the Battle
of Dreux.
(HN, 12/19/98)
1562 Titian completed the "Rape of
Europa" for Philip II of Spain. It is the most celebrated of his erotic
mythologies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(WSJ, 3/9/98, p.A16)
1562 William Turner published a
survey of spas in Europe.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 Gasparo Bartolotti, Italian
violin maker, began his career.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 William Cecil built the first
conservatory in England to protect his subtropical plants and trees.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 A Spanish priest wrote that
the well at Chichen Itza was a place where Mayas had made offerings to
their gods.
(ON, 5/02, p.6)
1562 The Univ. of Lille was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
c1562 Austrian Archduke Maximilian
began breeding Spanish Andalusian horses.
(SFC, 7/6/02, p.D2)
1562 Milled coins were first
introduced in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 The Huguenot leader Louis I
de Bourbon signed the Treaty of Hampton Court with Queen Elizabeth that
called for the English troops to occupy Dieppe and La Havre.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 In Korea Im Kkok-chong, a
righteous outlaw who rose up against the greedy officials and
distributed it to the poor, was caught and beheaded. His chivalry and
revolutionary ideas captured the admiration of the people and inspired
the popular novel: “Hong Kil-tong chon, the Tale of Hong Kil-Tong,”
written in the early 17th century by the scholar Ho Kyun.
(www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history/early_choson_period.htm)
1562 Emp. Ferdinand I signed an
8-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1562 John Hawkins, English naval
commander, removed 300 African slaves from a Portu-guese ship bound for
Brazil. This marked the start of the English participation in the slave
trade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 Feb 15, Ivan IV led Russian
forces in the takeover of Polocka, defended under the lead-ership of
Stanislav Davaina.
(LHC, 2/15/03)
1563 Feb 18, Huguenot Jean Poltrot
de Merde shot French Gen. Francois De Guise (44).
(MC, 2/18/02)
1563 Feb 27, William Byrd, English
composer, was appointed organist at Lincoln Cathedral.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(MC, 2/27/02)
1563 Mar 19, The Peace of Amboise
granted Rights for Huguenots.
(MC, 3/19/02)
1563 Apr 30, Jews were expelled
from France by order of Charles VI.
(HN, 4/30/98)
1563 Jun 1, Robert Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, Chief Minister of England, was born.
(HN, 6/1/98)
1563 Oct 13, Francesco Caracciolo,
Italian religious founder and saint (Caracciolini), was born.
(MC, 10/13/01)
1563 Pieter Breughel the Elder,
great Flemish artist, painted the "Tower of Babel." [see 1568-1625]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(WSJ, 2/18/00, p.W12)
1563 The Council of Trent ordered
a repainting of the "The Last Judgement" by Michelangelo to cloth many
of the frescos' previously nude figures.
(SFC, 1/21/04, p.D2)
1563 Foxe’s "Book of Martyrs"
appeared in its first illustrated English edition.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 The 1563 Canterbury
Convocation drastically revised the Forty-two Articles of the Church of
England. The 39 Articles combined Protestant doctrine with Catholic
church organi-zation to establish the Church of England. Dissenting
groups included the Puritans, Separatists, and Presbyterians. [see 1571]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(HNQ, 10/20/98)
1563 The Jesuits lead the
Counter-Reformation from Bavaria.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 In Turin the Istituto
Bancario San Paolo di Torino was established with a system of
own-ership under a charitable foundation under the control of local
authorities. The system held into 1997.
(WSJ, 3/24/97, p.A14)
1563 Maximilian II was elected
King of Hungary.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 Frederick II of Denmark
allied to Poland, Lubeck, and Saxony against Sweden to start the Seven
Years’ War.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 The Peace of Amboise ended
the First War of Religion in France. Huguenots gained limited
tolerance. The French regain La Havre from the English.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 Gerardus Mercator, Flemish
geographer, produced the first detailed map of Lorraine.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563-1727 In Prestonpans, Scotland, 81 people were
convicted and executed for being witches. In 2004 they were officially
pardoned.
(WSJ, 9/15/06,
p.A10)(http://forejustice.org/wc/sp/scottish_pardons.html)
1564 Feb 15, Italian astronomer
Galileo Galilei (d.1642) was born in Pisa. He was the first modern man
to understand that mathematics can truly describe the physical world.
He said: "The Book of Nature is written in mathematics." [V.D.-H.K.
dated his death to 1646] He ran afoul of the Catholic Church for
defending the Copernican system, which maintained that the earth
revolves around the sun. He died in Acetri, near Florence.
(V.D.-H.K.p.1200) (TNG,Klein,p.22) (AHD,p.539) (CFA,
'96,Vol 179, p.40) (AP, 2/15/98) (HN, 2/15/99)
1564 Feb 18, Michelangelo
(b.1475), painter and sculptor, died in Rome. In 1996 George Bull wrote
a biography and in 1999 James H. Beck published "Three Worlds of
Michelangelo." In 2003 Ross King authored "Michelangelo & the
Pope’s Ceiling." In 2005 James Hall authored “Michelangelo and the
Reinvention of the Human Body.”
(AP, 2/18/98)(SFEC, 3/14/99, BR p.6)(SSFC, 1/26/03,
p.M3)(SSFC, 6/26/05, p.C5)
1564 Feb 26, Christopher Marlowe,
English, poet, dramatist, was baptized. His work included "Doctor
Faustus," "Tamburlaine," "The Jew of Malta," and other plays. He was
murdered at 29 in a Deptford tavern and was suspected of being a spy to
the Continent on behalf of the Crown. In 1993 Anthony Burgess had a
novel published posthumously about Marlowe titled "A Dead Man in
Deptford."
(WSJ, 4/28/95, p.A-8)(DTnet, 6/1/97)(SC, 2/26/02)
1564 Mar 9, David Fabricius,
astronomer (discovered variable star), was born in Essen, Ger-many.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1564 Mar 13, Zigmantas
Augustas gave over to Poland his rights to Lithuania and supported the
Warsaw parliament recess and summons for the 1st representatives on
talks regarding un-ion.
(LHC, 3/13/03)
1564 Apr 23, William Shakespeare
(1564-1616), English poet and playwright of the Elizabe-than and early
Jacobin periods, was born and died on the same date 52 years later. He
added more than 1,700 word to the English language. He was the son of
an illiterate glove maker who left school at 12: "Be not afraid of
greatness: some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have
greatness thrust upon them." -- from Act II, Scene 5 of "Twelfth
Night." From "Henry V," "Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once
more."
(CFA, '96, p.44)(WSJ, 4/22/96, p.a-23)(AP,
4/23/97)(HN, 4/23/99)
1564 Apr 26, William Shakespeare
was baptized.
(HN, 4/26/98)
1564 May 27, John Calvin (54), one
of the dominant figures of the Protestant Reformation, died in Geneva.
(HN, 5/27/99)(MC, 5/27/02)
1564 Jun 22, A 3-ship French
expedition under René de Laudonnière arrived in Florida
and built Fort Caroline.
(Arch, 1/05,
p.47)(www.cla.sc.edu/sciaa/staff/depratterc/chas2.html)
1564 Jul 25, Maximillian II became
emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
(HN, 7/25/98)
1564 Aug 18, Spanish king Philip
II joined the Council of Trent.
(MC, 8/18/02)
1564 Sep 13, On the verge of
attacking Pedro Menendez's Spanish settlement at San Agostin, Florida,
Jean Ribault's French fleet was scattered by a devastating storm.
(HN, 9/13/98)
1564 Oct 2, Andreas Vesalius,
Flemish anatomist, died at 49. Andreas Vesalius, the father of modern
anatomy, was forced by the Inquisition to make a pilgrimage to the Holy
Land. He dis-appeared during the voyage.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(MC, 10/2/01)
1564 Oct 3, Christophorus
Fabritius, [Christoffel Smit], Calvinist vicar, was burned at the stake.
(MC, 10/3/01)
1564 Oct 18, John Hawkins began
his 2nd trip to America.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1564 Dec 31, Willem of Orange
demanded freedom of conscience and religion.
(MC, 12/31/01)
1564 The Peace of Troyes ended the
war between England and France with England re-nouncing its claim to
Calais for a substantial payment.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 Emp. Ferdinand I died. He was
succeeded by his son Maximilian II.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 Ivan IV was forced by the
Russian nobles (Boyars) to withdraw from Moscow.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 Spaniards occupied the
Philippines and built Manila.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 The Council of Trent ended
with the Pope promulgating profesio fidei, the final definition of
Roman Catholicism.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 The Counter-Reformation
extended to Poland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 John Calvin, Protestant
leader, died in Geneva.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 Andrea Amati (d.1577),
Italian violin maker, made one of the first of his famous violins in
Cremona. Stradivari was one of his students.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(AMNHDT, 5/98)(Econ, 7/30/05,
p.78)
1564 The first horse-drawn coach
was introduced to England from Holland.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1564 France adopted the reformed
calendar and shifted the new year from April to Jan. Some didn't like
the change and were called April fools.
(SFEC, 1/10/99, Z1 p.8)
1564-1651 Abraham Bloemaert, Dutch artist and teacher
of Hendrick ter Brugghen.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.13)
1565 Mar 1, Spanish occupier
Estacio de Sá founded Rio de Janeiro. He destroyed the exist-ing
French colony.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(SC, 3/1/02)
1565 Apr 27, First Spanish
settlement in Philippines was established in Cebu City.
(HN, 4/27/98)
1565 May 19-Sep 8, In Malta the
Great Siege lasted over this period as Suleyman the Mag-nificent sought
to add the island to his conquests. The Turkish army of 40,000 men
besieged the Knights of Malta, led by Grand Master Jean de la Valette,
at their garrison, St. Elmo. The defenders numbered 540 knights, 400
Spanish troops, and Maltese gentry. In the initial attack 200 of 260
defenders lay dead at the end of the day but the garrison held out. The
Turks con-tinued their efforts for four months when reinforcements
arrived and saved them. The arrival of a fleet from Spain, the “Gran
Soccorso,” turned the tide. This halted the westward advance of Islam
in the Mediterranean. St. Elmo was later transformed into Valletta, the
capital of Malta. The Order of St. John continues to thrive to today.
(HNQ, 4/8/99)(WSJ, 12/30/94, p.A-6)(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97
p.40)(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)
1565 Jul 29, Mary Queen of Scots
married her cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(MC, 7/29/02)
1565 Aug 28, A Spanish expedition
under Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived at an inlet on the Florida coast
on the feast day of St. Augustine and gave the theologian’s name to the
en-campment.
(WSJ, 7/17/08, p.W8)
1565 Sep 8, A Spanish expedition
under Pedro Menendez de Aviles established the first per-manent
European colony in the present day St. Augustine, Fla. Aviles founded
St. Augustine on the site of the Timucuan Indian village of Seloy, 42
years before the English settled at James-town and 55 years before the
Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest
permanent European settlement in the US. Castillo de San Marco fortress
was built by the Spanish to defend St. Augustine.
(AP, 9/8/97)(NG, March 1990, p.117)(WSJ, 8/3/95,
p.A-8)(WSJ, 5/21/98, p.A1)
1565 Sep 20, A Spanish fleet under
Pedro Menendez de Aviles wiped out the French at Fort Caroline, in
Florida. Spanish forces under Pedro Menendez massacred a band of French
Hu-guenots that posed a potential threat to Spanish hegemony in the
area. They also took advan-tage of the local Timucuan Indian tribe.
Artist Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues managed to es-cape and return to
France.
(WSJ, 8/3/95, p.A-8)(HN, 9/20/98)(Arch, 1/05,
p.47)(WSJ, 7/18/08, p.W8)
1565 Sep 28, Alessandro Tassoni,
political writer (Rape of Bucket), was born in Modena, Italy.
(MC, 9/28/01)
1565 Dec 9, Pius IV (66),
[Gianangelo de' Medici], Italian Pope (1559-65), died.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1565 Dec 18, Benedetto Varchi
(62), Italian humanist and historian (L'Ercolano), died.
(MC, 12/18/01)
1565 Pieter Breughel the Elder
received a commission for a series of paintings called "The Months."
Five survive including "Hunters in the Snow."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1565 Tintoretto (c.1518-1594)
created his “Crucifixion,” later considered the single best ex-ample of
Italian Renaissance religious art.
(WSJ, 9/22/07, p.W10)
1565 The Vasari corridor was built
in Florence to connect the Pitti Palace with the Uffizi Gal-lery. In
1664 Leopoldo de Medici began a collection of artists’ self-portraits
and housed them in the corridor.
(Econ, 5/26/07, p.100)
1565 Palladio finished S. Giorgio
Maggiore Church in Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1565 The bouree, derived from a
traditional French clog dance, was introduced at the French court
Catherine de’Medici.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1565 Pedro Menendez de Aviles,
Spanish Florida’s 1st governor, led an expedition to the Calusa and
stationed a small garrison at Calos. The garrison withdrew in 1568.
(AM, 11/04, p.50)
1565 The Royal College of
Physicians in London was officially permitted to carry out human
dissections.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1565 Pencils were first
manufactured in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1565 Venetian Fernand Berteli drew
a large body of water in the St. Lawrence Valley on his map "A Complete
Description of the Whole Known World."
(LSA, Spring 1995, p.6)
1565 Father Andres Urdaneta
sighted land believed to be the California coast while sailing on the
Manila to Acapulco trade route.
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A25)
1565 Elizabeth I of England
granted the nobleman Hellier de Carteret the island fiefdom of Sark,
which included the island of Brecqhou in the English Channel.
(SFC, 8/10/96, p.A10)
1565 In India Akbar had the Red
Fort built in Agra along the Yamuna River.
(HT, 4/97, p.22)
1565 The Iglesia de San Roque was
built in Campeche, Mexico.
(SSFC, 1/25/09, p.E5)
1565 Philip II of Spain sent
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and 1,000 mercenaries from Mexico to
wrest the Philippines from Muslim sultans, who had ruled since the 12th
century.
(SFC, 7/7/03, p.A6)
1566 Feb 13, St. Augustine,
Florida, was established. [see Sep 8, 1565]
(MC, 2/13/02)
1566 Mar 9, David Riccio, Italian
singer, secretary, lover of Mary Stuart, was murdered.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1566 May 10, Leonhard Fuchs (65),
German botanist, died.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1566 Mar 11, The 2nd
Lithuanian statutes went into effect and upheld a democracy of
land-owners. The Statute of Lithuania gave the Seimas legislative
power. The parliament had devel-oped since Casimir ascended to the
Polish throne. It was composed of an upper chamber or Council of Lords
and assemblies of noblemen. They assembled in Vilnius or Brest-Litovsk.
(DrEE, 10/5/96, p.5)(LHC, 3/11/03)
1566 Jun 19, King James I (d.1625
at 59), son of Mary Queen of Scots, was born. James, aka King James VI
of Scotland ruled Scotland from 1567-25 and England from 1603-25.
(WUD, 1994, p.763)(WSJ, 4/16/97, p.A13)(DTnet,
6/19/97)(HN, 6/19/99)
1566 Jul 2, French astrologer,
physician and prophet Nostradamus died in Salon.
(AP, 7/2/97)
1566 Aug 25, Iconoclastic fury
began in the Dutch province of Utrecht. Fanatical Calvinists instigated
religious riots in the Netherlands.
(chblue.com, 8/25/01)(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 Sep 5, Suleiman I, Great Law
Giver and sultan of Turkey (1520-66), died at 71. Suley-man the
Magnificent died and his great empire began a gradual decline under his
slothful son, Selim II. Suleyman during his reign commissioned the
architect Sinan to build the Suleymanye, perhaps the finest mosque ever
constructed.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(WSJ, 4/29/99, p.A24)(MC, 9/5/01)
1566 Nov 10, Robert Devereux, 2nd
earl of Essex, cousin and lover of Elizabeth I, was born.
(MC, 11/10/01)
1566 Dec 1, Spanish king Philip II
named Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alba.
(MC, 12/1/01)
1566 Dec 30, Alessandro Piccinini,
composer, was born.
(MC, 12/30/01)
1566 Gerolamo Bassano (d.1621),
Italian artist, was born. His work included “The Sepulchre.” It was
based on a larger altarpiece painted in 1574 by his father Jacopo
Bassano and Fran-cesco Bassano. In 2006 the Washington County Museum of
Fine Arts in Maryland commis-sioned an x-ray of the work and found that
it hid a portrait of a man in Renaissance clothing.
(SFC, 5/12/06,
p.E9)(www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/bassano/)
1566 Pieter Breughel the Elder
painted the "Peasant Wedding Dance."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 G. Blundeville published his
"Foure Chiefest Offices Belonging to Horsemanship." It was a pioneering
manual of veterinary science.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 Japanese music began to win
its individual character with the popularization of national forms of
vertical bamboo pipe (shakuhachi), three-stringed guitar (samisen), and
zither (koto).
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 The Stari Most (Old Bridge)
was built over the Neretva River in Bosnia. It gave the city of Mostar
(bridge keeper) its name. It was destroyed in 1993 by Bosnian Croat
artillery. An annual diving contest was held off the bridge since it
was built. In 2004 the bridge was reopened.
(SFC, 5/15/00, p.A12)(WSJ, 6/1/04, p.A1)(Econ,
11/26/05, p.64)
1566 A Serbian Orthodox monastery
was built in Zitomislic, Bosnia. It was destroyed in 1992 during the
Bosnian War, but was rebuilt and reopened in May 2005.
(Econ, 11/26/05, p.64)
1566 Two sons of Cortes, both
named Martin Cortes, were arrested in Mexico for purportedly fomenting
a rebellion against the Spanish crown. In 2004 Anna Lanyon authored
“The New World of Martin Cortes.”
(SSFC, 7/11/04, p.M3)
1566 Akbar began the construction
of the Lahore Fort in northern Pakistan.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.C)
1566 Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss
theologian, sought to combine Calvinism with Zwinglianism in his
"Helvetian Confession."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri
was elected Pope Pius V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 Regent Margaret abolished the
Inquisition.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 The Turko-Hungarian War
restarted despite the truce of 1562.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 The Spanish made contact with
Calusa Indians at a major village in what is now Pine-land, Florida.
(AM, adv. circular, p.2)
1566 Spanish conquistador Juan
Pardo arrived the Spanish settlement at Santa Elena, on what later
became known as Parris Island, South Carolina. He marched into the
interior and founded Fort San Juan next to a Catawba town called Joara.
Fort San Juan was burned down by the Catawba after about 18 months.
(Sm, 3/06, p.33)
1566 Sir Francis Drake visited an
island off Roanoke, Va., with a ship full of Turkish prisoners. Only
half the prisoners were recorded as taken back to England.
(WSJ, 4/14/97, p.B5)
1566 One of the world’s first
newspapers, "Notizie Scritte," appeared in Venice.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1566 Bartolome de Las Casas
(b.1474), “Apostle to the Indians,” died in Madrid, Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1566-1572 Pius V (b. 1504) led the Catholic Church.
(HN, 1/17/99)
1566-1574 Selim II followed Suleiman I in the Ottoman
House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1566-1638 Joachim Wytawael (Wtewael), Dutch mannerist
painter.
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.13)(SFEM, 9/17/00,
p.96)
1567 Feb 9, Henry Stuart, earl of
Darnley, Lord Darnley, the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, was
murdered in his sick-bed in a house in Edinburgh when the house blew
up. In 2003 Alison Weir authored "Mary, Queen of the Scots, and the
Murder of Lord Darnley."
(HN, 2/9/99)(MC, 2/9/02)(WSJ, 5/1/03, D10)
1567 Apr 11, Dutch Prince William
of Orange fled from Antwerp to Breda.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1567 May 1, Michiel Jansz van
Mierevelt, Dutch royal painter, was born.
(MC, 5/1/02)
1567 May 15, Claudio Giovanni
Antonio Monteverdi (d.1643), musician and composer (L'Or-feo), was born
in Cremona, Italy. He marked the beginning of the Baroque Era in music.
(LGC-HCS, p.25)(WUD, 1994, p.928)(MC, 5/15/02)
1567 May 15, Mary, Queen of Scots
married James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1567 Jun 11, At Borthwick Castle a
thousand Scottish nobles cornered Mary, Queen of Scots, who fled the
castle by jumping out the window, disguised as a pageboy. The nobles
cornered the newly-wed Mary and her third husband, the dubious James
Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell. They demanded Bothwell's head and Mary’s
renunciation of the Earl and his influence. Bothwell, a suspect in the
murder of Queen Mary’s second husband, Lord Darnley, just a few months
be-fore, fled the castle’s sheltering 110-foot towers and the asylum
offered by the 6th Lord Borth-wick, leaving his wife and queen behind.
(HNQ, 4/13/01)
1567 Jun 15, Genoa expelled the
Jews. [see Apr 2, 1550]
(MC, 6/15/02)
1567 Jun 16, Mary, Queen of Scots,
was imprisoned in Lochleven Castle in Scotland.
(AP, 6/16/98)
1567 Jun 20, Jews were expelled
from Brazil by order of regent Don Henrique.
(MC, 6/20/02)
1567 Jul 24, Mary, Queen of Scots,
was imprisoned and forced to abdicate her throne to her 1-year-old son
James VI.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1567 Aug 8, Duke of Alba's army
entered Brussels, Belgium.
(MC, 8/8/02)
1567 Sep 9, Lomaraal, Count van
Egmont and Philip van Hoorne, were arrested by Alba.
(MC, 9/9/01)
1567 Oct 6, The Duke of Alba
became guardian of the Netherlands. Spain’s Duke of Alba ar-rived in
Brussels at the head of a 10,000 troops to quell the iconoclastic riots.
(MC, 10/6/01)(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1567 Nov
10, In the Battle at St. Denis the French government army faced the
Huguenots. Catholic duke François I of Condé (1530-1569)
managed to sustain his position against a nu-merically larger force of
Huguenots (French Protestants). The Huguenots had started a second War
of Religion in France with the Conspiracy of Meaux led by Condé
and Duke Anne of Montmorency (1493?-1567). Montmorency lost his life at
St. Denis.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(DoW, 1999, p.390)
1567 Samuel de Champlain, French
explorer (Lake Champlain), was born. Later evidence suggested that he
was more likely born about 1580.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain)
1567 El Greco (1541-1614) arrived
in Venice as a painter if icons in the hieratic, late-Byzantine style.
(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1567 The Metropolitan Cathedral
was begun in Mexico City. It took 250 years to complete.
(Hem., 1/96, p.26)
1567 Longleat House was begun. It
shows the impetus of the Reformation on English domes-tic architecture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1567 The Catholic Church outlawed
the outright sale of indulgences.
(WSJ, 1/13/00, p.A1)
1567 Maximilian II established a
monastery council to superintend the clergy.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1567 Laurence Sheriff founded the
Rugby school in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1567 Mary, Queen of Scots, played
one of the 1st recorded games of golf at Seton Castle. In 2005 the
14-bedroom castle was put on the market asking $27 million.
(SFC, 8/31/05, p.C2)
1567 The Duke of Alva, a military
commander under Philip II of Spain, arrived in the Nether-lands as a
military governor and began a reign of terror. Margaret of Parma
resigned the re-gency.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1567 Typhoid fever swept through
parts of South America and killed more than two million Indians.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1567 Alvaro Mendana de Neyra,
Spanish explorer, discovered the Solomon Islands.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 Jan 24, In Netherlands Duke
of Alba declared (future King) William of Orange an outlaw.
(MC, 1/24/02)
1568 Feb 16, A sentence of the
Holy Office condemned all the inhabitants of the Netherlands to death
as heretics. From this universal doom only a few persons, especially
named, were ac-quitted.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War)
1568 Feb 17, Holy Roman Emperor
Maximillian II agreed to pay tribute to the Sultan for peace.
(MC, 2/17/02)
1568 Mar 9, Aloysius "Luigi" van
Gonzaga, Italian prince, Jesuit, saint, was born.
(MC, 3/9/02)
1568 Mar 23, Treaty of Longjumeau:
French Huguenots went on strike.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1568 May 3, French forces in
Florida slaughter hundreds of Spanish.
(HN, 5/3/98)
1568 May 11, Christian I, ruler of
Anhalt-Bernburg (Battle of White Mountain), was born.
(MC, 5/11/02)
1568 May 13, Mary Queen of Scots
was defeated by English at battle of Langside.
(MC, 5/13/02)
1568 May 16, Mary Queen of
Scotland fled to England.
(MC, 5/16/02)
1568 May 19, Defeated by the
Protestants, Mary, Queen of Scots, fled to England where Queen
Elizabeth imprisoned her.
(HN, 5/19/99)`
1568 Jun 1, Duke of Alba beheaded
18 nobles in Brussels. (MC, 6/1/02)
1568 Jun 4, Lamoraal, Count
Egmont, prince of Gavere, was beheaded in Brussels for oppo-sition to
the Spanish Inquisition. He became a heroic figure in Goethe's play and
Beethoven's musical setting. Philips van Montmorency comte d'Horn,
admiral, statesman, was also be-headed along with 18 other leaders of
the Flemish opposition.
(PCh, 1992, p.195)(MC, 6/5/02)
1568 Jun 5, Ferdinand, the Duke of
Alba, crushed the Calvinist insurrection in Ghent [Bel-gium].
(HN, 6/5/98)
1568 Jul 13, Alexander Nowell, the
Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, perfected a way to bottle beer.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(MC, 7/13/02)
1568 Jul 23, Don Carlos (c23), son
of Spanish king Philip II, died.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1568 Sep 5, Tommasso Campanella,
Italian philosopher and poet, who wrote "City of the Sun," was born.
(HN, 9/5/98)
1568 Sep 30, Eric XIV, king of
Sweden, was deposed after showing signs of madness. The Swedes declared
Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaimed John III king.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(HN, 9/30/98)
1568 Oct 5, The Conference of York
began in the trial against Mary Stuart.
(MC, 10/5/01)
1568 Oct 5, Willem of Orange's
army occupied Brabant.
(MC, 10/5/01)
1568 The "Shahnameh" by Firdawsi,
as commissioned by Shah Tahmasp was given to the Ottoman Sultan Selim
II. By 1903 it was in the hand of Baron Edmond de Rothschild.
(WSJ, p. A-18, 10/13/94)
1568 Archbishop Matthew Parker
supervised the "Bishop’s Bible," which was published in op-position to
the popular (Calvinistic, 1560) Geneva Bible.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)
1568 Il Gesu, the mother church of
the Jesuit order, was begun in Rome.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 The Spanish Riding School in
Vienna began operating and became world famous for their Lipizzaners,
white horses.
(SFEC, 11/29/98, p.T5)
1568 Emp. Maximilian bought peace
from Selim II and the Sultan received a large annual payment.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 Leaders of the Flemish
opposition to the Spanish Inquisition were beheaded as traitors in
Brussels.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 General Oda Nobunaga,
Japanese leader who seized Kyoto and destroyed the power of the feudal
lords, introduced a dynamic period of centralization and expansion.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 Gasparo da Salo began making
violins at Brescia.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 Constanzo Varoli, Italian
anatomist, studied the anatomy of the human brain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1568 In Rome Aonio Paleario, poet
and protestant-style reformer, was burned at the stake by Pius V for
posting a poem on a statue, a practice that was called the "talking
statue" (Pas-quino): "You’d think it was winter – the way Pius is
burning Christians, - like so many logs on the fire. – He must be
getting himself ready – to enjoy the flames of Hell.
(WSJ, 5/3/01, p.A16)
1568 The "Shahnameh" (Persian Book
of Kings-1520-1530) by Firdawsi was given to the Ot-toman Sultan. It
was commissioned to be illustrated for Shah Tahmasp by more than a
dozen artists. 258 miniatures were made with 750 folios of Farsi text
in it.
(WSJ, p. A-18, 10/13/94)
1568-1600 The Azuchi-Momoyama Period in Japan.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 215)
1568-1625 Jan Breughel, the Elder, a son of Pieter
Breughel, painted the "teeming textures of nor-mal existence."
(WSJ, 2/18/00, p.W12)
1568-1648 The Eighty Years' War, or Dutch Revolt was
the secession war in which the proto-Netherlands first became an
independent country and in which the region now known as Bel-gium
became established. It was carried on by the Calvinist and
predominantly mercantile Dutch provinces.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.21)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War)
1569 Jan 11, The 1st recorded
lottery in England was drawn in St Paul's Cathedral.
(MC, 1/11/02)
1569 Feb 7, King Philip II ordered
the inquisition in South America.
(MC, 2/7/02)
1569 Feb 28, The Lithuanian
delegation pulled out of union talks with Poland and departed Lublin.
(LHC, 2/28/03)
1569 Mar 12, Zigmantas
Augustas broke away from Lithuania and attached Volinija and Palenki to
Poland.
(LHC, 3/12/03)
1569 Mar 13, Count of Anjou
defeated the Huguenots at the Battle of Jarnac. Louis Conde, French
prince, co-leader of Huguenots, died in battle.
(MC, 3/13/02)
1569 Apr 3, Giovanni Battista
Massarengo, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/3/02)
1569 May 10, Juan Avila, Spanish
minister, writer, died.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1569 Jul 1, The Lublin Union was
signed and direct rule over Lithuania was passed to Poland. Lithuania
maintained certain ministers, laws, money and an army. The territories
of Volinija, Kiev and Podolija were transferred to Polish rule.
(H of L, 1931, p.72-74)(LC, 1998, p.20)
1569 Jul 1, Latvia Parliament
accepted the Union of Lublin and was incorporated into Poland.
(MC, 7/1/02)
1569 Aug 27, Pope Pius named
Cosimo I de' Medici, grand duke of Toscane.
(MC, 8/27/01)
1569 Sep 5, Pieter Breughel, South
Netherlands (Flemish) painter, died at about 44.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1569 Oct 3, Battle of Montcontour
the Duke of Anjou beat the Huguenots.
(MC, 10/3/01)
1569 Nov 16, Paul Sartorius,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1569 Dec 9, Martinus de Porres,
saint (patron of social justice), was born in Peru.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1569 Dec 18, Jakob Hassler,
composer, was born.
(MC, 12/18/01)
1569 Dec 23, St. Philip,
metropolitan of Moscow, was martyred by Ivan the Terrible.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1569 Alfonso de Ercilla y Zuniga
published about this time the first part of a Spanish epic on the
conquest of Chile, "La Araucana."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1569 Lithuania and Poland formed
the Union of Lublin for protection against the growing power of
Muscovite Russia. The new federation established an elective monarchy
and Lithuania lost its separate institutions and was gradually
submerged into Poland as a province. The Union of Lublin merged
Lithuania, Poland and Lublin under Sigismund II of Poland.
(Compuserve, Online Encyclopedia)(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1569 Don John of Austria put down
the Morisco rebellion in Granada.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1569 Tycho Brahe, Danish
astronomer, built a quadrant measuring 5.8 meters, and a celestial
globe with a diameter of 1.5 meters at Augsburg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)
1569 Gerhardus Mercator
(1512-1594), Flemish geographer, produced his "Map of the World" for
the use of navigators on the projection that bears his name to this
day. He was the first to use the term "atlas" for a collection of maps.
In 2004 Andrew Taylor authored “The World of Gerard Mercator.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.21)(WSJ, 11/5/04, p.W9)
1569 Burmese King Bayinnaung
invaded Thailand and took as hostage Princess Suphanka-laya. It was
later believed that the princess gave up her freedom in exchange for
her kingdom's independence from Burma. In 1999 The Thai government
offered to help Burma restore a pal-ace in exchange for information
about the princess.
(SFEC, 7/4/99, p.A11)
1569-1583 In India Akbar was informed by a holy man
that he would soon be a father. A Muslim wife bore him a son and Akbar
built a walled city, Fatehpur Siskri, in Sikri, the home village of the
holy man. The local water table could not meet the demands of the city
and after about 14 years the capital was moved back to Agra.
(HT, 4/97, p.23)
1570 Jan 2, Tsar Ivan the Terrible
began a march to Novgorod.
(MC, 1/2/02)
1570 Jan 9, Ivan the Terrible
killed 1000-2000 residents of Novgorod. Ivan the Terrible, Tsar of
Muscovy, sacked the city of Great Novgorod, massacring most of its
inhabitants during a five-week reign of terror.
(TL-MB, p.22)(MC, 1/9/02)
1570 Feb 25, Pope Pius V issued
the bull Regnans in Excelsis which excommunicated Queen Elizabeth the
First of England. This absolved her subjects from allegiance. Elizabeth
responded by hanging and burning Jesuits.
(TL-MB, p.22)(AP, 2/25/98)(HN, 2/25/99)(MC, 2/25/02)
1570 Mar 4, Spain’s King Philip II
banned foreign Dutch students.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1570 Apr 14, Polish Calvinists,
Lutherans, Hernhutters unified against the Jesuits.
(MC, 4/14/02)
1570 Apr 24, Spanish troops
battled followers of Sultan Suleiman.
(MC, 4/24/02)
1570 Apr 27, Pope Pius V
excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I [see Feb 25].
(AP, 4/27/07)
1570 Jul 3, Antonio Paleario (67),
Italian humanist, was executed by the inquisition.
(MC, 7/3/02)
1570 Aug 8, Charles IX of France
signed the Treaty of St. Germain (Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye), ending
the third war of religion and giving religious freedom to the Huguenots.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(HN, 8/8/98)
1570 Nov 2, A tidal wave in the
North Sea destroyed the sea walls from Holland to Jutland. Over a
thousand people are killed.
(HN,
11/2/98)(www.metoffice.com/education/secondary/students/flood.html)
1570 Dec 5, Johan Friis,
chancellor of Denmark (b.1532), died. his share of spoliated Church
property had made him one of the wealthiest men in Denmark. Under King
Frederick II (1559-1588), who understood but little of state affairs,
Friis was well-nigh omnipotent. He was largely responsible for the
Scandinavian Seven Years' War (1562-1570), which did so much to
exacer-bate the relations between Denmark and Sweden.
(http://tinyurl.com/7vnad)
1570 Dec 15, The Peace of Stettin
was concluded in Livonia. Denmark recognized the inde-pendence of
Sweden in the Peace of Stettin. Sweden gave up her claim to Norway.
(TL-MB,
p.22)(http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/livonianwar.htm)
c1570 Pieter Bruegel the Elder
created his paintings "Spring" and "Summer."
(WSJ, 10/1/01, p.A22)
1570 El Greco (1541-1614) arrived
in Rome where he resisted and absorbed the lessons of Michelangelo. He
stayed for a half dozen years and settled in Toledo, Spain, in 1577.
(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1570 Nicholas Hilliard painted his
famous portrait of Elizabeth I.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1570 Melchior Lorch made an ink
drawing.
(SFEM, 6/29/97, p.4)
1570 Jacopo Zucchi, a mannerist
artist, painted "The Bath of Bathsheba."
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1570 George Owen wrote his
"History of Pembrokeshire," wherein he clearly set forth the or-derly
principle of geological stratigraphy; but the work was not published
until 1796.
(RFH-MDHP, p.7)
1570 "The Scholemaster," a
treatise on education by the English scholar Roger Ascham, was
published posthumously.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1570 Palladio published "I Quattro
Libri dell’Architettura," a summary of classical architecture.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1570 The Convento de Penha was
built on a 164-meter cliff overlooking Vitoria in the state of Espiritu
Santo, Brazil.
(USA Today, OW, 4/22/96, p.13)
1570 The Whitechapel Bell Foundry
was founded in London, England. Philadelphia’s Liberty Bell was later
cast there. Big Ben was cast there in 1858.
(SFC, 4/11/08, p.A16)
1570 The Berlin Staatskapelle
formed. In 2004 it performed Schumann in San Francisco.
(SFC, 1/14/04, p.D3)
1570 In Carrara, Italy, Alberigo,
son of the mad Marquis Alberigo Cybo Malaspina, Lord of Carrara,
inaugurated the use of gunpowder for quarrying marble.
(SFEC,10/19/97, p.T4)
1570 The Japanese opened the port
of Nagasaki to overseas trade.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1570 Lutherans, Calvinists and
Moravian brethren united against the Jesuits in Poland in the Consensus
of Sendomir.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1570 In Switzerland the hotel
Crusch Alva in Zuoz in the Engadine dates back to this time.
(Hem., 2/97, p.28)
1570 The Mexican city of
Vallodalid, later Morelia, was laid out.
(SSFC, 11/17/02, p.C11)
1570 Jul 3, The Turks began their
attack on Nicosia, Cyprus, after Venice refused to surren-der the
island.
(http://historicbiography.blogspot.com/2008/01/marcantonio-bragadin.html)
1570 Sep 23, The Turks began their
attack on Famagusta, Cyprus, which was fortified by Ve-netian commander
Marcantonio Bragadin (b.1523).
(http://historicbiography.blogspot.com/2008/01/marcantonio-bragadin.html)(WSJ,
7/21/08, p.A11)
1570-1612 The first modern atlas, Theatrum orbis
terrarum, was published by Abraham Ortelius of Amsterdam in 1570. The
Flemish mapmaker compiled it using the best maps available and is-sued
dozens of editions in this period. [see 1602]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(WSJ,11/24/95, p.B-8)
1570-1628 Salamone Rossi, Jewish court composer in
Mantua.
(SFC, 2/28/98, p.B3)
1570-1670 Portuguese forces attacked Monomutapa in
order to gain control over the markets and gold mines there. The
Portuguese forces suffered losses to malaria and their conquest was
un-successful. For the next 100 years they continued to promote civil
wars and weakened the Monomutapa power. By the late 1600s the southern
kingdoms were able to conquer Monomu-tapa completely.
(ATC, p.148)
1571 Jan 27, Shah Abbas, King of
the Safavid dynasty in Persia (1587-1629), was born. He established a
monopoly on the production and sale of silk and used the wealth to
develop the city of Isfahan. Fearful of assassination he turned on his
own family, executed one son, and blinded 2 sons, his father and his
brothers.
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R8)(http://4dw.net/royalark/Persia/safawi3.htm)
1571 Feb 2, All eight members of a
Jesuit mission in Virginia were murdered by Indians who pretended to be
their friends.
(HN, 2/2/99)
1571 Feb 14, Benvenuto Cellini
(b.1500), Florentine goldsmith and sculptor, writer (Perseus), died.
His 1545 autobiography greatly influenced the Renaissance.
(HN, 11/1/00)(WSJ, 2/14/00,
p.A20)(www.boglewood.com/cornaro/xcellini.html)
1571 Feb 15, Michael Praetorius,
composer (Syntagma music), was born in Kreuzberg, Ger-many.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1571 Mar 19, Spanish troops
occupied Manila. [see May 19]
(MC, 3/19/02)
1571 May 19, Miguel Lopez de
Lagazpi founded the city of Manila in the Philippines and en-countered
Chinese settlements. [see Mar 19]
(DTnet, 5/19/97)(WSJ, 12/26/02, p.A1)
1571 May 20, Venice, Spain &
Pope Pius formed an anti-Turkish Saint League.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1571 Aug 8, John Ward, English
composer, was born in Canterbury.
(MC, 8/8/02)(Internet)
1571 Sep 1, Famagusta, Cyprus,
surrendered to Mustafa Pasha commander of the Turkish forces after
nearly a one year siege. The terms of surrender appeared agreeable to
Venetian Gov. Marcantonio Bragadin (b.1523), but Mustafa Pasha turned
on Bragadin and had him vio-lently tortured and finally flayed
alive.
(http://historicbiography.blogspot.com/2008/01/marcantonio-bragadin.html)
1571 Oct 7, Spanish, Genoese and
Venetian ships of the Christian League defeated an Ot-toman fleet in
the naval Battle of Lepanto, Greece. In the last great clash of
galleys, the Otto-man navy lost 117 ships to a Christian naval
coalition under the overall command of Spain's Don Juan de Austria.
(AP,
10/7/07)(www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/1760264/posts)
1571 Dec 27, Johannes Kepler
(d.1630), German astronomer known as the "father of modern astronomy,"
was born. Working with the data gathered by Tycho Brahe, he established
the three laws of planetary motion:
a) The planets do not travel in concentric circles,
but in ellipses, with the sun at one of the two foci of the ellipse.
b) A radius vector joining a planet to the sun
sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
c) The third law asserted a mathematical relation
between the periods of revolution of the plan-ets and their distance
from the sun.
(V.D.-H.K.p.199)(HN, 12/27/98)
1571 Alessandro Vittoria created
his bust of "Tomaso Rangone."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
1571 Mughal emperor Akbar moved
his court from Agra (India), to Fatehpur Sikri, where he built a
sandstone palace in the middle of nowhere.
(Econ, 3/7/09, p.82)
1571 In Malta the Palace of the
Grand Masters was begun.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.40)
1571 Along with the Common Book of
Prayer, the Thirty-nine Articles constitute the doctrinal statements of
the Church of England. Developed from the Forty-two Articles written by
Arch-bishop Thomas Cranmer in 1553 "for the avoiding of controversy in
opinions." When Mary be-came queen in 1553 and restored Catholicism,
the Forty-two Articles were eliminated. Upon the reign of Elizabeth I
in 1558 a new statement of doctrine was needed. The 1563 Canterbury
Convocation drastically revised the Forty-two Articles and a final
revision resulted in the Thirty-nine articles in 1571, approved by the
Queen and imposed on the clergy. They deal briefly with the doctrines
accepted by Catholics and Protestants alike and more fully with the
points of con-troversy.
(HNQ, 10/20/98)
1571 Charles IX of France had a
reconciliation with the Huguenots.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 John Lyon founded Harrow
School in England.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 Hugh Price founded Jesus
College at Oxford.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 Pope Pius V signed an
alliance with Venice and Spain to fight the Turks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 A British law was so set that
a man could be fined for not wearing a wool cap.
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)
1571 A permanent gallows in London
drew gawkers and became a source of entertainment and profit.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1571 Potters from Antwerp
introduced Delft ware to England about this time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 The Jesuits in Chesapeake Bay
were wiped out by the Indians, resulting in the complete withdrawal of
all Jesuits from Florida.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 Moscow was sacked by Tartars
from Crimea.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1571 Siam’s Naresuan the Great (8)
was taken hostage by Burmese invaders. It was the cus-tom of the time
for the victorious nation in a battle to take a royal child of the
defeated monarch home as insurance against further aggression.
(www.muaythaionline.org/disciplines/naresuan1.html)
1571 Turks sacked the St. Sophia
Cathedral in Old Nicosia, Cyprus, and turned it into the Selimiye
Mosque.
(CNT, 3/04, p.153)
1571-1610 Michelangelo Merisi de Caravaggio, Italian
painter. He painted the "Beheading of St. John" that was kept in Malta
and recently sent to Florence for restoration. Paintings from the
school of Caravaggio include "The Chastisement of Love." In 1996 the
oil painting "A Boy Peel-ing an Apple" was rediscovered. [see 1571,
1573]
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.E2)(AAP, 1964)(SFC, 11/19/96,
p.B1)(Econ, 2/26/05, p.82)
1572 Feb 14, Hans Christoph
Haiden, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1572 Apr 1, The Sea Beggars under
Guillaume de la Marck landed in Holland and captured the small town of
Briel.
(HN, 4/1/99)
1572 May 1, Pius V (Antonio
Ghislieri), grand inquisitor, Pope (1566-72), died. He was suc-ceeded
by Gregory XIII.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(MC, 5/1/02)
1572 Jun 9, Willem van Orange's
army occupied Gelderland.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1572 Jun 11, Ben Jonson (d.1637),
English playwright and poet, was born. "Very few men are wise by their
own counsel; or learned by their own teaching. For he that was only
taught by him-self, had a fool to his master."
(AP, 1/4/98)(HN, 6/11/01)
1572 Jun 24, Adrianus van Gouda
(lay brother), was hanged along with Cornelis van Diedt, Daniell van
Arendonck (clergyman), Joannes van Naarden (priest) and Ludovicus Voets
(priest).
(MC, 6/24/02)
1572 Jul 9, 19 Catholic priests
were hanged in Gorcum, Holland.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1572 Jul 18, William of Orange was
recognized as viceroy of Holland, Friesland and Utrecht.
(MC, 7/18/02)
1572 Aug 24, The slaughter of
French Protestants at the hands of Catholics began in Paris as Charles
IX of France attempted to rid the country of Huguenots. Charles, under
the sway of his mother Catherine de Medici, believed the Huguenot
Protestants were plotting a revolution. France’s fourth war of religion
started with the Massacre of St. Bartholomew’s Day, in which 50,000
Huguenots and their leader, Admiral Gaspard de Chastillon (Gaspard de
Coligny), Count the Coligny, were killed in and around Paris.
Meyerbeer's 1836 opera "Les Huguenots" was centered on the
struggle. Persecution of Huguenots persisted until the French
Revolution in 1789 granted freedom of religion.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(AP, 8/24/97)(HN, 8/24/98)(WSJ,
11/23/99, p.A21)(MC, 8/24/02)
1572 Sep 30, Francisco Borgia,
Jesuit theologian and saint, died at 61.
(MC, 9/30/01)
1572 Oct 5, The Spanish army under
Duke of Alva's son Don Frederik plundered Mechelen (Flanders).
(MC, 10/5/01)
1572 Nov 11, A supernova was
observed in constellation known as Cassiopeia. Tycho Brahe, Danish
astronomer, discovered a nova in the constellation of Cassiopeia. It is
described in de-tail in his book "De Nova Stella." The light eventually
became as bright as Venus and could be seen for two weeks in broad
daylight. After 16 months, it disappeared.
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)(www.seds.org/~spider/spider/Vars/sn1572.html)(AP,
12/4/08)
1572 Nov 24, John Knox (67),
Scottish preacher, died.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1572 Dec 30, Galeazzo Alessi (60),
Italian architect (Palazza Marino, Milan), died.
(MC, 12/30/01)
1572 Dec, The Dutch town of
Naarden surrendered to Imperial Spanish troops under the Duke of Alba
(1507-1582). The town was then burned and the entire population
massacred. Alba’s attempt to impose a 10% sales tax on commodities
stirred resistance that led to the Dutch independence. In 2004 Henry
Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.”
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1572 Luis Vaz de Camoes,
Portuguese poet, published his epic poem about Vasco da Gama’s voyages:
"Os Lusiadas."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The first book privately
printed in England, "De Antiquitate Britannicae Ecclesiae" by Matthew
Parker, was published.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The Privy Council of Queen
Elizabeth I, refused to grant patent protection to new knives
with bone handles because the improvement was marginal.
(Econ, 5/5/07, p.78)
1572 One of the earliest cellos
was made by Andrea Amati in Cremona.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The Society of Antiquaries
was founded in London.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The British Parliament passed
the Act for Punishment as Vagabonds. It required enter-tainers to
obtain a noble patron for support. It led to the emergence of permanent
theaters.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1572 A refurbished Turkish fleet
captured Cyprus.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 Michel de Montaigne, French
philosopher, observed that “there are men on whom the mere sight of
medicine is operative.”
(Econ, 11/1/08, p.92)
1572 Ambroise Pare, French
surgeon, introduced more humane treatment for battlefield wounds. He
substituted egg yolk and turpentine for boiling oil, and introduced
arterial ligature instead of cauterization.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 Dutch warships, Beggars of
the Sea, effectively harried Spanish shipping in the English Channel
and fueled the Dutch War of Independence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The Dutch used carrier
pigeons during the Spanish siege of Haarlem.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1572 On the death of Sigismund II,
the Polish monarchy became elective.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish
scholar and poet at Salamanca, was denounced as a here-tic and served 5
years in prison.
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1572 Agnolo Bronzino (b.1503),
painter, died. His work included a portrait of "Eleonora of Toledo and
her son."
(MT, Spring 02, p.23)
1573 Jan 28, In Warsaw a
confederation act acknowledged freedom of religion in Lithuania and
Poland.
(LHC, 1/28/03)
1573 Jan 31, Giulio Cesare
Monteverdi, composer, was born.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1573 Feb 11, Sir Francis Drake 1st
saw the Pacific Ocean from Panama.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1573 Feb 28, Elias Hill, German
architect, city builder (Augsburg), was born.
(MC, 2/28/02)
1573 Mar 14, Claude II of
Lotharingen, duke of Aumale, died. He murdered Huguenot leader Adm.
Coligny. (see Aug 24, 1572]
(MC, 3/14/02)
1573 Apr 26, Marie de'Medici,
Queen of France, was born.
(MC, 4/26/02)
1573 May 11, Henry of Anjou became
the first elected king of Poland.
(HN, 5/11/98)
1573 Jul 15, Inigo Jones (d.1652),
father of English classical architecture, was born in Lon-don. He
restored St. Paul's Cathedral.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)(MC, 7/15/02)
1573 Jul 20, Lancelot of Brederode
(Netherlands), water beggar, was beheaded.
(MC, 7/20/02)
1573 Aug 7, Francis Drake’s fleet
returned to Plymouth.
(MC, 8/7/02)
1573 Sep 28, Caravaggio (d.1610),
painter, was born in Italy. His emphasis on the play of light and
shadow invoked greater realism and set a new trend in painting. His
paintings included "Boy Bitten by Lizard." In 1999 Helen Langdon
published "Caravaggio, A Life." [see 1565-1609 & 1571-1610]
(SFEM, 8/31/97, p.8,13)(SFEC, 7/11/99, BR p.6)(MC,
9/28/01)
1573 Oct 7, William Laud, English
archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45), was born.
(MC, 10/7/01)
1573 Nov 7, Solomon Luria
(Maharshal), talmudic author (Yam Shel Shelomo), died.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1573 Tycho Brahe, Danish
astronomer, published a monograph on his discovery of a new star. His
observations were denied by Roman Catholic divines, but Tycho was
Lutheran, inde-pendently rich, and lived in a Lutheran country whose
king was a staunch Protestant, so he didn’t care. Tycho settled down to
"leave to posterity a collection of astronomical observations
sufficiently accurate so that future generations would be able to
depend on them. "
(V.D.-H.K.p.197)
1573 Paolo Cagliari Veronese
(1528-1588), Venetian painter, was hauled before the Inquisi-tion and
accused of painting profanities.
(WUD, 1994, p.1588)(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 Don John of Austria captured
Tunis from the Turks.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 Sir Francis Drake captured a
huge shipment of Spanish silver as it was being trans-ported across the
Isthmus of Panama.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 The city of Potosi, Bolivia,
at the foot of Cerro Rico grew to surpass Seville, Madrid, Rome or
Paris.
(NH, 11/96, p.38)
1573 Sir Francis Walsingham began
serving as principal secretary for Queen Elizabeth I. He founded a vast
espionage network to protect the queen and served her until 1590. In
2005 Stephen Budiansky authored “Her Majesty’s Spymaster,” and account
of Walsingham’s efforts.
(WSJ, 8/17/05, p.D14)
1573 Wan-Li of China began a
47-reign as emperor of the Ming dynasty.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 The first maps in England
were made by Christopher Saxton. He produced an atlas with 37 county
maps and a large country map.
(SFC, 8/14/96, z-1 p.5)
1573 France’s Fourth War of
Religion ended with the Pacification of Boulogne.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 The Huguenots gained an
amnesty and were promised freedom of conscience.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 The first German cane-sugar
refinery was established at Augsburg.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 Venice and Turkey signed the
Peace of Constantinople whereby Venice surrendered Cyprus and paid
Turkey a large indemnity.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 Japan’s Ashikaga shogunate
ended after 237 years with Shogun Yoshiake routed in his challenge of
ruler Nobunaga Oda.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1573 The Portuguese crown
began administering Principe.
(AP, 7/18/03)
1573-1577 In Malta the Cathedral of St. John was
built.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.40)
1573-1615 The Momoyama period of Japan. It coincided
with the ascendancy of 3 warlords and represented a time of temporary
peace with the opening of the country to Western influence.
(WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A20)
1574 Feb 23, The 5th War of
Religion, against the Huguenots, broke out in France.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(HN, 2/23/98)(MC, 2/23/02)
1574 Feb 28, On the orders of the
Holy Office of the Inquisition, two Englishmen and an Irish-man were
burnt for heresy.
(HN, 2/28/99)
1574 Mar 5, William Oughtred,
mathematician and inventor of the slide rule, was born.
(HN, 3/5/98)
1574 Mar 7, John Wilbye, composer,
was born.
(MC, 3/7/02)
1574 Apr 21, Cosimo d' Medici
(~54), Italian duke of Toscane, died.
(MC, 4/21/02)
1574 Oct 1-2 A storm broke a
Leiden dike and 20,000 Spanish soldiers drowned. Spanish forces in the
Netherlands besieged Leyden, but William the Silent (Willem of Orange)
breached the dykes to flood the land. This allowed his ships to sail up
to the walls and lift the siege.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(PCh, 1992, p.198)(MC, 10/1/01)
1574 Oct 21, Nicolo Rubini,
composer, was born.
(MC, 10/21/01)
1574 Justus Lipsius, Flemish
scholar, edited "The Histories and The Annals of Tacitus."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Giorgio Vasari, completed
Florence’s Uffizi Palace after 14 years of building.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 In India the 4th Sikh guru
founded the city of Amritsar.
(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)
1574 The Univ. of Berlin was
founded.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 An auto-da-fe (a public
announcement of sentence imposed on persons tried by the In-quisition)
took place in Mexico for the first time.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Spanish forces in the
Netherlands besieged Leyden, but William the Silent breached the dykes
to flood the land. This allowed his ships to sail up to the walls and
lift the siege.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Turkish troops captured Tunis
from the Spaniards.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 The Portuguese began to
settle in Angola.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Juan Fernandez, Spanish
navigator, discovered a group of islands, to be named after him, 400
miles off the west coast of South America.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 In France Charles IX died and
was succeeded by his brother Henry of Valois, Henry III.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574-1595 Selim II, Sultan of Turkey, died and was
succeeded by his son, Murad III in the Ottoman House of Osman. Murat
III expanded the palace at Topkapi and built the famous harem there.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R37)(Ot, 1993,
xvii)
Go to 1575