Timeline Seventeenth Century: 1661-1699
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1661 Mar 9,
Cardinal Jules Mazarin (58), the chief minister of France, died,
leaving King Louis the 14th in full control.
(AP, 3/9/01)
1661 Mar 19, English occupied St.
Andrew Island and other Courlander possessions in Gambia. They renamed
the island James Island with administration by the Royal Adventurers in
Africa Company.
(http://www.vdiest.nl/gambia.htm)
1661 Mar 24, William Leddra became
the last Quaker to be hanged in Boston. Quakers were last hanged on
Boston Common. Charles II ordered the executions stopped.
(WSJ, 4/4/01, p.A18)(MC, 3/24/02)
1661 Apr 23, English king Charles
II was crowned in London.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1661 Apr 29, Chinese Ming dynasty
occupied Taiwan.
(HN, 4/29/98)
1661 May 25, English King Charles
II married Portuguese princess Catherina the Bragança.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1661 May 27, Archibald Campbell
(~53), Scottish politician, was beheaded.
(MC, 5/27/02)
1661 Jun 3, Gottfried Scheidt
(67), composer, died.
(MC, 6/3/02)
1661 Jun 5, Isaac Newton was
admitted as a student to Trinity College, Cambridge.
(MC, 6/5/02)
1661 Aug 6, Holland sold Brazil to
Portugal for 8 million guilders.
(MC, 8/6/02)
1661 Aug 29, Louis Couperin
(b.1626), French composer, died.
(Internet)
1661 Sep 1, In the 1st yacht race
England's King Charles II raced his brother James. [see Oct 1]
(MC, 9/1/02)
1661 Oct 1, Yachting began in
England; King Charles II outsailed his brother James. [see Sep 1]
(MC, 10/1/01)
1661 Oct 11, Melchior de Polignac,
French diplomat (Anti-Lucretius), was born.
(MC, 10/11/01)
1661 White Virginians who wanted
to keep their servants legalized the enslavement of African immigrants.
(SFC, 12/18/96, p.A25)
1661 The Bourla Theatre of
Antwerp, Belgium can be traced back to this date.
(Hem., 7/95, p.28)
1661 The Paris Opera Ballet was
founded.
(WSJ, 7/10/96, p.A16)
1661 Charles II appointed
Christopher Wren (29) assistant to the surveyor general of the king’s
works (assistant to the royal architect).
(NYTBR, 2/2/03, p.12)
1661 Henry Slingsby, master of the
London Mint, proposed the "standard solution" a mix of fiat rules and
free markets, to resolve the ongoing problem of money supply and coin
value. Britain adopted the idea in 1816 and the US followed in 1853.
(WSJ, 4/2/02, p.A20)
1661 In France Nicolas Fouquet,
treasurer to Louis XIV, invited the king to his new chateau Vaux le
Vicomte. The king, peeved by the wealth of the nonroyal, ordered his
arrest and had him imprisoned for embezzlement. The property was
confiscated and Louis hired Fouquet's architects and designers to build
Versailles.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1661 In Japan the Takanoshi family
started producing food seasonings and became known for its soy sauce.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1661-1714 Peter Strudel, Austrian painter. He was a
court painter of the Habsburgs and founded an art school that later
became the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna.
(StuAus, April '95, p.47)
1662 Jan 27, 1st American lime
kiln began operation in Providence, RI.
(MC, 1/27/02)
1662 Feb 11, The Prins Willem,
built in 1643 as flagship of the Dutch East India Company, sank off
Madagascar. A replica, built in the 1980s, burned down at Den Helder in
2009.
(AP, 7/30/09)(http://tinyurl.com/mteqbf)
1662 Apr 20, Gerard Terborch, the
elder, painter, died.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1662 Apr 23, Connecticut was
chartered as an English colony.
(MC, 4/23/02)
1662 Apr 27, Netherlands and
France signed a treaty of alliance in Paris.
(http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn1767012)
1662 May 3, John Winthrop the
Younger, the son of the first governor of Massachusetts was honored by
being made a fellow of the Royal Society, England's new scientific
society. Winthrop gained a new charter from the king, uniting the
colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.
(HN, 5/3/99)
1662 Jun, Mary Sanford (~39) of
Hartford, Connecticut, was convicted of “familiarity with Satan.”
Historians later surmised that she was hanged for her crimes. In 2006 a
descendant of Sanford worked on legislation to clear her ancestor as
well as a dozen or so other women and men convicted for witchcraft in
Connecticut from 1647 to the 1660s.
(WSJ, 9/15/06, p.A1)
1662 Aug 24, An Act of Uniformity,
a part of the Clarendon Code (1661-1665), was passed by the English
Parliament and required that England's college fellows and clergymen
accept the newly published Book of Common Prayer. Charles II attempted
to suspend the operation of the Clarendon Code by issuing a 2nd
Declaration of Indulgence, but opposition from Parliament forced him to
retract it in 1663.
(PC, 1992,
p.249)(www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=the%20Clarendon%20Code)
1662 Sep 12, Gov. Berkley of
Virginia was denied his attempts to repeal the Navigation Acts.
(HN, 9/12/98)
1662 Oct 26, Charles II of England
sold Dunkirk to France.
(MC, 10/26/01)
1662 Moliere authored his
satirical play “The School for Wives.”
(SFC, 8/17/05, p.G9)
1662 Edward Collier painted a
still life that sold for $442,500 in 1999.
(WSJ, 6/4/99, p.W10)
1662 Rembrandt depicted himself in
a painting as the fifth-century Greek painter Zeuxis. His work this
year also included “The Syndics of the Clothmakers' Guild.”
(WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)(Econ, 6/23/07, p.96)
1662 Cavalli composed his opera
"Ercole Amante" (Hercules in Love). It was written to celebrate the
marriage of Louis XIV and Maria Theresa of Austria.
(WSJ, 6/21/99, p.A24)
1662 John Bowne (34) was arrested
in Vlissingen (later Flushing, Queens, NY) on orders from Gov. Peter
Stuyvesant for aiding and abetting an “abomination” (Quakerism). In a
hearing 19 months later Bowne invoked a 1657 declaration of religious
freedom called the Flushing Remonstrance.
(SSFC, 4/17/05, Par p.12)
1662 The British Parliament
approved the Licensing of the Press Act, which censored “seditious,
treasonable and unlicensed Bookes and Pamphlets.” It failed renewal in
1695 and was repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_of_the_Press_Act_1662)
1662 British law established that
mourning clothes had to be made of English wool. [see 1667]
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)
1662 Englishman Christopher Merret
presented a paper to the Royal Society on making sparkling wine. This
was noted in the 1998 "World Encyclopedia of Champagne and Sparkling
Wine" by Tom Stevenson.
(WSJ, 10/16/98, p.W13)
1662 John Tradescant the younger
(b.1608), English traveler, horticulturalist, collector and gardener to
Queen Henrietta Maria, died. His home in South Lambeth, called The Ark,
was filled with his Museum Tradescantianum, a collection of rarities
which included birds, fish, shells, insects, minerals, coins, medals
and unusual plants. After his death the collection went to Elias
Ashmole, who subsequently presented it to Oxford University, where it
formed the basis of the Ashmolean Museum. In 2008 Jennifer Potter
authored “Strange Blooms: The Curious Lives and Adventures of the John
Tradescants.
(www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp04533)(WSJ, 4/3/08,
p.B19)
1662 Kangxi ascended the throne of
China as a child. He was the 1st of three Qing emperors who reigned for
133 years until 1795. Kangxi ruled over China until 1722. The film
“Forbidden City: The Great Within,” depicts the period. Kangxi was
followed by Yongzheng and Qianlong.
(WSJ, 11/2/95, p.A-12)(Econ, 11/5/05, p.90)
1662 Dutch fortune seekers killed
over 400 members of the Nayar warrior caste in Kerala, India.
(SFEM, 7/18/99, p.12)
1662-1938 This period is examined by Judy L. Klein in
Statistical Visions in Time: a History of Time Series Analysis:
1662-1938, from Cambridge Univ. Press.
(WSJ, 9/28/95, p.A-18)
1663 Jan 6, There was a great
earthquake in New England.
(MC, 1/6/02)
1663 Jan 10, King Charles II
affirmed the charter of Royal African Company.
(MC, 1/10/02)
1663 Jan 29, Robert Sanderson,
Bishop of Lincoln (1660-63), died.
(MC, 1/29/02)
1663 Feb 12, Cotton Mather
(d.1728), American clergyman and witchcraft specialist, was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.884)(MC, 2/12/02)
1663 Feb 28, Thomas Newcomen,
English co-inventor of the steam engine, was born.
(MC, 2/28/02)
1663 Mar 7, Tomaso Antonio Vitali,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/7/02)
1663 Mar 24, Charles II of England
awarded lands known as Carolina in America to eight members of the
nobility who assisted in his restoration. [see Apr 6]
(HN, 3/24/99)
1663 Apr 6, King Charles II signed
the Carolina Charter. [see Mar 24]
(MC, 4/6/02)
1663 Apr 18, Osman declared war on
Austria.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1663 May 7, Theatre Royal in Drury
Lane, London, opened.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1663 May 20, William Bradford,
printer, was born.
(HN, 5/20/01)
1663 Jul 15, King Charles II of
England granted John Clarke a charter for the colony of Rhode Island
guaranteeing freedom of worship. He granted the charter giving the
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations an elected governor
and legislature. Roger Williams (1603-1683) authored the Rhode Island
and Providence Plantation Charter, which stated that religion and
conscience should never be restrained by civil supremacy.
(http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/ri04.asp)(AH, 4/07, p.21)
1663 Jul 27, British Parliament
passed a second Navigation Act, requiring all goods bound for the
colonies be sent in British ships from British ports.
(HN, 7/27/98)
1663 Sep 13, The 1st serious
American slave conspiracy occurred in Virginia.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1663 Dec 5, Severo Bonini (80),
composer, died.
(MC, 12/5/01)
1663 Rembrandt depicted himself as
a bit player in his painting "The Raising of the Cross."
(WSJ, 8/11/99, p.A16)
1663 Reverend John Eliot
(1604-1690) published the first Bible in North America in the
Algonquian language. An English missionary in Massachusetts called the
"Apostle to the Indians," the Puritan Eliot learned the Algonquian
language and preached to the Indians. He translated the Bible into
Algonquian and published it in 1663.
(HNQ, 6/7/98)
1663 The 1998 historic thriller
"An Instance of the Fingerpost" by Iain Pears was set in this year.
(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A20)
1663 London featured 82 coffee
houses.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.89)
1663 The 1st turnpike was
authorized to collect tolls in order to cover maintenance costs.
(Econ, 10/23/04, p.78)
1663 Quebec became the capital of
New France.
(HNQ, 10/3/99)
1663 Abraham Blauvelt, Dutch
pirate, died about this time. In the early 1630's He explored the
coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua. Afterwards, he went to England and
with a proposal for a settlement at site in Nicaragua, which is near
the town and river of Bluefields, Nicaragua.
(www.thepirateking.com/bios/blauvelt_abraham.htm)
1663-1665 Jan Steen, Dutch painter, painted "The
Drawing Lesson."
(SFC, 6/4/96, p.E5)
1663-1742 Jean Baptiste Massillon, French clergyman:
"To be proud and inaccessible is to be timid and weak."
(AP, 7/23/97)
1663-1789 This period in US history is covered in the
1st volume of the Oxford History of the US by Robert Middlekauff
titled: "The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1663-1789."
(WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A12)
1664 Jan 21, Count Miklos of
Zrinyi set out to battle the Turkish invasion army.
(MC, 1/21/02)
1664 Mar 12, England’s King
Charles II granted land in the New World, known as New Netherland
(later New Jersey), to his brother James, the Duke of York.
(HN, 3/12/98)(AP, 3/12/08)
1664 Mar 22, Charles II gave large
tracks of land from west of the Connecticut River to the east of
Delaware Bay in North America to his brother James, the Duke of York
and Albany. The entire Hudson Valley and New Amsterdam was given to
James.
(AP, 3/22/99)(ON, 4/00, p.2)
1664 Apr 4, Adam Willaerts, Dutch
seascape painter, died.
(MC, 4/4/02)
1664 May 28, 1st Baptist Church
was organized (Boston).
(MC, 5/28/02)
1664 May, Benoit Rencorel, a
shepherd girl in the French Alps, alleged that she began receiving
apparitions of the Virgin Mary. Her apparitions continued to 1718. In
2008 the Vatican officially recognized the “supernatural origin” of the
apparitions and made the site of Notre-Dame-du-Laus an official
pilgrimage site.
(SFC, 5/5/08, p.A13)
1664 Jun 24, New Jersey, named
after the Isle of Jersey, was founded.
(HN, 6/24/98)
1664 Jul 21, Matthew Prior,
English poet, was born.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1664 Jul 23, Wealthy non-church
members in Massachusetts were given the right to vote.
(HN, 7/23/98)
1664 Jul 23, 4 British ships
arrived in Boston to drive the Dutch out of NY.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1664 Aug 1, The Turkish army was
defeated by French and German troops at St. Gotthard, Hungary.
(HN, 8/1/98)
1664 Aug 4, Louis Lully, composer,
was born.
(MC, 8/4/02)
1664 Aug 6, Johann Christoph
Schmidt, composer, was born.
(MC, 8/6/02)
1664 Aug 28, Four English warships
under Colonel Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam. 450 English
soldiers disembarked and took control of Brooklyn, a village of mostly
English settlers.
(ON, 4/00, p.2)
1664 Aug 29, Adriaen Pieck/Gerrit
de Ferry patented a wooden firespout in Amsterdam.
(MC, 8/29/01)
1664 Sep 5, After days of
negotiation, the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam surrendered to the
British, who would rename it New York. The citizens of New Amsterdam
petitioned Peter Stuyvesant to surrender to the English. The "Articles
of Capitulation" guaranteed free trade, religious liberty and a form of
local representation. In 2004 Russell Shorto authored "The Island At
the Center of the World," a history of New York's Dutch period.
(HN, 9/5/98)(ON, 4/00, p.3)(WSJ, 3/16/04, p.D6)
1664 Sep 8, The Dutch formally
surrendered New Amsterdam to 300 English soldiers. The British soon
renamed it New York.
(AP, 9/8/97)(ON, 4/00, p.3)
1664 Sep 20, Maryland passed the
1st anti-amalgamation law to stop intermarriage of English women and
black men.
(MC, 9/20/01)
1664 Stephen Blake wrote "The
Compleat Gardeners Practices."
(WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)
1664 Moliere wrote Tartuffe, his
satire on holier-than-thou hypocrites and their fatuous dupes.
(SFC, 8/16/96, p.D1)
1664 The Jesuit scholar Athanasius
Kircher wrote the "Mundus subterraneus." His work also included an
ethnography of China and major treatises on music and magnetism. He
also assembled in Rome a natural history collection.
(NH, 5/97, p.58)(NH, 6/00, p.32)
1664 There was no litigation in
London, England due to the Black plague.
(SFC, 7/14/96, zone 1 p.2)
1664 Michael Sweerts (b.1618),
Belgium-born artist, died in Goa, India. He did much of his important
work in Rome, moved to the Netherlands, and traveled in Asia with a
band of missionaries. His major work included a series depicting the
Seven Acts of Mercy.
(WSJ, 7/2/02, p.D7)
1664-1667 The Second Anglo-Dutch War.
(HN, 6/21/98)
1664-1769 The French East India Company was chartered
to carry on trade in the East Indies.
(WUD, 1994, p.449)
1665 Jan 12, Pierre de Fermat
(b.1601), French lawyer, mathematician (Fermat’s Principle), died. His
equation xn + yn = zn is called Fermat’s Last Theorem and remained
unproven for many years. The history of its resolution and final proof
by Andrew Wiles is told by Amir D. Aczel in his 1996 book Fermat’s Last
Theorem. "Fermat’s Enigma: The Epic Quest to Solve the World’s Greatest
Mathematical Problem" by Simon Singh was published in 1997. In 1905
Paul Wolfskehl, a German mathematician, bequeathed a reward of 100,000
marks to whoever could find a proof to Fermat’s "last theorem."
It stumped mathematicians until 1993, when Andrew John Wiles made a
breakthrough.
(MC, 1/12/02)(SFC, 10/2/02, p.D7)
1665 Feb 6, Anne Stuart, queen of
England (1702-14), was born.
(MC, 2/6/02)
1665 Feb 12, Rudolph J.
Camerarius, German botanist, physician (sexuality plant), was born.
(MC, 2/12/02)
1665 Mar 4, English King Charles
II declared war on Netherlands.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1665 Mar 6, Philosophical
Transactions of Royal Society started publishing.
(MC, 3/6/02)
1665 Mar 11, A new legal code was
approved for the Dutch and English towns, guaranteeing religious
observances unhindered.
(HN, 3/11/99)
1665 May 15, Pope Alexander VII
condemned Jansenism.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1665 May 31, Jerusalem's rabbi
Sjabtai Tswi proclaimed himself Messiah.
(MC, 5/31/02)
1665 Jun 12, England installed a
municipal government in New York, formerly the Dutch settlement of New
Amsterdam.
(AP, 6/12/97)
1665 Aug 15-22, The London weekly
"Bill of Mortality" recorded 5,568 fatalities with teeth holding the
no. 5 spot. 4,237 were killed by the plague.
(SFEC, 8/2/98, BR p.7)
1665 Aug 27, "Ye Bare & Ye
Cubb," the 1st play performed in N. America, was performed at Acomac,
Va.
(MC, 8/27/01)
1665 Sep 22, Moliere's "L'amour
Medecin," premiered in Paris.
(MC, 9/22/01)
1665 Nov 7, The London Gazette,
the oldest surviving journal, was first published.
(HN, 11/7/98)
1665 Dec 4, Jean Racine's
"Alexandre le Grand," premiered in Paris.
(MC, 12/4/01)
c1665 Gerrit Dou, Dutch artist,
painted "Woman at the Clavichord" and a "Self-Portrait" in which he
resembled Rembrandt.
(WSJ, 5/24/00, p.A24)
1665 Jacob van Ochtervelt
(1634-1682), Dutch artist, painted his “Street Musicians in the Doorway
of a House.”
(WSJ, 1/30/09,
p.W2)(http://wwar.com/masters/o/ochtervelt-jacob.html)
1665 Robert Hooke authored
“Micrographia,” in which he described not only the microscopic world,
but also astronomy, geology and the nature of light. This was the first
great scientific book written in English.
(WSJ, 4/14/07, p.P10)
1665 The 1st horse racing track in
America was laid out on Long Island.
(SFEC, 10/17/99, Z1 p.3)
1665 In France Louis XIV began to
systematically hollow out formal guarantees to the Protestants until
they became little more than scraps of paper.
(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R23)
1665 French finance minister
Jean-Baptiste Colbert founded the Saint Gobain company to replace
imports of Venetian glass with home-made wares. The glass was to be
used for the mirrors at the Palace of Versailles.
(Econ, 3/25/06, p.71)(Econ, 11/17/07, p.74)
1665 The villagers of Eyam in
Derbyshire, England, voluntarily isolated themselves so as not to
spread the plague. 250 of 350 people died and the town became known as
the Plague Village.
(SFEM, 10/11/98, p.22)
1665 Joseph Smith arrived in North
America and became secretary to William Penn.
(SFC, 8/21/97, p.C4)
1665 The British briefly
recaptured the Banda Island of Run from the Dutch.
(WSJ, 5/21/99, p.W7)
1665 In London at least 68,000
people died of the plague this year. In 1722 Daniel Defoe published his
novel “A Journal of the Plague Year.” The novel posed as a historical
document covering the London plague. The Lord Mayor of London
exterminated all the city’s cats and dogs, which allowed the rats, the
real transmitters of the disease, to increase exponentially.
(NG, 5/88, p.684)(WSJ, 9/9/06, p.P8)(WSJ, 10/21/06,
p.P8)
1665 Nicolas Poussin (b.1594),
painter, known as the founder of French Classicism, died. He spent most
of his career in Rome which he reached at age 30 in 1624. His
Greco-Romanism work includes "The Death of Chione" (1622-1623) and "The
Abduction of the Sabine Women." [WUD ends his life in 1655] In 1997
Elizabeth Cropper and Charles Dempsey authored "Nicholas Poussin:
Friendship and the Love of Painting."
(WSJ, 2/26/96, p.A-10)(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994,
p.1126)(SFC,11/22/97, p.D5)(WSJ, 11/6/02, p.D8)y
1665-1666 Vermeer painted his "Girl With a Pearl
Earring" about this time. [see Vermeer, 1632-1675] In 1999 Tracy
Chevalier authored the novel "Girl With a Pearl Earring," a
fictionalization based on one of Vermeer's models.
(WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)(SFEC, 1/2/00, BR p.3)
1665-1666 Over a span of 18 months Isaac Newton
invented calculus, explained how gravity works, and discovered his laws
of motion. This period came to be called his annus mirabilis.
(Econ, 1/1/05, p.59)
1666 Jan 22, Shah Jahan died. He
had built the Taj Mahal.
(HT, 4/97, p.24)
1666 Feb 15, Antonio M. Valsalva,
Italian anatomist (eardrums, glottis), was born.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1666 Apr 19, Sarah Kembel Knight,
diarist, was born.
(HN, 4/1901)
1666 Aug 4, Johan Evertsen,
Italian admiral of Zeeland, was lynched in Brielle.
(MC, 8/4/02)
1666 Sep 2, The Great Fire of
London, having started at Pudding Lane, began to demolish about
four-fifths of London. It started at the house of King Charles II's
baker, Thomas Farrinor, after he forgot to extinguish his oven. The
flames raged uncontrollably for the next few days, helped along by the
wind, as well as by warehouses full of oil and other flammable
substances. Approximately 13,200 houses, 90 churches and 50 livery
company halls burned down or exploded. But the fire claimed only 16
lives, and it actually helped impede the spread of the deadly Black
Plague, as most of the disease-carrying rats were killed in the fire.
(CFA, '96, p.54)(AP, 9/2/97)(HNPD, 9/2/98)(HNQ,
12/2/00)
1666 Sep 5, The great fire of
London, begun on Sep 2, was extinguished. Old St. Paul’s was among the
87 churches burned down.
(HN, 9/5/98)(www.stpauls.co.uk)
1666 Nov 5, Attilio Ariosti,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/5/01)
1666 Nov 14, Samuel Pepys reported
the on 1st blood transfusion, which was between dogs.
(HFA, '96, p.42)(MC, 11/14/01)
1666 Dec 5, Francesco Antonio
Nicola Scarlatti, composer, was born.
(MC, 12/5/01)
c1666 Sir Peter Lely painted
Barbara Villiers 1640-1709, mistress to King Charles II, as a
Shepherdess. Charles had raised her stature to Countess of Castlemaine
and later Duchess of Cleveland.
(WSJ, 3/7/02, p.A22)
1666 Moliere wrote his play The
Misanthrope. It condemned the falseness and intrigue of French
aristocratic society.
(WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-10)
1666 Pierre-Paul Riquet convinced
French finance minister Colbert for a canal from the Mediterranean port
of Sete to Toulouse and the River Garonne. He oversaw the Canal du Midi
project for 15 years and died 6 months before it was completed.
(SSFC, 1/14/01, p.T9)
1666 John Locke met Sir Anthony
Ashley Cooper, later the Earl of Shaftsbury, and served him as
physician, secretary and counselor for the next 15 years.
(V.D.-H.K.p.219)
1666 The plague decimated London
and Isaac Newton moved to the country. He had already discovered the
binomial theorem at Cambridge and was offered the post of professor of
mathematics. Newton formulated his law of universal gravitation.
(V.D.-H.K.p.206)(JST-TMC,1983, p.70)
1666 Giovanni Domenico Cassini
(1625-1712), Italian-born French astronomer, discovered one of the
polar ice caps of Mars.
(www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/CassiniG.html)
1666 Giovanni Francesco Barbieri
Guercino, Italian painter, died. His work included "Erminia finding the
wounded Tancred." In 1996 it was purchased by the Scottish National
Gallery for $3.1 million.
(TOH, 1982, p.1591d)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E4)
1666 Franz Hals (b.1581?),
painter, died in the Oudemannenhuis almshouse in Haarlem. The almshouse
later became the Frans Hals Museum.
(SFEC, 9/3/00, p.T7)
1666 Pier Francesco Mola (b.1612),
Italian Baroque artist, died in Rome.
(http://wwar.com/masters/m/mola-pier_francesco.html)
1666 In Cholula, Mexico, the
chapel Nuestra de los Remedios was built atop a Teotihuacan pyramid.
(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T10)
1667 Jan 30, Lithuania, Poland and
Russia signed a 13.5 year treaty at Andrusov, near Smolensk. Russia
received Smolensk and Kiev.
(LHC, 1/30/03)
1667 Feb 20, David ben Samuel
Halevi, rabbi, author (Shulchan Aruch), died.
(MC, 2/20/02)
1667 Apr 9, 1st public art
exhibition (Palais Royale, Paris).
(MC, 4/9/02)
1667 Apr 29, John Arbuthnot
(d.1735), Scottish mathematician, was born. With Alexander Pope,
Jonathan Swift, John Gay and Thomas Parnell he founded the Scriblerus
Club in 1714, whose purpose was to satirize bad poetry and pedantry.
The club was short-lived.
(http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Arbuthnot.html)
(MC, 4/29/02)
1667 May 6, Johann Jacob Froberger
(50), German singer, organist, composer, died.
(MC, 5/6/02)
1667 May 7, Johann Jakob Froberger
(50), German organist, singer, composer, died.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1667 May 9, Marie Louise de
Gonzague-Nevers, French Queen of Poland (1645-48), died.
(MC, 5/9/02)
1667 May 26, Abraham De Moivre,
mathematician, was born.
(HN, 5/26/98)
1667 Jun 15, Dr. Jean-Baptiste
Denys, French doctor, performed the 1st blood transfusion.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion)
1667 Jun 18, The Dutch fleet
sailed up the Thames and threatened London. They burned 3 ships and
captured the English flagship in what came to be called the Glorious
Revolution, in which William of Orange replaced James Stuart.
(HN, 6/18/98)(WSJ, 3/14/00, p.A28)
1667 Jul 21, The Peace of Breda
ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War and ceded Dutch New Amsterdam to the
English. The South American country of Surinam, formerly Dutch
Guiana, including the nutmeg island of Run was ceded by England
to the Dutch in exchange for New York in 1667 after the second
Anglo-Dutch War.
(WUD, 1994, p.961)(HN, 7/21/98)(HNQ, 8/21/98)(WSJ,
5/21/99, p.W7)
1667 Aug 3, Francesco Borromini
(b.1599), Italian Baroque architect and sculptor, died. He designed the
San Ivo della Sapienza church in Rome. In 2005 Jake Morrissey authored
“The Genius in the Design: Bernini, Borromini and the Rivalry that
Transformed Rome.”
(Econ, 7/25/05,
p.71)(www.bookrags.com/biography-francesco-borromini/
)
1667 Aug 20, John Milton published
"Paradise Lost," an epic poem about the fall of Adam and Eve.
(HN, 8/20/98)
1667 Aug 31, Johann Rist,
composer, died at 60.
(MC, 8/31/01)
1667 Sep 23, Slaves in Virginia
were banned from obtaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.
(HN, 9/23/98)
1667 Sep 24, Jean-Louis Lully,
composer, was born.
(MC, 9/24/01)
1667 Nov 7, Jean Racine's
"Andromaque," premiered in Paris.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1667 Nov 30, Jonathan Swift
(d.1745), English satirist who wrote "Gulliver's Travels," was born in
Ireland. "We have enough religion to make us hate, but not enough to
make us love one another."
(WUD, 1994, p.1437)(HN, 11/30/98)(AP, 4/16/00)
1667 Connecticut adopted America’s
first divorce law.
(SFC, 7/18/98, p.A15)
1667 British law required that
everyone be buried in wool. [see 1662]
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 574)
1667 A Baroque palace was built in
Dubrovnik, Croatia. It later became a 400 student elementary school.
(Hem. 1/95, p. 67)
1667 In France Louis XIV opened
the 1st stretch of the Champs-Elysees: a short extension of the
Tuileries Gardens leading to the palace at Versailles.
(SSFC, 2/11/07, p.G3)
1667 Arequipa, Peru, was hit by an
earthquake.
(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)
1667 The Cossack Stench Razing led
a peasant uprising.
(SFC,10/28/97, p.A8)
1667 Cassiopeia A, the gaseous
remains of a supernova, would have been visible from Earth at about
this time, but no record indicates that it was noticed. It was first
detected in 1947 as a radio source.
(Econ, 9/2/06, p.72)
1667-1668 The War of Devolution was fought between
France and Spain as a result of the claim by Louis XIV of France that
the ownership of the Spanish Netherlands devolved to his wife, Marie
Therese, upon the death of her father, Philip IV of Spain. France
conquered the area, now Belgium, and also seized the Franche-Comte, a
Spanish possession that bordered on Switzerland.
(HNQ, 2/7/00)
1667-1748 Johan Bernouilli, Swiss mathematician,
brother of Jacob.
(WUD, 1994, p.141)
1668 Feb 7, English King William
III danced in the premiere of "Ballet of Peace."
(MC, 2/7/02)
1668 Feb 7, The Netherlands,
England and Sweden concluded an alliance directed against Louis XIV of
France.
(HN, 2/7/99)
1668 Mar 5, Francesco Gasparini,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/5/02)
1668 Mar 25, The first horse race
in America took place.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1668 Mar 26, England took control
of Bombay, India.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1668 Mar 27, English king Charles
II gave Bombay to the East India Company.
(MC, 3/27/02)
1668 Apr 13, John Dryden (36)
became 1st English poet laureate.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1668 May 2, Peace of
Aix-la-Chapelle ended the War of Devolution in France.
(HN, 5/2/99)
1668 May 8, Alain Rene Lesage,
French novelist and dramatist, was born. He is best known for his works
"The Adventures of Gil Blas" and "Turcaret."
(HN, 5/8/99)
1668 May 27, Three colonists were
expelled from Massachusetts for being Baptists.
(HN, 5/27/99)
1668 Sep 16, King John Casimer II
of Poland abdicated the throne.
(HN, 9/16/98)(PCh, 1992, p.241)
1668 Oct 23, Jews of Barbados were
forbidden to engage in retail trade.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1668 Nov 10, Francois Couperin,
composer and organist (Concerts Royaux), was born in Paris, France.
(MC, 11/10/01)
1668 Dec 22, Stephen Day, 1st
British colonial printer, died.
(MC, 12/22/01)
1668 Bernini sculpted a terra
cotta study for one of the angels of Rome’s Port Santa Angelo.
(WSJ, 10/22/96, p.A20)
1668 The British trading ship
Nonsuch 1st sailed into Hudson Bay.
(SSFC, 12/22/02, p.C6)
1668 Louis XIV of France purchased
the 112 carat blue diamond from John Baptiste Tavernier for 220,000
livre. Tavernier was also given a title of nobility.
(THC, 12/3/97)(EB, 1993, V6 p.51)
1668 Charles Alphonse Dufresnoy
(b.1611), French artist, died. His work included the painting “The
Death of Socrates” (1650).
(WSJ, 11/24/07, p.W8)
1668 The Spaniards established a
permanent settlement on Guam. They forced the Chamorros to convert to
Catholicism. Under Spanish rule the Chamorro numbers were reduced to
some 2,000.
(SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4)
1668 A fortified wall was
completed at Campeche, Mexico, to ward off pirate attacks.
(SSFC, 1/25/09, p.E4)
1668 Arequipa, Peru, was hit by
another earthquake.
(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.A16)
1669 Feb 1, French King Louis XIV
limited the freedom of religion.
(MC, 2/1/02)
1669 Mar 11, Mount Etna in Sicily
erupted killing 15,000. [see Mar 25]
(MC, 3/12/02)
1669 Mar 25, Mount Etna, Sicily,
erupted and destroyed Nicolosi, killing 20,000. [see Mar 11]
(MC, 3/25/02)
1669 Jul 6, LaSalle left Montreal
to explore Ohio River.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1669 Jul 21, John Locke's
Constitution of English colony Carolina was approved.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1669 Aug 24, Alessandro Marcello
(d.1747), composer, was born in Venice.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1669 Sep 26, The island of Crete
fell to the Ottoman Turks after 465 years as a colony of Venice.
(WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)
1669 Oct 4, Rembrandt H. van Rijn
(b.1606), painter and etcher (Steel Masters, Night Watch), died. In
1999 Simon Schama published the biography "Rembrandt's Eyes."
(WSJ, 11/24/99, p.A16)(MC, 10/4/01)
1669 Dec 20, The 1st American jury
trial was held in Delaware. Marcus Jacobson was condemned for
insurrection and sentenced to flogging, branding & slavery.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1669 Vermeer painted "The Art of
Painting." The 3' by 4' work was larger than most of his paintings.
(SFC, 11/24/99, p.E8)
1669 Nils Steensen’s "Prodromus"
was first published in Italy and translated to English two years later.
It explained the authors determination of the successive order of the
earth strata.
(RFH-MDHP, p.7)
1669 The semicircular Sheldonian
Theater at Oxford, England, designed by Christopher Wren, was completed.
(SSFC, 2/4/01, p.T8)
1669 Emperor Leopold I sanctioned
the foundation of a higher school in Innsbruck, Austria. This is
considered to mark the founding of the Univ. of Innsbruck.
(StuAus, April '95, p.97)
1669 While Mount Etna erupted,
German scholar Athanasius Kircher was busy devising a machine that
would clean out volcanoes the way a chimney sweep cleaned out clogged
chimneys.
(PacDisc. Spring/’96, p.26)
1670 Jan 3, George Monck (61),
English general (to the-sea), died.
(MC, 1/3/02)
1670 Feb 10, William Congreve,
English writer (Old Bachelor, Way of the World), was born.
(MC, 2/10/02)
1670 Feb 14, Roman Catholic
emperor Leopold I chased the Jews out of Vienna.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1670 Feb 27, Jews were expelled
from Austria by order of Leopold I.
(MC, 2/27/02)
1670 Apr, Colonists landed on the
western bank of the Ashley River, five miles from the sea, and named
their settlement Charles Town in honor of Charles II, King of England.
(Hem., 1/95, p.70)
1670 May 2, The Company of
Adventurers of England Trading into Hudson Bay (the Hudson Bay Co.) was
chartered by England's King Charles II to exploit the resources of the
Hudson Bay area. By 2006 it had mutated into Canada’s largest non-food
retailer.
(AP, 5/2/97)(HN, 5/2/98)(AH, 4/01, p.36)(Econ,
2/4/06, p.36)
1670 May 12, August II, the Strong
One, King of Poland (355 children), was born.
(MC, 5/12/02)
1670 May 26, A treaty was signed
in secret in Dover, England, between Charles II and Louis XIV ending
hostilities between them.
(HN, 5/26/99)
1670 Jul 18, Giovanni Battista
Bononcini, Italian (opera) composer, was born.
(MC, 7/18/02)
1670 Jul 25, Jews were expelled
from Vienna, Austria.
(SC, 7/25/02)
1670 Oct 13, Virginia passed a law
that blacks arriving in the colonies as Christians could not be used as
slaves.
(HN, 10/13/98)
1670 Nov 28, Pierre Corneille's
"Tite et Berenice," premiered in Paris.
(MC, 11/28/01)
1670 Vermeer painted his "A Young
Woman Standing at a Virginal" and "A Young Woman Seated at a Virginal."
Estimates for auction in 2004 for the seated one reached $5.4 million.
(WSJ, 6/19/00, p.a42)(SFC, 4/1/04, p.E7)
1670 John Ray printed a book of
aphorisms such as: "Blood is thicker than water..." and "Haste makes
waste."
(SFC, 11/23/96, p.E4)
1670 Spinoza (1632-1677), Dutch
philosopher, authored "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" an enlightened
assessment of the Old Testament and a plea for religious toleration.
(WSJ, 12/15/05, p.D8)
1670 Cafe Procope, the first cafe
in Paris, began serving ice cream.
(SFC, 11/23/96, p.E4)
1670 Le Notre, the royal
landscaper of Louis XIV, laid out the Triumphal Way in Paris.
(SSFC, 1/25/04, p.C12)
1670 Minute hands on watches first
appeared.
(SFC, 7/14/99, p.3)
1670 Ashanti, a West African
chiefdom (later part of Ghana), prospered from trade of cola nuts, gold
and slaves.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1670-1680 In Oman the Nizwa Fort was built 100 miles
southwest of Muscat.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.46)
1670-1712 Osei Tutu, ruler of the Ashanti Empire in
what later became Ghana. He amassed a fortune by supplying slaves to
British and Dutch traders in exchange for firearms.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1670-1752 In 2006 Jonathan I. Israel authored
“Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation
of Man 1670-1752.”
(Econ, 12/2/06, p.85)
1670-1850 Daniel Cohen's 1993 Pillars of Salt,
Monuments of Grace is a book that follows the shifts in social
authority and attitudes toward authority in New England as demonstrated
by changes in the crime literature of this period.
(LSA., Fall 1995, p.19)
1670s French explorer Rene Robert
Cavelier (LaSalle), Sieur de La Salle, explored the Great Lakes region
of the New World.
(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)
1671 Jan 18, Pirate Henry Morgan
defeated Spanish defenders and captured Panama.
(MC, 1/18/02)
1671 Jan 27, Welsh pirate Sir
Henry Morgan (1635-1688) landed at Panama City.
(WUD, 1994 p.931)(MC, 1/27/02)
1671 Feb 19, Charles-Hubert
Gervais, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1671 Apr 6, Jean-Baptiste
Rousseau, French playwright, poet (Sacred Odes & Songs), was born.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1671 Apr 22, King Charles II sat
in on English parliament after which he gave his Royal Assent to the
several Bills that were presented to him, fourteen private Acts, and
eighteen public, including an act for exporting “Beer, Ale, and Mum.”
(http://british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=37626)
1671 Apr 30, Peter Zrinyi (49),
Hungarian banished to Croatia, was beheaded.
(MC, 4/30/02)
1671 May 9, Colonel Thomas Blood
(1618-1680), Irish adventurer, attempted to steal the Crown Jewels from
the Tower of London.
(MC, 5/9/02)(Reuters, 8/24/01)
1671 Jun 6 (OS), Stenka, Stepan
Razin, Russian Cossack, was killed. [see Jun 16]
(MC, 6/6/02)
1671 Jun 8, Tomaso Albinoni,
Italian composer (Adagio in G-minor), was born.
(MC, 6/8/02)
1671 Jun 16 (NS), Stenka Razin,
Cossack rebel leader, was tortured & executed in Moscow. [see Jun 6]
(MC, 6/16/02)
1671 Nov 6, Colley Cibber,
England, dramatist, poet laureate (Love's Last Shift), was born.
(MC, 11/6/01)
1671 Dec 1, Francesco Stradivari,
Italian violin maker and son of Antonius, was born.
(MC, 12/1/01)
1671 Vermeer painted his "Allegory
of Faith." [see Vermeer, 1632-1675]
(WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)
1671 Moliere wrote his farce "Les
Fourberies de Scapin" (The Wiles of Scapin or Scapin the Cheat).
(WSJ, 1/10/97, p.A9)(SFC, 6/15/98, p.D3)
1671 Rice arrived in South
Carolina from Madagascar but nobody knew how to husk it for food.
(Hem., 12/96, p.82)
1671 English Protestants became
alarmed when they learned that James, Duke of York, had converted to
Catholicism.
(ON, 7/06, p.8)
1671 In Germany Gottfried Wilhelm
Leibnitz (Leibniz) devised a mechanical calculator to add, subtract,
multiply and divide.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1671-1743 Kaigetsudo Ando (d.1743), Japanese artist,
was born. He is also called Okazaki Genshichi.
(www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044336)
1671-1729 John Law, Scotsman and financier for
France. He controlled France's foreign trade, mints, revenue, national
debt and the Louisiana territory. [see 1694]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)
1672 Jan 1, The beginning of the
current Dionysian Period, named for the monk Dionysius Exiguous who, in
the AD 500s, introduced the present custom of reckoning time by
counting the years from the birth of Christ.
(CFA, '96, p.22)
1672 Feb 8, Isaac Newton read his
1st optics paper before Royal Society in London.
(MC, 2/8/02)
1672 Mar 15, England’s King
Charles II enacted a 3rd Declaration of Indulgence.
(http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1327117)
1672 Apr 6, Andre Ardinal
Destouches, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/6/02)
1672 Apr 29, King Louis XIV of
France invaded the Netherlands.
(HN, 4/29/99)
1672 May 1, Joseph Addison
(d.1719), English essayist (Spectator) and poet, was born. "We are
always doing, says he, something for posterity, but I would fain see
posterity do something for us." "A man must be both stupid and
uncharitable who believes there is no virtue or truth but on his own
side."
(AHD, 1971, p.14)(AP, 11/21/97)(AP, 7/14/98)(MC,
5/1/02)
1672 May 15, 1st copyright law was
enacted by Massachusetts.
(MC, 5/15/02)
1672 May 17, Frontenac became
governor of New France (Canada).
(MC, 5/17/02)
1672 May 30, Peter I (the
Great) Romanov, great czar (tsar) of Russia (1682-1725), was born. [see
Jun 9]
(HN, 5/30/98)(MC, 5/30/02)
1672 Jun 9, Peter I (d.1725), "The
Great," was born. He grew to be almost 7 feet tall and was the Russian
Czar from 1682 to 1725 and modernized Russia with sweeping reforms. He
moved the Russian capital to the new city he built, St. Petersburg.
[see May 30]
(CFA, '96, p.48)(WUD, 1994, p.1077)(HN, 6/9/99)(SFC,
12/25/99, p.C3)
1672 Jun 15, The Sluices were
opened in Holland to save Amsterdam from the French.
(HT, 6/15/00)
1672 Jun 25, 1st recorded monthly
Quaker meeting in US was held at Sandwich, Mass.
(MC, 6/25/02)
1672 Jul 4, States of Holland
declared "Eternal Edict" void.
(Maggio)
1672 Aug 9, Jose Ximenez (70),
Spanish composer, died.
(MC, 8/9/02)
1672 Aug 20, Jan de Witt, Dutch
politician and mathematician, was assassinated by a carefully organized
lynch "mob" after visiting his brother Cornelis de Witt in prison. He
was killed by a shot in the neck; his naked body was hanged and
mutilated and the heart was carved out to be exhibited.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_de_Witt)
1672 Nov 1, Heinrich Schutz
(87), composer, died. Pupil of Giovanni Gabrielli from 1609-1672, he
was employed by the Elector of Saxony in 1615 and became Kapellmeister
two years later. While employed by the Elector, Schütz made
several visits to Italy and served three two-year terms as guest court
conductor in Copenhagen. Schütz's works include one opera (a first
in the German language), Easter and Christmas oratorios, three
passions, numerous polychoral Psalm settings in the style of his
teacher, Gabrielli, other sacred concerted works in Latin and German,
and Italian madrigals.
(http://w3.rz-berlin.mpg.de/cmp/schutz.html)
1672 Dec 10, Gov. Lovelace
announced monthly mail service between NY and Boston.
(MC, 12/10/01)
1672 Christian Huygens of Holland
discovered the southern polar caps on Mars.
(http://chapters.marssociety.org/toronto/Education/TL1500.shtml)
1672 The Royal African Co. was
granted a charter to expand the slave trade and its stockholders
included philosopher John Locke. The operation supplied English sugar
colonies with 3,000 slaves annually.
(SFC, 10/19/98, p.D3)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1672 Gerhard Altzenbach (b.1609),
German artist, died.
(SFC, 9/23/06, p.E2)
1672 Peter Stuyvesant died on his
farm in NY. In 1959 Henry H. Kessler and Eugene Rachlis authored "Peter
Stuyvesant and his New York." In 1970 Adele de Leeuw authored "Peter
Stuyvesant."
(ON, 4/00, p.3)
1673 Feb 17, Moliere, [Jean
Baptiste Poquelin], French author (Tartuffe, Le Malade Imaginaire),
died.
(MC, 2/17/02)
1673 Feb 20, The 1st recorded wine
auction was held in London.
(MC, 2/20/02)
1673 Mar 28, Adam Pijnacker (51),
Dutch landscape painter, etcher, was buried.
(MC, 3/28/02)
1673 Mar 29, The English
Parliament passed the Test Act. It in effect excluded Roman Catholics
from public functions. King Charles II was unable to stop the action.
(www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide17/timeline40.html)
1673 Apr 5, Francois Caron (~72),
admiral, governor (Formosa), drowned.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1673 May 17, Louis Joliet and
Jacques Marquette began exploring the Mississippi.
(MC, 5/17/02)
1673 May 29, Cornelis van
Bijnkershoek, lawyer, president of High Council, was born.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1673 Jun 25, In France Charles de
Batz (b.1611), a commander known as D’Artagnan, was slain in the
service of Louis XIV. He died at the Siege of Maastricht in the
Franco-Dutch War and was one of the musketeers who inspired Dumas’
fiction.
(SSFC, 4/13/08,
p.E4)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'Artagnan)
1673 Jul 24, Edmund Halley entered
Queen's College, Oxford, as an undergraduate.
(MC, 7/24/02)
1673 Aug 9, Dutch recapture NY
from English. It was regained by English in 1674.
(MC, 8/9/02)
1673 Sep 21, James Needham
returned to Virginia after exploring the land to the west, which would
become Tennessee.
(HN, 9/21/98)
1673 Dec 28, Joan Blaeu (77),
Dutch cartographer, publisher (Atlas Major), died.
(MC, 12/28/01)
1673 In London the Worshipful
Society of Apothecaries started the Chelsea Physic Garden as an
educational tool for apprentices learning to grow medicinal plants.
(SFC, 3/26/08, p.G1)
1673 Cuba began a program of
scientific research.
(SFC, 3/17/99, p.A14)
1673 The most important of
Christian Huygens' written works, the "Horologium Oscillatorium," was
published in Paris. It discussed the mathematics surrounding pendulum
motion and the law of centrifugal force for uniform circular motion.
(http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_huygens.htm)
1673 The French Blue Diamond was
recut to a 67 carat stone.
(EB, 1993, V6 p.51)
1673 In Japan the Mitsukoshi store
introduced fixed prices.
(Econ, 8/25/07, p.58)
1674 Feb 9, English reconquered NY
from Netherlands.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1674 Feb 19, Netherlands and
England signed the Peace of Westminster. NYC became English.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1674 Feb 21, Johann Augustin
Kobelius, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/21/02)
1674 Mar 6, Johann Paul Schor
(58), German baroque painter, died.
(MC, 3/6/02)
1674 May 20, John Sobieski became
Poland’s first King. [see May 11, 1573]
(HN, 5/20/98)
1674 May 21, Gen. Jan Sobieski was
chosen King of Poland. [see May 20]
(MC, 5/21/02)
1674 Jun 6, Sivaji crowned himself
King of India.
(HN, 6/6/98)
1674 Jun 20, Nicholas Rowe, poet
laureate of England, was born.
(HN, 6/20/98)
1674 Jul 17, Isaac Watts, English
minister and hymn writer, was born.
(HN, 7/17/01)
1674 Aug 18, Jean Racine's
"Iphigenie," premiered in Versailles.
(MC, 8/18/02)
1674 Oct 15, Robert Herrick,
British poet (Together), was born in Mass.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1674 Nov 8, John Milton (65),
English poet (Paradise Lost), died. His work included "Paradise
Lost," Paradise Regained," and "Samson Agonistes." Milton lost one eye
at 36 and the other when he was 44. In 1952 Prof. Sensabaugh (d.2002 at
95) authored "In That Grand Whig, Milton," an examination of Milton’s
political tracts. In 1996 Paul West wrote a novel: "Sporting with
Amaryllis," that begins in 1626 and gives a fictional account of his
life. In 1997 Peter Levy wrote a biography of Milton titled: "Eden
Renewed."
(WUD, '94, p.911)(WSJ, 5/6/97, p.A20)(AP,
12/9/97)(MC, 11/8/01)(SFC, 2/28/02, p.A20)
1674 Nov 10, Dutch formally ceded
New Netherlands (NY) to English.
(MC, 11/10/01)
1674 Nov 24, Franciscus van Enden
(72), Flemish Jesuit and free thinker, was executed.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1674 Dec 4, Father Marquette built
the 1st dwelling at what is now Chicago.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1675 Jan 20, Christian Huygens,
Dutch scientist, transformed a theoretical insight on springs into a
practical mechanism with the 1st sketch of a watch balance regulated by
a coiled spring.
(www.princeton.edu/~mike/articles/huygens/timelong/timelong.html)(Econ,
2/4/06, p.73)
1675 Jan 31, Cornelia Dina
Olfaarts was found not guilty of witchcraft.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1675 Mar 2, Prince William III was
installed as Governor of Overijssel.
(SC, 3/2/02)
1675 Mar 4, John Flamsteed was
appointed 1st Astronomer Royal of England.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1675 May 18, Jacques Marquette
(37), Jesuit, missionary in Chicago, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1675 Jun 8, Three Wampanoag
Indians were hanged in Plymouth, Massachusetts. On the testimony of a
Native American witness, Plymouth Colony arrested three Wampanoags,
including a counselor to Metacom, a Pokanoket sachem. A jury among whom
were some Indian members convicted them of the recent murder of John
Sassamon, an advisor to Metacom.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War)
1675 Jun 11, France and Poland
formed an alliance.
(AP, 6/11/03)
1675 Jun 20, King Philip’s War
began when Indians--retaliating for the execution of three of their
people who had been charged with murder by the English--massacred
colonists at Swansea, Plymouth colony. Abenaki, Massachusetts, Mohegan
& Wampanoag Indians formed an anti English front. Wampanoag
warriors attacked livestock and looted farms.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War)(AH, 6/02, p.46)
1675 Jun 21, Sir Christopher Wren
began to rebuild St Paul’s Cathedral in London, replacing the old
building which had been destroyed by the Great fire. St Paul’s
Cathedral was completed in 1708.
(HN, 6/21/01)(Econ, 6/7/08, p.98)
1675 Jun 22, Royal Greenwich
Observatory was established in England by Charles II.
(YarraNet, 6/22/00)
1675 Jun 23, An English youth shot
a Marauding Wampanoag warrior.
(AH, 6/02, p.46)
1675 Jun 28, Frederick William of
Brandenburg crushed the Swedes.
(HN, 6/28/98)
1675 Aug 6, Russian Czar Aleksei
banned foreign haircuts.
(MC, 8/6/02)
1675 Aug 10, King Charles II laid
the foundation stone of Royal Observatory, Greenwich. [see Jun 22]
(MC, 8/10/02)
1675 Sep 9, New England colonial
authorities officially declared war on the Wampanoag Indians. The war
soon spread to include the Abenaki, Norwottock, Pocumtuck and Agawam
warriors.
(MC, 9/9/01)(AH, 6/02, p.47)
1675 Nov 22, English king Charles
II adjourned parliament.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1675 Dec 19, Some 1,000 colonial
troops attacked the Narragansett winter village in Rhode Island. The
Great Swamp Fight ended with some 80 English killed and 600 Indians
dead, mostly women and children. Wakefield, Rhode Island, USA, The
Great Swamp Memorial marks the site where 4,000 Indians died in defense
of a secret fort.
(Postcard, Wakefield Chamber of Commerce)(AH, 6/02,
p.48)
1675 Lely painted a portrait of
Nell Gwynn, the favorite mistress of Charles II. It is now in the
London National Gallery. Charles II acknowledged 14 illegitimate
children and historians identified 13 mistresses.
(SFEC, 2/1/98, p.T8)(SFC, 7/22/00, p.E4)
1675 In France Lully composed
"Thesee." The librettist was Philippe Quinault. This work established
the tragedie lyrique operatic form.
(WSJ, 7/5/01, p.A10)
1675 In Boston, Mass., a law
forbade American Indians from setting foot in the city, as settlers
warred with area tribes. In 2005 although the law wasn’t enforced for
centuries it was a lingering source of anger for American Indians.
(AP, 5/20/05)
1675 English king Charles II
issued a proclamation deploring the "evil and dangerous effects" of
coffee houses.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.90)
1675 The 9th Sikh guru was
executed in Delhi, India. His son, Gobind Rai, took up arms and
organized a new fraternity called the Khalsa (the pure), and gave them
the common surname Singh (lion), and changed his own name to Gobind
Singh.
(WSJ, 10/12/01, p.W17)
1675 Wojciech Bobowski (b.1610),
Polish-Jewish musician and dragoman, died. He had been taken prisoner
by Crimean Tartars and was sold to the Ottoman court where he converted
to Islam and served as an interpreter, treasurer and musician. He
translated the Bible into Turkish and composed Turkish psalms.
(Econ, 9/15/07,
p.104)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Bobowski)
1675 Johannes Vermeer (b.1632),
Dutch painter, died in poverty. In 2001 Anthony Bailey authored
"Vermeer: A View of Delft."
(WSJ, 11/15/95, p.A-20)(SSFC, 3/25/01, BR p.5)
1675 In northern Russia Solovki
monks resisted church reforms. Tsarist forces broke through, but only
following a 7-year siege.
(Econ, 12/18/04, p.83)
1675-1710 In London Old St. Paul’s Cathedral was
replaced with a new design by Sir Christopher Wren.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.14)
c1675-1741 Antonio Vivaldi, Italian violinist and
composer. [see 1678]
(WUD, 1994, p.1598)
1675-1900 McDade's Annals of Murder is an annotated
bibliography that provides a list and description of individual items
and identifies multiple accounts of the same crimes over this time
period by career FBI man McDade.
(LSA., Fall 1995, p.17)
1676 Feb 10, In King Philip’s War
Narragansett and Nipmuck Indians raided Lancaster, Mass. Over 35
villagers were killed and 24 were taken captive including Mary
Rowlandson (1637-1711) and her 3 children. Rowlandson was freed after
11 weeks and an account of her captivity was published posthumously in
1682.
(AH, 6/02, p.48)(Econ, 2/21/09,
p.83)(http://tinyurl.com/cvrhcv)
1676 Feb, Mohawk Indians attacked
and killed all but 40 Wampanoag Indians under Philip. NY Gov. Edmund
Andros had urged the Mohawks to attack the Wampanoags.
(AH, 6/02, p.48)
1676 Mar 29, Wampanoag allies
including Narragansetts destroyed Providence, Rhode Island. The house
of Roger Williams was destroyed as he negotiated with Indian leaders on
the outskirts of town.
(AH, 6/02, p.48)(AH, 4/07, p.29)
1676 Apr 14, Ernst Christian
Hesse, composer, was born in Thuringian town of Gros sengottern.
(www.cello.org/heaven/wasiel/intro3.htm)
1676 Apr 17, Frederick I, king of
Sweden, was born.
(HN, 4/17/98)
1676 Apr 18, Sudbury,
Massachusetts was attacked by Indians.
(HN, 4/18/98)
1676 Apr 29, Michiel A. de Ruyter
(69), Dutch rear-admiral, (Newport), was killed.
(MC, 4/29/02)
1676 May 10, Bacon's Rebellion
began. It pitted frontiersmen against the government. Bacon’s Rebellion
in Virginia involved an attack on a local Indian community and the
sacking of the colonial capital in Jamestown. It is described by
Catherine McNicol Stock in her 1997 book "Rural Radicals; Righteous
Rage in the American Grain."
(SFEC, 2/2/97, BR. p.8)(HN, 5/10/98)
1676 Jul 21, Anthony Collins,
English philosopher (A discourse on free-thinking), was born.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1676 Jul 29, Nathaniel Bacon was
declared a rebel for assembling frontiersmen to protect settlers from
Indians. [see May 10, Sep 1]
(MC, 7/29/02)
1676 Aug 12, Indian chief King
Philip, also known as Metacom, was killed by a Pocasset Indian
named Alderman in the swamps of Rhode Island. This ended the King
Philip’s War. Benjamin Church, a Plymouth volunteer, ordered that
Philip be beheaded and quartered. [see Aug 28]
(AH, 6/02, p.50)
1676 Aug 26, Sir Robert Walpole
(d.1745), the first and longest serving prime minister of England, was
born. He was not then called the prime minister as the king held all
honors. He collected a large number of paintings by old masters at his
Houghton Hall home in Norfolk.
(WSJ, 3/3/97,
p.A16)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Walpole)
1676 Aug 28, Indian chief King
Philip, also known as Metacom, was killed by English soldiers, ending
the war between Indians and colonists. [see Aug 12]
(HN, 8/28/98)
1676 Sep 1, Nathaniel Bacon led an
uprising against English Governor William Berkeley at Jamestown,
Virginia, resulting in the settlement being burned to the ground.
Bacon's Rebellion came in response to the governor's repeated refusal
to defend the colonists against the Indians. [see May 10, Sep 19]
(HN, 9/1/99)
1676 Sep 19, Rebels under
Nathaniel Bacon set Jamestown, Va., on fire. [see Sep 1]
(MC, 9/19/01)
1676 Sep 21, Benedetto Odescalchi
was elected as Pope Innocent XI.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1676 Oct 18, Nathaniel Bacon, who
rallied against Virginian government, was killed at 29.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1676 Nov 16, 1st colonial prison
was organized at Nantucket Mass.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1676 Roger Williams published
“George Fox Digg’d Out of His Burrowes.” It was an account of his
debates with the Quakers in Newport and Providence.
(AH, 4/07, p.28)
1676 Canonchet, the Narragansett
sachem, was executed.
(AH, 6/02, p.48)
1676 Lully composed his tragic
opera "Atys."
(SFEC, 1/18/98, DB p.33)
1676 Jean-Domenique Cassini,
director of the Paris Observatory, reported that there were 2 rings
around Saturn separated by a gap that came to be called the Cassini
Division.
(NH, 10/1/04, p.29)
1676 Ole Christensen Romer
(Roemer), Danish astronomer, derived a speed of light of 130,000 miles
per second based on his observations of Io, the innermost moon of
Jupiter.
(http://inkido.indiana.edu/a100/timeline2.html)(NH,
2/05, p.19)
1676 Geminiamo Montanari, Italian
astronomer, documented a meteor with a sound "like the rattling of a
great Cart running over Stones." It was later understood that meteors
can detectable generate radio waves.
(NH, 7/02, p.38)
1676 Jeong Seon (d.1759), Korean
landscape painter, was born.
(www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2009/10/148_51861.html)
1676 King Carlos II of Spain,
having successfully outlawed a drink suspected of leading to homicides,
inattentiveness at church and moral turpitude, warned his colonial
rulers in Bogota of a drink "that is, beyond all comparison, more
dangerous and which goes by the name of aguardiente." In 1988 Gilma
Mora de Tovar's authored, "Aguardiente and Social Conflicts in 18th
Century New Granada,"
(AP, 9/2/03)
1676-1759 Chong Son, Korean painter. His work
included "Pine Tree at Sajik Altar" and "Landscape."
(SFC, 7/26/97, p.E1)
1677 Feb 15, King Charles II
reported an anti-French covenant with Netherlands.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1677 Feb 16, Earl of Shaftesbury
was arrested and confined to the London Tower. [see Oct 24, 1681]
(MC, 2/16/02)
1677 Feb 21, [Benedictus] Baruch
Spinoza (b.1632), Dutch philosopher, died. In 2003 Antonio Damasio
authored "Looking for Spinoza," a look at contemporary neurological
research in contrast with the opposing philosophical views of Spinoza
and Descartes. In 2005 Matthew Stewart authored “The Courtier and the
Heretic: Leibniz, Spinoza, and the Fate of God in the Modern World.”
(WUD, 1994 p.1371)(SSFC, 2/2/03, p.M4)(WSJ,
12/15/05, p.D8)
1677 Mar 13, Massachusetts gained
title to Maine for $6,000.
(MC, 3/13/02)
1677 Apr 27, Colonel Jeffreys
became the governor of Virginia.
(HN, 4/27/98)
1677 May 29, King Charles II and
12 Virginia Indian chiefs signed a treaty that established a 3-mile
non-encroachment zone around Indian land. The Mattaponi Indians in 1997
invoked this treaty to protect against encroachment.
(SFC, 6/2/97, p.A3)
1677 Sep 21, John and Nicolaas van
der Heyden patented a fire extinguisher.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1677 Nov 4, William and Mary were
married in England on William's birthday. William of Orange married his
cousin Mary (daughter to James, Duke of York and the same James II who
fled in 1688).
(HNQ, 12/28/00)(HN, 11/4/02)
1677 Racine wrote his drama Phedre
in alexandrine meter. It was based on Euripides’ tragic Greek tale of
Phaedra’s love for her stepson Hippolytus, son of Theseus.
(WSJ, 5/21/97, p.A12)(Econ, 6/20/09, p.89)(Econ,
6/27/09, p.92)
1677 Pope Innocent XII confirmed
the imperial foundation of the Univ. of Innsbruck in a papal bull that
emphasized the Catholic character of the Univ. and decreed that the
important chairs of the Faculty of Theology be filled by members of the
Jesuit order.
(StuAus, April '95, p.97)
1677 The Episcopal Parish called
St. Michaels was established on the east coast of the Chesapeake Bay.
The town of St. Michaels derives its name after the parish.
(SMBA, 1996)
1677 Christopher Wren redesigned
the burned Church of St. Mary the Virgin in Aldermanbury, England. His
monument at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London reads: “Si monumentum
requires circumspice” (If you seek his monument, look around you).
(SFC, 3/30/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 5/21/97, p.A15)
1678 Feb 18, John Bunyan's
"Pilgrim's Progress" was published. [see Sep 28]
(MC, 2/18/02)
1678 Mar 4, Antonio Vivaldi
(d.1741), Italian Baroque composer (4 Seasons) and violinist, was born
in Venice. [see 1675]
(HN, 3/4/01)(SC, 3/4/02)
1678 May 31, The Godiva
procession, commemorating Lady Godiva's legendary ride while naked,
became part of the Coventry Fair.
(HN, 5/31/01)
1678 Jun 17, Giacomo Torelli (69),
composer, died.
(MC, 6/17/02)
1678 Jul 26, Joseph I Habsburg,
German king, Roman catholic emperor (1705-11), was born.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1678 Aug 3, Robert LaSalle built
the 1st ship in America, Griffon.
(SC, 8/3/02)(AP, 12/10/03)
1678 Aug 16, Andrew Marvell
(b.1621), English poet (Definition of Love), died.
(MC, 8/16/02)
1678 Sep 28, "Pilgrim's Progress"
by John Bunyan (b.1628) was published. [see Feb 18]
(MC, 9/28/01)
1678 Nov 18, Giovanni Maria
Bononcini (36), composer, died.
(MC, 11/18/01)
1678 Nov 28, England's King
Charles II accused his wife, Catherine of Braganza, of treason. Her
crime? She had yet to bear him children.
(DTnet, 11/28/97)
1678 Nov 30, Roman Catholics
were banned from English parliament.
(MC, 11/30/01)
1678 Dec 3, Edmund Halley received
an MA from Queen's College, Oxford.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1678 Titus Oates (b.1649), failed
Catholic seminarian, and Israel Tonge concocted the Popish Plot. They
alleged that plotters planned to raise a Catholic army, massacre
Protestants, and poison Charles II in order to get James on the throne.
9 Jesuit priests were executed. In 1681 it was revealed to be a
fabrication.
(www.newadvent.org/cathen/11173c.htm)(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1678 Anthony Ashley Cooper, the
Earl of Shaftesbury and Protestant Parliamentary leader formed the
County Party, later known as the Whigs, to prevent James from becoming
king of England.
(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1678 Louis XIV claimed the region
of Alsace from Germany.
(SFEC, 1/31/99, p.T4)
1678-1707 Georg Farquhar, Anglo-Irish dramatist.
(WSJ, 10/3/96, p.A12)
1678-1707 Aurangzeb was the 1st Muslim ruler to fire
his cannon at the giant Buddhas at Bamiyan, Afghanistan.
(WSJ, 11/16/01, p.W12)
1679 Jan 24, King Charles II
disbanded the English parliament.
(MC, 1/24/02)
1679 Jan 31, Jean-Baptiste Lully's
opera "Bellerophon" premiered in Paris.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1679 Mar, King Charles II sent his
brother James to the Netherlands for safety.
(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1679 Apr 3, Edmund Halley met
Johannes Hevelius in Danzig.
(MC, 4/3/02)
1679 Apr 17, John van Kessel (53),
Flemish painter, died.
(MC, 4/17/02)
1679 May 12, Giovanni Antonio
Ricieri, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/12/02)
1679 May 14, Peder [Nielsen]
Horrebow, Danish astronomer, was born.
(MC, 5/14/02)
1679 May 15, The Earl of
Shaftesbury introduced his Exclusion Bill into Parliament proposing
that James, the Catholic brother of King Charles II, be permanently
barred from the line of succession to the English throne.
(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1679 May 27, England’s House of
Lords passed the Habeas Corpus Act (have the body) to prevent false
arrest and imprisonment. King Charles adjourned Parliament before the
final reading of Shaftesbury’s Exclusion Bill.
(WUD, 1994
p.634)(www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=11707)(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1679 Jun 1, Battle at Bothwell
Bridge on Clyde: Duke of Monmouth beat the Scottish. (MC, 6/1/02)
1679 Jul 10, The British crown
claimed New Hampshire as a royal colony.
(HN, 7/10/98)
1679 Jul 12, Britain's King
Charles II ratified Habeas Corpus Act.
(MC, 7/12/02)
1679 Sep 18, New Hampshire became
a county Massachusetts Bay Colony.
(MC, 9/18/01)
1679 Oct 16, Jan Dismas Zelenka,
composer, was born.
(MC, 10/16/01)
1679 Oct 23, The Meal Tub Plot
took place against James II of England.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1679 Nov 3, A great panic occurred
in Europe over the close approach of a comet.
(MC, 11/3/01)
1679 Dec 4, Thomas Hobbes
(b.1588), English philosopher and author of Leviathan, died. "The
reputation of power IS power." Hobbes sought to separate politics from
religion.
(WSJ, 7/30/03, p.A12)(WSJ, 9/15/07,
p.W10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes)
1679 Dec 17, Don Juan, ruler of
Spain, died.
(MC, 12/17/01)
1679 Elections in England produced
a new House of Commons, but King Charles II declined to let it assemble.
(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1679-1947 Some 8,500 vessels have been lost in Lake
Michigan over this period.
(Hem., 7/96, p.25)
1680 Apr 3, Shivaji Raje Bhosle
(b.1627), warrior king and founder of the Maratha empire of western
India, died.
(Econ, 7/12/08,
p.73)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji)
1680 May 5, Giuseppe Porsile,
composer, was born.
(MC, 5/5/02)
1680 May 29, Abraham Megerle (73),
composer, died.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1680 Jul 26, John Wilmot, 2nd Earl
of Rochester, poet, courtier, died.
(MC, 7/26/02)
1680 Aug 13, War started when the
Spanish were expelled from Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Indians under Chief
Pope.
(HN, 8/13/98)
1680 Aug 21, Pueblo Indians took
possession of Santa Fe, N.M., after driving out the Spanish. They
destroyed almost all of the Spanish churches in Taos and Santa Fe.
(AP, 8/21/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, Z1 p.8)
1680 Aug 24, Colonel Thomas Blood,
Irish adventurer who stole the Crown Jewels from the Tower of London in
1671, died. Captured after the theft, he insisted on seeing King
Charles II, who pardoned him.
(Reuters, 8/24/01)
1680 Sep 25, Samuel Butler
(b.1612), poet and satirist, died.
(MC, 9/25/01)
1680 Oct 13, Daniel Elsevier, book
publisher and publisher, died at 54.
(MC, 10/13/01)
1680 Oct, King Charles II of
England was forced to recall Parliament in order to ask for money to
fortify the port of Tangier, Morocco, which was under assault by
Moorish forces.
(ON, 7/06, p.9)
1680 Nov 18, Jean-Baptiste
Loeillet, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/18/01)
1680 Nov 27, Athanasius Kircher,
German Jesuit and inventor of a lantern, died.
(MC, 11/27/01)
1680 Nov 28 Giovanni "Gian"
Lorenzo Bernini (b.Dec 7,1598), Sculptor, Painter, Architect, Italian,
the greatest sculptor of the 17th century, died.
(DTnet, 11/28/97)
1680 Pierre Puget made his bronze
sculpture of Herakles (Hercules) struggling in the burning tunic.
Sophocles around 440-420 composed his tragedy "The Trachinian Women."
It described what happened when Hercules put on the robe woven by his
wife Deianeira.
(AM, Mar/Apr 97 p.55)
1680 John Locke completed two
works requested by the Earl of Shaftsbury. "The First Treatise on Civil
Government" was written to counter Robert Filmer’s old book
"Patriarcha." "The Second Treatise on Civil Government" was a more
general approach. It concerns the interconnection of three great ideas:
property, government, and revolution. Government comes into existence,
said Locke, because of property. If there is no property, then
government is not needed to protect it. For Locke the question revolved
around whether property was legitimate.
(V.D.-H.K.p.219)
1680 Benedetto Ferrari composed
his oratorio "Il Sansone," (Samson). It was later discovered that he
wrote the text and probably the music for "Pur to miro," the final duet
for Monteverdi’s "L’Incoronazione di Poppea."
(SFC, 1/20/98, p.E1)(SFC, 6/9/98, p.D1)
1680 In Hamburg, Germany, a cymbal
was used for the 1st time in an orchestra.
(SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)
1680 The original parish of
the Nuestra Senora de la Purisima Concepcion church in Socorro, Texas,
also known as San Miguel because it contains a statue of the archangel
Michael, was founded.
(AWAM, Dec. 94, p.65)
1680 Maryland colonists ran out of
supplies and survived starvation by eating oysters.
(SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)
c1680 The first American tall case
clock, later called a "grandfather clock," was built.
(SFC,10/22/97, Z1 p.7)
1680 Chief Justice William Scroggs
was impeached for, among other things, browbeating witnesses, cursing
and drinking to excess.
(WSJ, 1/25/99, p.A19)
1680 An eclipse of the sun
occurred in this year. The oral tradition of one African culture speaks
of a strange darkness during chief Bo Kama Bomenchala’s reign.
(ATC, p.147)
1680 Light from the supernova of
the star Cassiopeia A reached Earth. A remnant was observed by the
Chandra X-ray Observatory in 1999.
(USAT, 8/27/99, p.14A)(Econ, 8/28/04, p.71)
1680 Kateri Tekakwitha, a Mohawk
Indian, died. She became the first Native American to be beatified by
the Catholic Church in 1980.
(SFEC, 9/14/97, p.A18)
1680 Leavened bread was developed
in Egypt.
(SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)
1680 Hykos tribesmen wore sandals
and successfully overcame barefoot Egyptians.
(SFC, 9/18/99, p.B3)
1680 Portuguese founded Colonia
del Sacramento (Uruguay) for smuggling contraband across the Rio de la
Plata to Spanish-controlled Argentina.
(SSFC, 10/30/05, p.F7)
c1680-1685 Simon Pietesz, Verelst, painted a portrait
of "Nell Gwyn," Protestant mistress to Charles II.
(WSJ, 3/7/02, p.A22)
1680-1786 On Senegal it was estimated that over 2
million slaves passed through Goree Island on their way to the American
colonies.
(SFC, 4/3/98, p.B3)
1681 Jan 6, 1st recorded boxing
match was between the Duke of Albemarle's butler and his butcher.
(MC, 1/6/02)
1681 Jan 8, The treaty of Radzin
ended a five year war between the Turks and the allied countries of
Russia and Poland.
(HN, 1/8/99)
1681 Jan 18, England's King
Charles II suspended Parliament and set its next meeting for March in
Oxford.
(ON, 7/06, p.10)
1681 Mar 4, England's King Charles
II granted a charter to William Penn (37) for 48,000 square miles that
later became Pennsylvania. Penn’s father had bequeathed him a claim of
£15,000 against the king. Penn later laid out the city of
Philadelphia as a gridiron about 2 miles long, east to west, and a mile
wide.
(PCh, 1992, p.259)(AP, 3/4/98)(SFEC, 8/16/98, p.T1)
1681 Mar 14, Georg Philipp
Telemann, late baroque composer, was born in Magdeburg, Germany.
(MC, 3/14/02)
1681 Apr 8, England's King Charles
II received the 1st installment of a 5-million livre subsidy from King
Louis of France. This provided him independence from Parliament and he
ruled without it until his death in 1685.
(ON, 7/06, p.10)
1681 Apr 11, Anne Danican
Philidor, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1681 May 17, Louis XIV sent an
expedition to aid James II in Ireland. As a result, England declared
war on France.
(HN, 5/17/99)
1681 May 25, Caldéron de la
Barca (b.1600), Spanish dramatist & poet, died.
(WUD, 1994 p.210)(SC, 5/25/02)
1681 Aug 22, Pierre Danican
Philidor, composer, was born.
(MC, 8/22/02)
1681 Oct 24, Earl of Shaftesbury
(d.1683) was accused of high treason in London. The Earl of Shaftesbury
had challenged the king on the question of succession. The king
dissolved Parliament and threw Shaftesbury into the Tower of London and
charged him with treason. Shaftesbury was acquitted and went to Holland
with John Locke.
(V.D.-H.K.p.220)(MC, 10/24/01)(PCh, 1992, p.260)
1681 Nov 9, Hungarian parliament
promised Protestants freedom of religion.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1681 Fa Jo-chen, Chinese artist,
created a 45-foot-long handscroll of a winding river with the land on
both sides rolled up in round, furry lumps.
(WSJ, 5/15/02, p.AD7)
1681 Nehemiah Grew, the first
scientist to call sloths by their common English name, described the
animal in his catalog of specimens owned by the Royal Society of London.
(Nat. Hist., 4/96, p.20-21)
1681 The dodo bird was last seen
on Mauritius. The dodo bird became extinct on Mauritius. In 2005
scientists reported the discovery of a complete skeleton of the bird on
Mauritius.
(SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.5)(NH, 11/96, p.24)(SFEC,
6/21/98, Z1 p.8)(SSFC, 12/25/05, p.A2)
1681-1730 French Protestants, known as Huguenots,
migrated in large numbers to England due to persecutions known as
dragonnades wherein rowdy soldiers were billeted in their homes. They
also lost a semblance of security in the 1685 revocation of the Edict
of Nantes.
(Econ, 12/20/03, p.85)
1681-1764 Johann Mattheson, German composer, friend
of Handel.
(LGC-HCS, p.38)
1682 Feb 13, Giovanni Piazzetta,
painter, was born.
(HN, 2/13/98)
1682 Apr 3, Esteban Murillo
(b.1617), Spanish painter, died. Some of his mid-century work in
Seville portrayed the effects of the Plague that killed 50% of the
population in 4 months.
(WSJ, 4/9/02, p.D19)(MC, 4/3/02)
1682 Apr 9, The French explorer
Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, reached the Mississippi River.
La Salle claimed lower Mississippi River and all lands that touched it
for France.
(AP, 4/9/97)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)(HN, 4/9/98)
1682 Apr 11, Jean-Joseph Mouret,
composer, was born.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1682 May 6, King Louis XIV moved
his court to Versailles, France.
(HN, 5/6/98)
1682 Jun 10, The first tornado of
record in colonial America hit New Haven, Conn.
(SFEC, 7/4/99, Z1 p.8)
1682 Jun 27, Charles XII (d.1718),
King of Sweden (1697-1718), was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.249)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E5)(HN, 6/27/98)
1682 Jul 14, Henry Purcell was
appointed organist of Chapel Royal, London.
(MC, 7/14/02)
1682 Aug 24, Duke James of York
gave Delaware to William Penn.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1682 Aug 30, William Penn left
England to sail to New World. He took along an insurance policy.
(MC, 8/30/01)
1682 Sep 4, English astronomer
Edmund Halley saw his namesake comet.
(MC, 9/4/01)
1682 Oct 26, William Penn accepted
the area around Delaware River from Duke of York.
(MC, 10/26/01)
1682 Oct 29, The founder of
Pennsylvania, William Penn, landed at what is now Chester, Pa. William
Penn founded Philadelphia. Penn founded Pennsylvania as a "Holy
Experiment" based on Quaker principles.
(AP, 10/29/97)(SFEC, 6/21/98, Z1 p.8)(SSFC, 8/5/01,
p.C10)
1682 Nov 23, Claude Lorrain,
French painter (also known as Claude Gelée), died. His birth is
variously noted from 1600-1604.
(WSJ, 11/6/02,
p.D8)(www.britannica.com/eb/article-9024243/Claude-Lorrain)
1682 Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712),
English botanist and physician, postulated that plants reproduce
sexually in his book “Anatomy of Plants.” His 1st book on plant anatomy
was titled “The Anatomy of Vegetable Begun” (1672).
(www.britannica.com/eb/article-9038079)(Econ,
11/12/05, p.88)
1682 Thomas Otway wrote his
Restoration tragedy "Venice Preserv’d."
(WSJ, 2/6/97, p.A12)
1682 John Playford organized the
Musick’s Recreation on the Viol.
(EMN, 1/96, p.4)
1682 Wren’s Royal Hospital Chelsea
was founded by Charles II as a hostel for old soldiers.
(WSJ, 3/11/02, p.A16)
1682 William Penn established
Bucks County as one of Pennsylvania’s 3 original counties.
(WSJ, 3/22/08, p.R7)
1682 Nicholas Wise founded
Norfolk, Va.
(SFEC, 7/4/99, Z1 p.8)
1682 Pere Lachaise, a French
Jesuit priest, was confessor to Louis XIV. His order built a house on
the future site of the Paris cemetery named after him.
(SFC, 6/16/96, T-6)
1682 In Russia a rebellion by
government Streltsy regiments killed the grandfather, aunts and other
relatives of Peter the Great. The Monastery of Peter the Metropolitan
was reconstructed and as served as the family necropolis.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.38)
1682 In Tibet the Fifth Dalai Lama
(b.1617) died. His death kept hidden for 15 years by his prime minister
and possible son Desi Sangay Gyatso in order that the Potala Palace
could be finished and Tibet's neighbors not take advantage of an
interregnum in the succession.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama)
1682-1725 The rule of Peter the Great. The original
stone cathedral of the Monastery of the Epiphany in Moscow was built
during this time. It was built over the remnants of an earlier wooden
church.
(AM, Jul/Aug ‘97 p.37)
1683 Feb 12, A Christian Army, led
by Charles, the Duke of Lorraine and King John Sobieski of Poland,
routed a huge Ottoman army surrounding Vienna.
(HN, 2/12/99)
1683 Feb 20, Philip V, first
Bourbon King of Spain, was born. [see Dec 19]
(HN, 2/20/01)
1683 Apr 1, Roger Williams
(b.1603) died in poverty in Rhode Island. Williams died at Providence
between 16 January and 16 April 1683/84, his wife Mary having
predeceased him in 1676. Williams was the first champion of complete
religious toleration in America. In 2005 Edwin S. Gaustad authored the
biography “Roger Williams.”
(http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=1110)(WSJ,
6/21/05, p.D10)
1683 Apr 15, Catherine I (d.1727),
empress of Russia (1725-1727), was born as Martha Skravonskaya in
Jacobstadt, Latvia. Catherine was the daughter of Samuil Skavronski, a
Lithuanian peasant.
(HN,
4/15/98)(www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Catherine_I_of_Russia)
1683 Jun 23, William Penn signed a
friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania. It became
the only treaty "not sworn to, nor broken."
(HN, 6/23/98)(MC, 6/23/02)
1683 Jul 3, Edward Young, English
poet, dramatist and literary critic, was born. He wrote "Night
Thoughts."
(HN, 7/3/99)
1683 Jul 21, Lord William Russell,
English plotter against Charles II, was beheaded.
(MC, 7/21/02)
1683 Jul 24, The 1st settlers from
Germany to US left aboard the ship Concord.
(www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/germantown.html)
1683 Sep 3, Turkish troops broke
through the defense of Vienna.
(MC, 9/3/01)
1683 Sep 6, Jean-Baptiste Colbert
(b.1619), French finance minister (1665-1683) under Louis XIV, died. He
pioneered “dirigisme,” i.e. state control of the economy and state
intervention in industry.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert)(Econ, 3/25/06,
p.71)
1683 Sep 9, Algernon Sidney,
English Whig politician and plotter, was beheaded.
(MC, 9/9/01)
1683 Sep 12, A combined Austrian
and Polish army defeated the Ottoman Turks at Kahlenberg and lifted the
siege on Vienna, Austria. Prince Eugene of Savoy helped repel an
invasion of Vienna, Austria, by Turkish forces. Marco d'Aviano, sent by
Pope Innocent XI to unite the outnumbered Christian troops, spurred
them to victory. The Turks left behind sacks of coffee which the
Christians found too bitter, so they sweetened it with honey and milk
and named the drink cappuccino after the Capuchin order of monks to
which d'Aviano belonged. An Austrian baker created a crescent-shaped
roll, the Kipfel, to celebrate the victory. Empress Maria Theresa later
took it to France where it became the croissant. In 2006 John Stoye
authored “The Siege of Vienna.”
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.69)(WSJ, 3/27/96, p.A-16)(HN,
9/12/98)(SFEC, 2/6/00, p.A1)(Reuters, 4/28/03)(WSJ, 6/3/03, p.D5) (WSJ,
12/6/06, p.D12)
1683 Sep 17, Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek reported the existence of bacteria.
(MC, 9/17/01)
1683 Sep 24, King Louis XIV
expelled all Jews from French possessions in America.
(MC, 9/24/01)
1683 Sep 25, Jean-Philippe Rameau,
composer, was born in Dijon, France.
(MC, 9/25/01)
1683 Sep 29, A small armada sailed
from the Mexican mainland across the Sea of Cortez to the Baha
Peninsula. Hostile natives had forced them back to the mainland on a
first landing and a storm forced them back on a 2nd attempt.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)
1683 Oct 6, 13 Mennonite families
from Krefeld, Germany, arrived in present-day Philadelphia to begin
Germantown, one of America's oldest settlements. They were encouraged
by William Penn's offer of 5,000 acres of land in the colony of
Pennsylvania and the freedom to practice their religion.
(AP,
10/6/97)(www.ulib.iupui.edu/kade/germantown.html)
1683 Oct 6, The small armada from
the Mexican mainland landed on their 3rd attempt at crossing to the
Baha peninsula and settled at the mouth of a river that they named San
Bruno. The site was abandoned after 2 years. Spanish settlement on the
Baha was later described by Father James Donald Francez in "The Lost
Treasures of Baha California."
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A9)
1683 Oct 30, George II, King of
Great Britain (1727-60), was born. [see Oct 30]
(MC, 10/30/01)
1683 Nov 10, George II, king of
England (1727-60), was born. [see Nov 10]
(MC, 11/10/01)
1683 Nov 22, Purcell's "Welcome to
All the Pleasures," premiered in London.
(MC, 11/22/01)
1683 Dec 19, Philip V, King of
Spain (1700-24, 24-46), was born in Versailles, France. [see Feb 20]
(MC, 12/19/01)
1683 Dec 25, Kara Mustapha
(b.~1634), chief of the Ottoman janissaries, appeared before the grand
vizier in Belgrade. He was sentenced to death and executed for the
military loss at Vienna.
(WSJ, 12/5/06,
p.D12)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Mustafa)
1683 Giovanni Battista Foggini
created his sculpture "The Mass of Saint Andrea Corsini."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
1683 The Ashmolean Museum was
built in Oxford to house natural-history artifacts. It was the first
such public museum. It gained its name and its first collections from
Elias Ashmole (1617-1692), whose own collections were derived in part
from those of John Tradescant (1608-1662).
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R34)(http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/speel//otherart/ashmole.htm)
1683 Alessandro Scarlatti (father
of Domenico Scarlatti) wrote the score for his opera "L’Aldimiro." The
only know score extant was found in a library in Berkeley, Ca., in 1989.
(SFC, 5/26/96, DB p.26)
1683 Secatogue Indians deeded land
on the South Shore of Long Island to William Nicoll.
(WSJ, 10/9/07, p.D6)
1683 French King Louis XIV married
Madame de Maintenon (1635-1719), his mistress for the last 11 years,
shortly after the death of his wife. The marriage was kept secret for
the next 3 decades.
(Econ, 7/26/08, p.96)
1683 Taiwan was claimed by China's
Manchu dynasty after large-scale immigration from the Chinese mainland
to the island.
(AP, 8/12/06)
1684 Jan 11, In Switzerland this
day “was so frightfully cold that all of the communion wine froze,"
said an entry by Brother Josef Dietrich, governor and "weatherman" of
the Einsiedeln Monastery. The Einsiedeln abbots, princes within the
Holy Roman Empire until 1798, were powerful leaders who ruled over
large swaths of central Switzerland's mountainous terrain.
(AP, 9/15/07)
1684 Apr 25, A patent was granted
for the thimble.
(SS, 4/25/02)
1684 Jun 21, King Charles II
revoked the 1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony charter. [see 1691]
(HNQ, 11/23/00)(MC, 6/21/02)
1684 Jun 22, Francesco Onofrio
Manfredini, composer, was born.
(MC, 6/22/02)
1684 Oct 1, Pierre Corneille,
French lawyer and dramatist (El Cid, Polyeucte), died at 42.
(MC, 10/1/01)
1684 Oct 10, Jean Antoine Watteau
(d.1721), French rococo painter, was born.
(WUD, 1994 p.1614)(AAP, 1964)(MC, 10/10/01)
1684 Dec 3, Ludvig Baron Holberg,
founder of Danish & Norwegian literature, was born.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1684 For one year Paris was the
world’s biggest city.
(SFEC, 2/22/98, Z1 p.8)
1684 French explorer Rene Robert
Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, set sail for what is now Louisiana with 4
ships commissioned from King Louis XIV. On the way one ship was lost to
pirates, another broke apart on a sand bar and a third returned home.
The 4th was sunk in a storm in 1686.
(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)
1685 Jan, French explorer Rene
Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, landed at Matagorda Bay, Texas. He
thought that he was at the mouth of the Mississippi River but soon
realized his mistake and went of looking for the river.
(SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)
1685 Feb 6, Charles II (54), King
of England, Scotland, Ireland (1660-85), died and was succeeded by his
Catholic brother James II. He made a deathbed conversion to the Roman
Catholic faith. He had earlier ordered Christopher Wren to build an
observatory and maritime college at Greenwich. In 2000 Stephen Coote
authored the biography: "Royal Survivor."
(WSJ, 2/28/00, p.A36)(http://tinyurl.com/hkkln)
1685 Feb 11, David Teniers III
(46), Flemish painter, died.
(MC, 2/11/02)
1685 Feb 23, George Frideric
Handel (d.1759), composer and musician, was born in Halle, Germany.
(LGC-HCS, p.37)(AP, 2/23/98)(HN, 2/23/98)
1685 Mar 21, Composer Johann
Sebastian Bach (d.1750) was born in Eisenach, Germany, the youngest of
eight children. 2nd source says Mar 21. He composed cantatas, sonatas,
preludes, fugues and chorale preludes, and whose works included
"Brandenburg Concerto" and "Well-Tempered Clavier."
(AP, 3/21/97)(LGC-HCS.p.17)(HN, 3/21/99)
1685 May 28, Pieter de la Court
(~67), economist, historian, died.
(MC, 5/28/02)
1685 Jun 11, James Scott, Duke of
Monmouth, rebelled against Catholic king James II.
(AP, 6/11/03)
1685 Jun 30, John Gay, playwright,
was born. He wrote the Beggars' Opera which attacked the court of
George II,
(HN, 6/30/99)
1685 Jun 30, Dominikus Zimmermann,
German architect, painter (Liebfrauenkirche), was born.
(MC, 6/30/02)
1685 Jun 30, Archibald Campbell
(~55), Scottish politician, was beheaded.
(MC, 6/30/02)
1685 Jul 6, James II defeated
James, the Duke of Monmouth, at the Battle of Sedgemoor, the last major
battle to be fought on English soil.
(HN, 7/6/98)
1685 Jul 15, James Scott, the Duke
of Monmouth and illegitimate son of Charles II, was executed on Tower
Hill in England, after his army was defeated at Sedgemoor.
(HN, 7/15/98)(MC, 7/15/02)
1685 Oct 18, King Louis the XIV
signed the Edict of Fontainebleau, revoking the Edict of Nantes that
had established legal toleration of France's Protestant population, the
Huguenots. The French Parliament recorded the new edict four days
later. The edict signed at Nantes, France, by King Henry IV in 1598,
had given the Huguenots religious liberty, civil rights and security.
By revoking the Edict of Nantes, Louis XIV abrogated their religious
liberties. He declared France entirely Catholic again.
(HN, 4/13/98)(HN, 10/18/98)(AP, 10/18/07)
1685 Oct 26, Domenico Scarlatti
(d.1757, composer and harpsichordist was born in Naples, Italy.
Scarlatti, son of Alessandro, composed over 550 short, keyboard sonatas
or exercises.
(WUD, 1994 p.1275)(LGC-HCS, p.38)(MC, 10/26/01)
1685 Nov 8, Fredrick William of
Brandenburg issued the Edict of Potsdam, offering Huguenots refuge.
(HN, 11/6/98)
1685 Dec 3, Charles II barred Jews
from settling in Stockholm, Sweden.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1685 Dec 12, Lodovico Giustini,
composer, was born.
(MC, 12/12/01)
1685 Sylvestre Dufour published
"Traitez Nuveaux et Curieux de Cafe, du The, et du Chocolat."
(WSJ, 7/7/98, p.A14)
1685 Dutch mapmaker, Johannes van
Keulen, produced a map of New York and Long Island. He charted the
Hudson and Connecticut rivers with greater accuracy than ever before.
Long Island was labeled on the map as "Lange Eyland."
(WSJ, 11/24/95, p.B-8)
1685 In Canada there was a
shortage of currency and playing cards were assigned monetary values
for use as money.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1685 The Venetians returned to the
Peloponnesus.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.56)
1685-1712 Celia Fiennes’ journal about her travels
throughout England have provided historians with valuable insight into
the social conditions of the country in the late 1600s. Celia Fiennes,
an enterprising young, single woman, rode side-saddle through every
county in England. She traveled alone except for two servants, and the
journal she kept, later published as "The Journeys of Celia Fiennes
1685-c.1712," is the only evidence we have of her travels.
(HNQ, 4/22/01)
c1685-1753 George Berkeley, Irish bishop and
philosopher. He argued that the things we see around us exist only as
ideas. This was in opposition to naive realism which held that we
perceive objects as they really are.
(WUD, 1994, p.140)(WSJ, 8/21/98, p.W13)
1685-1768 Hakuin Ekaku, Japanese Zen painter. His
work included "Side View of Daruma."
(SSFC, 9/23/01, DB p.48)
1686 Jan, A storm arose and sank
the ship, La Belle, of French explorer Rene Robert Cavelier, Sieur de
La Salle, in Matagorda Bay, Texas. La Salle was off searching for the
Mississippi River. The wreck was discovered in 1995 and in 1996 a
skeleton was bound onboard.
(SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(SFC, 11/30/96, p.A7)
1686 Feb 15, Jean Baptiste Lully's
opera "Armide," premiered in Paris.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1686 Apr 4, English king James II
published a Declaration of Indulgence.
(MC, 4/4/02)
1686 Apr 28, The first volume of
Isaac Newton's "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica"
("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy") was published in
Latin. His invention of differential and integral calculus is here
presented. Here also are stated Newton’s laws of motion, that
obliterated the Aristotelian concept of inertia.
1) Every physical body continues in its state of
rest, unless it is compelled to change that state by a force or forces
impressed upon it.
2) A change of motion is proportional to the force
impressed upon the body and is made in the direction of the straight
line in which the force is impressed.
3) To every action there is always opposed an equal
reaction.
Book Three of the Principia opens with two pages
headed "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy." There are four rules as
follows:
1) We are to admit no more causes of natural things
than such as are both true and sufficient to explain the appearances.
[A restatement of Ockham’s Razor: "What can be done with fewer is done
in vain with more."]
2) Therefore to the same natural effects we must, as
far as possible, assign the same causes.
3) The qualities of bodies which are found to belong
to all bodies within the reach of our experiments, are to be esteemed
the universal qualities of bodies whatsoever.
4) In experimental philosophy we are to look upon
propositions inferred by general induction from phenomena as accurately
or very nearly true notwithstanding any contrary hypothesis that may be
imagined, till such time as other phenomena occur, by which they may
either be made more accurate, or liable to exceptions.
(V.D.-H.K.p.207-10)(HN, 4/28/98)
1686 May 14, Gabriel Daniel
Fahrenheit German physicist and instrument maker, was born. He invented
the thermometer. [see May 24]
(HN, 5/14/98)
1686 May 24, Gabriel Daniel
Fahrenheit (d.1736), German physicist, was born. He devised a
temperature scale and introduced the use of mercury in thermometers. He
assigned the number 32 for the melting point of ice, 96 to the
temperature of blood and 212 to the steam point.[see May 14]
(WUD, 1994, p.510)(SFEC, 3/22/98, Par. p.8)(HN,
5/24/98)
1686 Jul 8, The Austrians took
Buda, Hungary, from the Turks and annexed the country. Hapsburg rule
lasted to 1918.
(HN, 7/8/98)(Sm, 3/06, p.76)
1686 Jul 22, Albany, New York,
began operating under an official charter.
(SFEC, 4/2/00, Z1 p.2)
1686 Jul 24, Benedetto Marcello,
composer, was born. [see Aug 1]
(MC, 7/24/02)
1686 Aug 1, Benedetto Marcello,
Italian author, composer (Lettera Famigliare), was born in Venice,
Italy. [see Jul 24]
(MC, 8/1/02)
1686 Dec 19, Robinson Crusoe left
his island after 28 years (as per Defoe).
(MC, 12/19/01)
1686 The NYC Charter of this year
incorporated the rights of the 1664 New Amsterdam "Articles of
Capitulation."
(WSJ, 3/16/04, p.D6)
1686 The Lenape Indians allegedly
sold land along the Lehigh River to William Penn.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1686 Two Mohican Indians signed a
mortgage for their land in Schaghticoke, New York, with simple
markings. It was notarized by Robert Livingston, whose family became
one of the greatest agricultural landlords and int'l. merchants in the
colony of New York.
(WSJ, 11/19/99, p.W10)
1687 Feb 19, Johann Adam
Birkenstock, composer and sandal designer, was born.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1687 Feb 22, Jean-Baptiste Lully,
composer, died in Paris. Lully, Paris Opera director, had stabbed
himself in the foot with a baton and died of blood poisoning.
(SFC, 8/21/99, p.B3)(MC, 2/22/02)
1687 Mar 19, French explorer
Robert Cavelier (43), Sieur de La Salle, the first European to navigate
the length of the Mississippi River, was murdered by mutineers while
searching for the mouth of the Mississippi, along the coast of the Gulf
of Mexico in present-day Texas.
(SFC, 11/9/96, p.A12)(AP, 3/19/97)(HN, 3/19/99)(MC,
3/19/02)
1687 Mar 28, Constantine Huygens
(90), diplomat, poet, composer (Bluebottles), died.
(MC, 3/28/02)
1687 Apr 4, King James II ordered
his Declaration of Indulgence read in church.
(http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1327117)
1687 Aug 12, At the Battle of
Mohacs, Hungary, Charles of Lorraine defeated the Turks.
(HN, 8/12/98)
1687 Sep 26, The Venetian army
attacked the Acropolis in Athens while trying to eject Turks. Marauding
Venetians sent a mortar through a gable window of the Parthenon and
ignited a Turkish store of gunpowder. This damaged the northern
colonnade of the Parthenon. The Parthenon was destroyed in the war
between Turks and Venetians.
(SFEC, 6/6/99, p.A26)(MC, 9/26/01)
1687 Sep 28, Venetians took Athens
from the Turks.
(MC, 9/28/01)
1687 Oct 27, The Connecticut
colony’s charter was stolen during a public meeting in which Gov.
Robert Treat defended the colony against demands by Sir Edmund Andros.
It was soon hidden under an oak tree (the Charter Oak) in Hartford to
protect it from seizure by agents of the King James II.
(www.hartfordhistory.net/faq.html#charter)
1687 Nov 13, Nell [Eleanor] Gwyn
(37), mistress of Charles II of England, died.
(MC, 11/13/01)
1687 Dec 5, Francesco Xaverio
Geminiani, composer, was born.
(MC, 12/5/01)
1687 Giovanni Battista Foggini
created a portrait bust of "Cosimo III de’ Medici."
(WSJ, 1/29/02, p.A18)
1687 Clocks began to be made with
2 hands for the first time
(SFEC, 9/7/97, Z1 p.5)
1687 James II, a Roman Catholic,
supported unpopular policies that, by 1687, led to many English
subjects urging William to intervene. With the birth of a son to James
in 1688, fears of a Roman Catholic succession led to opponents sending
an invitation to William in July.
(HNQ, 12/28 /00)
1687 Newton declared that time is
absolute... "It flows equably without relation to anything external."
This view was held until Einstein’s relativity in 1905.
(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough p. 118)
1687-1691 Suleiman II succeeded Mehmed IV in the
Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1688 Feb 18, At a Quaker meeting
in Germantown, Pa, German Mennonites penned a memorandum stating a
profound opposition to Negro slavery. Quakers in Germantown, Pa.,
adopted the fist formal antislavery resolution in America.
(HN,
2/18/99)(www.germanheritage.com/Publications/cronau/cronau4.html)
1688 Apr 15, Johann Friedrich
Fasch, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1688 Apr 27, King James II issued
another Declaration of Indulgence: “conscience ought not to be
constrained nor people forced in matters of mere religion."
(http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1327117)
1688 May 21, Alexander Pope
(d.1744), England, poet (Rape of the Lock), was born. His "Essay on
Criticism" contains the line: "A little learning is a dangerous
thing..."
(NH, 9/97, p.24)(MC, 5/21/02)
1688 May 25, Christian August
Jacobi, composer, was born.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1688 Jun 10, Mary of Modena, the
wife of Britain’s King James II, gave birth to a male heir. This placed
England, much to the dismay of Parliament, in line for a succession of
Catholic monarchs.
(Econ, 2/4/06, p.77)(ON, 7/06, p.10)
1688 Jun 30, A jury proclaimed 7
English bishops not guilty of seditious libel against James II. They
had refused to comply with his April 27 Declaration of Indulgence
because it had not been approved by Parliament.
(www.everything2.com/index.pl?node=Seven%20Bishops)
1688 Aug 15, Frederick-William I,
king of Prussia (1713-1740), was born.
(MC, 8/15/02)
1688 Aug 31, John Bunyan,
preacher, novelist (Pilgrim's Progress), died.
(MC, 8/31/01)
1688 Sep 6, Imperial troops
defeated the Turks and took Belgrade, Serbia.
(HN, 9/6/98)
1688 Oct 1, Seven British noblemen
sent a letter to Prince William of Orange inviting him to invade
England and rescue the country from James’ “popery.” William accepted.
(Econ, 2/4/06, p.77)(ON, 7/06, p.10)
1688 Oct 27, King James II fired
premier Robert Spencer.
(MC, 10/27/01)
1688 Nov 1, William of Orange set
sail for England at the head of a fleet of 500 ships and 30,000 men. He
intended too oust his father-in-law King James II. The Dutch
parliament, the States General, funded William with 4 million guilders.
Amsterdam financiers provided another 2 million. Some of this was used
to print 60,000 copies of his “Declaration” (of the reasons inducing
him to appear in arms in the Kingdom of England), which were
distributed in England. In 2008 Lisa Jardine authored “Going Dutch: How
England Plundered Holland’s Glory.”
(WSJ, 8/28/08, p.A13)
1688 Nov 5, William of Orange
landed in southern England and marched with his army nearly unopposed
to London.
(WSJ, 8/28/08, p.A13)
1688 Nov 24, General strategist
John Churchill met William III.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1688 Nov 25, Princess Anne fled
from London to Nottingham.
(MC, 11/25/01)
1688 Nov 26, King James II escaped
back to London.
(MC, 11/26/01)
1688 Nov 26, Louis XIV declared
war on the Netherlands.
(HN, 11/26/98)
1688 Dec 4, General strategist
John Churchill (later Duke of Marlborough) joined with William III.
(MC, 12/4/01)
1688 Dec 9, King James II's wife
and son fled England for France.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1688 Dec 11, King James II
attempted to flee London as the "Glorious Revolution" replaced him with
King William (of Orange) and Queen Mary. James attempted to flee to
France, first throwing the Great Seal of the Realm into the River
Thames. He was, however, caught in Kent. Having no desire to make James
a martyr, the Prince of Orange let him escape on December 23, 1688.
James was received by Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a
generous pension. In 2007 Michael Barone authored “Our First
Revolution: The Remarkable British Upheaval That Inspired America’s
Founding Fathers.”
(HN,
12/11/98)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England)
1688 Dec 20, Prince William III's
troops pulled into London.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1688 Dec 23, English King James II
fled to France.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1688 Dec 23, Jean-Louis Lully
(21), composer, died.
(MC, 12/23/01)
1688 Dec 25, English king James II
landed in Ambleteuse, France.
(MC, 12/25/01)
1688 Dec 28, William of Orange
made a triumphant march into London as James II fled in the "Glorious
Revolution." William of Orange, son of William II (Prince of Orange)
and Mary (daughter of Charles I of England), was fourth in line to the
English throne. In 2006 Edward Valance authored “The Glorious
Revolution: 1688 – Britain’s Fight for Liberty.”
(HN, 12/28/98)(HNQ, 12/28/00)(WSJ, 2/6/02,
p.A16)(Econ, 2/4/06, p.77)
1688 French writer Pierre
d'Ortigue de Vaumoriere published anonymously his book, “The Art of
Pleasing Conversation.”
(WSJ, 5/13/05, p.W6)(http://tinyurl.com/d8tac)
1688 Joseph de la Vega published
his work "Confusion de Confusiones." It offered trading strategies to
speculators and was built around a conversation between a merchant, a
philosopher, and a shareholder. The book was republished in 1996.
(WSJ, 3/5/96, p. A-12)
1688 The Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,
the oldest stone church in North America, was built in Quebec City,
Canada.
(SSFC, 7/30/06, p.G8)
1688 In England Edward Lloyd
opened a London coffee shop where shipping insurance was bought and
sold.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R42)
1688 In France a blind Benedictine
monk named Dom Perignon discovered the fermentation process that led to
champagne. [see 1662] He later devised a cork stopper to hold the
bubbles.
(WSJ, 10/16/98, p.W13)(Hem., 10/97, p.103)(WSJ,
1/11/99, p.R34)
1688 Persecuted Huguenots, French
Protestants, arrived in South Africa and improved the quality of wine
production.
(SSFC, 12/3/00, p.T6)
1688-1689 James II was replaced by the Dutch King
William. This process was masterminded by the group of seven, which
included the Earl of Devonshire, who was then promoted to Duke in
reward. William of Orange was a good Dutch Protestant and Mary was his
queen. From this point on the king was but a figurehead and Parliament
ruled England.
(NG, Nov. 1985, M. Girouard, p.671),
(V.D.-H.K.p.222,300)
1688-1763 Pierre Marivaux, French playwright and
master of super-subtle dialogue.
(WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)
1689 Jan 18, Charles Louis de
Montesquieu (d.1755), French philosopher and writer (Letters Persanes),
was born. "In most things success depends on knowing how long it takes
to succeed." He authored "The Spirit of the Laws," the 1st great
comparative study of civilizations.
(AP, 4/13/99)(WSJ, 11/1/00, p.A24)(MC, 1/18/02)
1689 Jan 22, England's "Bloodless
Revolution" reached its climax when parliament invited William and Mary
to become joint sovereigns. A specially-called parliament declared that
James had abdicated and offered the throne to William and Mary. In 1938
G.M. Trevelyan authored “The English Revolution.” In 2009 Steve Pincus
authored “The First Modern Revolution.”
(HN, 1/22/99)(HNQ, 12/28/00)(Econ, 10/17/09, p.97)
1689 Feb 13, British Parliament
adopted the Bill of Rights.
(MT, Dec. '95, p.16)(HN, 2/13/98)
1689 Feb 14, English parliament
placed Mary Stuart and Prince William III on the throne.
(MC, 2/14/02)
1689 Feb 23, Dutch prince William
III was proclaimed King of England.
(MC, 2/23/02)
1689 Mar 12, Former English King
James II landed in Ireland.
(MC, 3/12/02)
1689 Mar, In Northern Ireland the
gates of Londonderry were shut in the face of Catholic forces. The
event was later celebrated by the Protestant Apprentice Boys as the
Lundy’s Day demonstration. [see August 1, 1689]
(SFEC,12/14/97, p.A26)
1689 Apr 11, (OS) William III and
Mary II were crowned as joint sovereigns of Britain. As part of their
oaths, the new King William III and Queen Mary were required to swear
that they would obey the laws of Parliament. At this time, the Bill of
Rights was read to both William and Mary. "We thankfully accept what
you have offered us," William replied, agreeing to be subject to law
and to be guided in his actions by the decisions of Parliament.
(AP, 4/11/97)(www.bessel.org/billrts.htm)
1689 Apr 15, French king Louis XIV
declared war on Spain.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1689 Apr 18, George Jeffreys, 1st
Baron Jeffreys of Wem, infamous judge, died.
(MC, 4/18/02)
1689 Apr 19, Residents of Boston
ousted their governor, Edmond Andros.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1689 Apr 19, Christina (b.1626),
Queen of Sweden (1644-54), died. In 2004 Veronica Buckley authored
“Christina: Queen of Sweden.”
(www.sweden.se)(WSJ, 10/29/04, p.W10)
1689 Apr 21, (NS) William III and
Mary II were crowned joint king and queen of England, Scotland and
Ireland.
(HN, 4/21/98)(HNQ, 12/28/00)
1689 May 11, The French and
English naval battle took place at Bantry Bay.
(HN, 5/11/98)
1689 May 12, England’s King
William III joined the League of Augsburg and the Netherlands. The
"Grand Alliance" was formed to counter the war of aggression launched
by Louis XIV against the Palatinate states in Germany. This is known as
The War of the League of Augsburg (1689-97) also The Nine Years' War,
and the War of the Grand Alliance.
(www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/king_william.htm)
1689 May 24, English Parliament
passed the Act of Toleration, protecting Protestants. Roman Catholics
were specifically excluded from exemption.
(HN, 5/24/99)
1689 May 26, Mary Wortley Montagu,
English essayist, feminist, eccentric, was born.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1689 Jul 27, Government forces
defeated the Scottish Jacobites at the Battle of Killiecrankie.
(HN, 7/27/98)
1689 Jul, Maryland colonist known
as the Protestant Associators marched on St. Mary’s City and seized the
State House while Lord Baltimore was in England. They went on to take
over his plantation at Mattapany.
(Arch, 1/05, p.49)
1689 Aug 1, A siege of
Londonderry, Ireland, by the Catholic Army of King James II ended in
failure. The Protestants were victorious and the event led to the
annual Apprentice Boy’s March. The group is named in honor of 13
teenage apprentices, all Protestants, who bolted the city gates in
front of the advancing Catholic forces at the start of the 105-day
siege.
(SFEC, 8/11/96, p.A13)(HN, 8/1/98)(AP, 8/13/06)
1689 Aug 4-5, War between England
and France led them to use their native American allies as proxies. In
retaliation for the French attack on the Seneca in 1687, one thousand,
five hundred Iroquois, with English support, attacked Lachine down
river from the mission of the Mountain of Ville-Marie (Montreal),
killing some 400. They put everything to fire and axe. Some
suggest that this is a gross exaggeration and that only 24-25 were
killed and likely 90 were captured by the Iroquois, but never returned.
(www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/french23.htm)
1689 Aug 19, Samuel Richardson
(d.1761), English novelist (Pamela, Clarissa), was born in Derbyshire.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1689 Aug 25, Battle at Charleroi:
Spanish and English armies chased the French.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1689 Aug 25, The Iroquois took
Montreal.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1689 Sep 1, Russia began taxing
men's beards.
(MC, 9/1/02)
1689 Oct 11, Peter the Great
became tsar of Russia.
(MC, 10/11/01)
1689 Dec 16, English Parliament
adopted a Bill of Rights after Glorious Revolution. The Bill of Rights
included a right to bear arms. William and Mary gave it Royal Assent
which represented the end of the concept of divine right of kings.
(WSJ, 8/6/02,
p.D6)(www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon49.html)
1689 Dec 30, Henry Purcell's opera
"Dido and Aeneas," premiered in Chelsea.
(MC, 12/30/01)
1689 "Memorable Providences,
Related to Witchcrafts and Possessions," published by Cotton Mather,
contributed to the hysteria that led to the
Salem witch
trials of 1692. Mather was a Puritan clergyman and the eldest son of
Increase Mather. While Cotton Mather advised witch trial judges that
executions would not be necessary, during the mass executions he
remained uncritical. In his 1693 Wonders of the Invisible World Mather
defended the verdicts of various trials.
(HNQ, 10/31/98)
1689 John Locke returned to
England with his two Treatises which were published late in the same
year. He also published his letter on Toleration, in opposition to the
strong religious intolerance then prevalent.
(V.D.-H.K.p.165,222)
1689 Racine wrote a drama based on
the Book of Esther. It tells the biblical story of how Esther, the
Jewish daughter of Mordecai, is persuaded by her father to intervene on
behalf of the Jews to her husband, King Ahaseurus of Persia, who has
been persuaded by his lieutenant, Haman, to have all the Jews killed
(WSJ, 5/12/98, p.A20)
1689 Purcell composed his musical
tragedy "Dido and Aeneas."
(SFC, 9/23/00, p.B10)
1689 The White Hart Inn at Ware
put up 26 butchers and their wives in one bed, the "Great Bed of Ware,"
in a marketing ploy to attract customers.
(WSJ, 12/6/01, p.A19)
1689-1697 The Abnaki War [Abenaki] of in North
America is better known as King William's War. It was the first of the
intercolonial wars between France and England in North America, pitting
the English and their Iroquois allies against the French and their
Abnaki allies. The Abnakis were a powerful Algonquian tribe from Maine.
King William’s War was a component of the European War of the League of
Augsburg and was based in part on the growing rivalry between France
and England over the control of North America.
(HNQ, 8/26/99)
1690 Jan 14, The clarinet was
invented in Germany.
(MC, 1/14/02)
1690 Feb 3, The first paper money
in America was issued by the colony of Massachusetts. The currency was
used to pay soldiers fighting a war against Quebec.
(SFC, 4/30/97, p.B3)(AP, 2/3/97)
1690 Feb 8, Some 200 French and
Indian troops burned Schenectady, NY, and massacred about 60 people to
avenge Iraquois raids on Canada.
(AH, 2/05, p.17)
1690 Feb 21, Christoph
Stoltzenberg, composer, was born.
(MC, 2/21/02)
1690 Feb 22, Charles Le Brun (70),
classical painter (Academie de Peinture), died.
(MC, 2/22/02)
1690 Mar 16, French king Louis XIV
sent troops to Ireland.
(MC, 3/16/02)
1690 May 11, In the first major
engagement of King William’s War, British troops from Massachusetts
seized Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) from the
French, their objective was to take Quebec.
(HN, 5/11/99)
1690 May 20, England passed the
Act of Grace, forgiving followers of James II.
(HN, 5/20/98)
1690 Jun 11, English king William
III departed to Ireland.
(PC, 1992, p.265)
1690 Jun 24, King William III's
army landed at Carrickfergus, Ireland.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1690 Jul 1, England's Protestant
King William III of Orange was victorious over his father-in-law, the
Catholic King James II (from Scot) in Battle of Boyne (in Ireland).
This touched off three centuries of religious bloodshed. Protestants
took over the Irish Parliament. This marked the beginning of the annual
Drumcree parade, held by the Loyal Orange Lodge on the first Sunday of
July. Due to calendar changes in 1752 this later became commemorated on
Jul 12.
(PC, 1992, p.265)(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A1)(SFEC,
12/22/96, Z1 p.6)(SFEC, 7/4/99, p.A18)
1690 Jul 1, Led by Marshall
Luxembourg, the French defeated the forces of the Grand Alliance at
Fleurus in the Netherlands.
(HN, 7/1/98)
1690 Jul 7, Johann Tobias Krebs,
composer, was born.
(MC, 7/7/02)
1690 Jul 10, Domenico Gabrielli
(39), composer, died.
(MC, 7/10/02)
1690 Jul 12, Due to British
calendar changes in 1752, the July 1, 1690, Battle of Boyne (in
Ireland) was adjusted for celebration on Jul 12.
(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.5)(AP, 7/11/05)
1690 Sep 6, King William III
escaped back to England.
(MC, 9/6/01)
1690 Sep 25, One of the earliest
American newspapers, “Publick Occurrences,” published its first and
last edition in Boston. The colonial governor and council disallowed
the pamphlet due to its contents.
(AP, 9/25/00)(WSJ, 3/8/06, p.D14)
1690 Oct 7, The English attacked
Quebec under Louis de Buade.
(MC, 10/7/01)
1690 Oct 8, Belgrade was retaken
by the Turks.
(HN, 10/8/98)
1690 Oct 23, American colonial
forces from Boston led by Sir William Phips, failed in their attempt to
seize Quebec. Phips lost 4 ships on the return trip due to stormy
weather.
(Arch, 1/05,
p.50)(http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34586)
1690 Oct 23, There was a revolt in
Haarlem, Holland, after a public ban on smoking.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1690 Nov 11, Gerhard Hoffmann,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/11/01)
1690 Nov 24, Charles Theodore
Pachelbel, composer, was born.
(MC, 11/24/01)
1690 A newspaper called “Publick
Occurences Both Forreign and Domestick” was published in Boston, Mass.
(WSJ, 12/29/07, p.A8)
1690 The 2nd Treatise on
Government by John Locke (1632-1704) was published in order to justify
the British Whig Revolution of 1688. In it he wrote that men had the
natural rights of life, liberty and estate.
(www.radicalacademy.com/lockebio.htm)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke)
1690 Khushal Khan Khattak
(b.1613), Pushtun poet, died. He wrote in Pashtu during the reign of
the Mongol emperors in the seventeenth century. He lived in the
foothills of the Hindu Kush mountains. He was a renowned fighter who
became known as the Afghan Warrior Poet.
(www.afghan-network.net/biographies/khattak.html)
1690 Emp. Kangxi commissioned Wang
Hui (1632-1717) to create a pictorial chronicle of a ceremonial tour
across a swath of China. “The Kangxi Emperor’s Southern Inspection
Tour” took 6 years and became a magnus opus of some 740 feet in 12 hand
scrolls.
(WSJ, 10/29/08, p.D9)
1690 An Englishman made the 1st
landing on the Falkland Islands.
(Econ, 7/15/06, p.36)
c1690 "The Narrow Road" by Basho
Matsuo (1644?-1694) was written during a 1,500 mile journey through the
Japanese countryside. It was a 64-page collection of prose and haiku
poems and became a Japanese classic. A manuscript of the work was found
in 1996.
(SFC, 11/28/96, p.C16)(WUD, 1994, p.124)
1690 In Puebla, Mexico, the ornate
Capilla del Rosario, Chapel of the Rosary, was consecrated.
(SFEC,11/9/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.T8)
1690-1699 In the 1690s Kit Cat Club met in London at
the invitation of Jacob Tonson (1655/56-1736), a publisher and
bookseller, at the inn of Christopher Cat (Christopher Catling). In
2008 Ophelia Field authored “The Kit-Cat Club: Friends Who Imagined a
Nation.”
(Econ, 8/16/08,
p.82)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Tonson)
1690s Giuseppe Ghezzi found the
Codex Leicester, a notebook of Leonardo da Vinci in Rome. It was
primarily a treatise on the nature of water in all its properties,
manifestations and uses.
(NH, 5/97, p.11,60)
1690s Henry Laurens landed 40% of
the slaves sold at Sullivan Island. He was the ancestor to the Ball
family that settled in South Carolina.
(SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.1,8)
1690-1700 Particularly severe weather hit Germany and
prompted vintners use more wine sweeteners.
(NH, 7/96, p.51)
1691 Jan 13, George Fox (66),
founder of Quakers, died.
(MC, 1/13/02)
1691 Feb 8, Carlo di Girolamo
Rainaldi (79), Italian architect, composer, died.
(MC, 2/8/02)
1691 Feb 17, Thomas Neale was
granted a British patent for American postal service.
(MC, 2/17/02)
1691 May 16, Jacob Leisler, 1st
American colonist, was hanged for treason.
(MC, 5/16/02)
1691 May 26, Jacob Leiser, leader
of the popular uprising in support of William and Mary’s accession to
the throne, was executed for treason.
(HN, 5/26/99)
1691 May 29, Cornelis Tromp (61),
Admiral-General, son of Maarten Tromp, died.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1691 Jul 12, William III defeated
the allied Irish and French armies at the Battle of Aughrim, Ireland.
(HN, 7/12/98)
1691 Aug 16, Yorktown, Va., was
founded.
(MC, 8/16/02)
1691 Sep 17, The Massachusetts Bay
Colony received a new charter. [see Oct 17]
(MC, 9/17/01)
1691 Oct 3, English and Dutch
armies occupied Limerick, Ireland.
(MC, 10/3/01)
1691 Oct 17, The Massachusetts Bay
Company along with Plymouth colony and Maine was incorporated into the
Massachusetts Bay Colony.
(HN, 10/17/98)(HNQ, 11/23/00)
1691 Father Eusebio Kino founded
the Tumacacori mission 45 miles south of Tucson, Arizona.
(SSFC, 3/29/02, p.C6)
1691 In northwest Romania an icon
was painted at a monastery in Nicula. According to legend, the icon of
the Weeping Virgin, wept for 26 days in 1699. The first recorded
miracle occurred in 1701 when it is said to have cured an army
officer's wife who was going blind. The church attached to the
monastery is named after St. Mary and pilgrimages there are made every
year on Aug. 15, Mary's name day. In 1977, the church burned down, but
the icon was unharmed. In 2005 low water level revealed its skeleton.
(AP, 8/15/05)
1691-1695 Ahmed II succeeded Suleiman II in the
Ottoman House of Osman.
(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1691-1765 Giovanni Paolo Panini, Italian artist. He
was later known for his portrayals of Rome.
(WSJ, 9/8/00, p.W2)
1692 Feb 13, In the Glen Coe
highlands of Scotland, thirty-eight members of the MacDonald clan, the
smallest of the Clan Donald sects, were murdered by soldiers of the
neighboring Campbell clan for not pledging allegiance to William of
Orange. Ironically the pledge had been made but not communicated to the
clans. The event is remembered as the Massacre of Glencoe.
(HN, 2/13/99)(HNQ, 8/18/01)
1692 Feb 28, The Salem witch hunts
began.
(MC, 2/28/02)
1692 Feb 29, Sarah Goode and
Tituba were accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, sparking the
hysteria that started the Salem Witch Trials.
(HN, 2/29/00)
1692 Mar 1, Sarah Goode, Sarah
Osborne and Tituba were arrested for the supposed practice of
witchcraft in Salem, Mass.
(HN, 3/1/98)
1692 Mar 14, Peter Musschenbroek,
Dutch physician, physicist (Leyden jar), was born.
(MC, 3/14/02)
1692 Mar 18, William Penn was
deprived of his governing powers.
(HN, 3/18/98)
1692 Mar 26, King Maximilian was
installed as land guardian of South Netherlands.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1692 Apr 8, Giuseppe Tartini,
Italy, violinist, composer (Trillo del Diavolo), was born.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1692 Apr 12, Giuseppe Tartini,
composer (Istria), was born.
(MC, 4/12/02)
1692 Apr 22, Edward Bishop was
jailed for proposing flogging as cure for witchcraft.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1692 May 18, Joseph Butler Wantage
Berkshire, theologian, was born.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1692 May 18, Elias Ashmole,
antiquary, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1692 May 29, Royal Hospital
Founders Day was 1st celebrated.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1692 May 29, Battle at La Hogue:
An English & Dutch fleet beat France.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1692 Jun 7, An earthquake struck
Jamaica. It rearranged the geology, splitting the rocks, turning
mountains to lakes, and engulfed two-thirds of Port Royal. On that day
and subsequently, five thousand of the inhabitants died.
(www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n12/mant01_.html)
1692 Jun 10, Bridget Bishop was
hanged in Salem, Mass., for witchcraft. This was the first official
execution of the Salem witch trials.
(HN, 6/10/01)(WSJ, 1/18/08, p.W10)
1692 Jun 24, Kingston, Jamaica,
was founded.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1692 Aug 3, French forces under
Marshal Luxembourg defeated the English at the Battle of Steenkerke in
the Netherlands.
(HN, 8/3/98)
1692 Aug 19, Five women were
hanged in Salem, Massachusetts after being convicted of the crime of
witchcraft. Fourteen more people were executed that year and 150 others
are imprisoned. In 2006 the governor of Massachusetts signed
legislation exonerating 5 women executed in the Salem witch trials of
1692, whose names had not yet been cleared.
(HN, 8/19/00)(WSJ, 9/15/06, p.A10)
1692 Sep 19, Giles Corey was
pressed to death for standing mute and refusing to answer charges of
witchcraft brought against him. He is the only person in America to
have suffered this punishment.
(HN, 9/19/98)
1692 Sep 21, Two men and seven
women were executed for witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts.
(MC, 9/21/01)
1692 Sep 22, The last person was
hanged for witchcraft in Salem, Mass.
(MC, 9/22/01)
1692 Oct 8, Massachusetts Bay
Governor Phipps ordered that spectral evidence no longer be admitted in
witchcraft trials. Twenty people had died in the Salem witch trials. In
2005 Richard Francis authored “Judge Sewall’s Apology.” Sewall was one
of 3 judges presiding over the Salem trials. In 2006 the governor of
Massachusetts signed legislation exonerating 5 women executed in the
Salem witch trials of 1692, whose names had not yet been cleared.
(http://tinyurl.com/rlj1)(WSJ, 8/9/05, p.D8)(WSJ,
9/15/06, p.A10)
1692 Oct 12, Giovanni Battista
Vitali, composer, died at 60.
(MC, 10/12/01)
1692 Oct 25, Elisabeth Farnese,
princess of Parma and queen of Spain, was born.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1692 Nov 7, Johannes G. Schnabel,
German author and surgeon (Insel Felsenburg), was born.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1692 Nov 21, Carlo Fragoni,
Italian poet, was born.
(MC, 11/21/01)
1692 In Portugal Taylor’s
restaurant and lodge was founded in Porto.
(SFEC, 7/12/98, p.T10)
1692 In Russia Peter the Great
granted the Stroganoff family their lands in perpetuity.
(WSJ, 9/7/00, p.A24)
1693 Jan 11, Sicily’s Mt. Etna
erupted.
(MC, 1/11/02)
1693 Jan 28, Anna "Ivanovna",
Tsarina of Russia, was born. [see Feb 7]
(HN, 1/28/99)
1693 Feb 7, Anna Ivanova Romanova,
empress of Russia (1730-40) [NS], was born. [see Jan 28]
(MC, 2/7/02)
1693 Feb 8, A charter was granted
for the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Va.
(AP, 2/8/99)
1693 Feb 13, The College of
William and Mary opened in Virginia.
(MC, 2/13/02)
1693 Mar 31, John Harrison,
Englishman who invented the chronometer, was born.
(HN, 3/31/99)
1693 Jun 27, The 1st woman's
magazine "The Ladies' Mercury" was published in London.
(SC, 6/27/02)
1693 Jul 4, Battle at
Boussu-lez-Walcourt: French-English vs. Dutch army.
(Maggio)
1693 Jul 29, The Army of the Grand
Alliance was destroyed by the French at the Battle of Neerwinden in the
Netherlands.
(HN, 7/29/98)
1693 Aug 4, Dom Perignon invented
champagne. [see 1688]
(MC, 8/4/02)
1693 English naturalist John Ray
noted that whales had more in common with 4-legged mammals than with
fish.
(PacDis, Winter/’96, p.14)
1693 Heidelberg was torched by the
troops of Louis XIV in a dispute over a royal title.
(SFEC, 9/26/99, p.T8)
1693 The French explorer Francois
Leguat spent several months on Mauritius and looked hard for a dodo
bird, but found none.
(NH, 11/96, p.26)
1694 Jul 5, Composer Louis-Claude
Daquin was born.
(DataDragon)
1694 Jul 27, The Bank of England
received a royal charter as a commercial institution. The mission of
the bank was to provided war finance.
(SFC, 5/7/97, p.C2)(AP, 7/27/97)(Econ, 1/10/09, p.49)
1694 Sep 22, Philip Dormer
Stanhope, Lord Chesterfield, statesman of letters whose writings
provide a classic portrayal of an ideal 18th-century gentleman, was
born. He introduced the Gregorian calendar in 1752.
(HN, 9/22/98)(MC, 9/22/01)
1694 Nov 21, Francois Marie Arouet
Voltaire (d.1778), French philosopher, historian, dramatist and
essayist, was born. Born to middle class parents, he later attended the
Jesuit college of Louis-le-Grand in Paris. The environment exposed him
to the world of society and the arts. After the success of his tragedy
"Oedipe" in 1718, he was pronounced the successor to the great
dramatist Racine. He adopted the pen name Voltaire, though its exact
origins and meaning are uncertain. The author of "Candide" (1759) and
the "Philosophical Dictionary" (1764), Voltaire's works often attacked
injustice and intolerance and epitomized the Age of Enlightenment. He
wrote that "Self-love resembles the instrument by which we perpetuate
the species. It is necessary, it is dear to us, it gives us pleasure
and it has to be concealed." "All styles are good except the tiresome
sort." "Love truth, but pardon error." "The great errors of the past
are useful in many ways. One cannot remind oneself too often of crimes
and disasters. These, no matter what people say, can be forestalled."
S.G. Tellentyre said on Voltaire: "I disapprove of what you say, but I
will defend to the death your right to say it."
(WUD, 1994, p.1600) (G&M,
2/1/96, p.A-22)(AP, 7/17/97)(SFEC, 1/4/98, Z1p.8)(HNQ, 10/1/98)(SFEC,
10/11/98, Z1 p.8)(HN, 11/21/98)(HNQ, 11/8/00)
1694 Dec 28, George I of England
got divorced. [He was crowned in 1714]
(HN, 12/28/98)
1694 Dec 28, Queen Mary II (32) of
England died after five years of joint rule with her husband, King
William III. The new style calendar puts her death on Jan 7, 1695.
(AP, 12/28/97)
1694 The Whigs of England
persuaded King William that if he wanted to win what became the nine
years’ war against France, he would have to embrace their political and
economic agenda.
(Econ, 10/17/09, p.98)
1694 The history of English death
duties began with the Stamp Act of this year which placed 5s on
probates over 20 pounds.
(Econ, 10/27/07,
p.90)(www.econlib.org/LIBRARY/Bastable/bastbPF29.html)
1694 John Law, Scotsman, fled
England after killing rival Edward Wilson in a duel. He traveled in
Europe, played the casinos and studied finance. He set up a bank
in France and issued paper money and established the Mississippi
Company to exploit the French-controlled territories in America. [see
1720] In 2000 Janet Gleeson authored "Millionaire," a pseudo-biography
of Law.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(WSJ, 6/30/00, p.W9)
1694-1696 An outbreak of colic struck the region
around Ulm, Germany. Eberhard Gockel, the city physician, was able to
trace the cause to a wine sweetener that used a white oxide of lead.
(NH, 7/96, p.48)
1694-1773 Lord Chesterfield, English author and
statesman: "In scandal, as in robbery, the receiver is always as bad as
the thief."
(AP, 2/21/98)
1695 Jan 6, Giuseppe Sammartini,
composer, was born.
(MC, 1/6/02)
1695 Jan 7, Mary II Stuart 32),
queen of England, died [OS=Dec 28 1694].
(MC, 1/7/02)
1695 Jan 27, Mustafa II became the
Ottoman sultan in Istanbul on the death of Amhed II. Mustafa ruled to
1703.
(HN, 1/27/99)(Ot, 1993, xvii)
1695 Mar 7, In Britain John Trevor
(1637-1717), the speaker of the House of Commons office, was found
guilty of accepting a bribe of 1000 guineas (equivalent to around
£1.6 million in 2009) from the City of London to aid the passage
of a bill through the house. He was expelled from the House of Commons,
a move which he initially resisted on the ground of ill-health, but
retained his judicial position until his death.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trevor_(speaker))
1695 Apr 13-14, Jean de la
Fontaine (73), French poet (Fables), died.
(MC, 4/13/02)(MC, 4/14/02)
1695 Apr 17, Sor Juana Ines de la
Cruz (b.~1648), Mexican nun and poet, died of plague.
(SSFC, 9/3/06,
p.M3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor_Juana)
1695 Apr 20, Georg Caspar Weckler
(63), composer, died.
(MC, 4/20/02)
1695 Apr 30, William Congreve's
"Love for Love," premiered in London.
(MC, 4/30/02)
1695 Jul 8, Christian Huygens
(66), Dutch inventor, astronomer, died. He generally wrote his name as
Christiaan Hugens, and it is also sometimes written as Huyghens. In his
book “Cosmotheros,” published in 1698, he speculated on life on other
planets.
(http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_huygens.htm)
1695 Sep 11, Imperial troops under
Eugene of Savoy defeated the Turks at the Battle of Zenta.
(HN, 9/11/98)
1695 Sep 12, NY Jews petitioned
governor Dongan for religious liberties.
(MC, 9/12/01)
1695 Nov 20, Zumbi dos Palmares,
Brazilian leader of a hundred-year-old rebel slave group, was killed in
an ambush. He was later honored by a National Day of Black
Consciousness.
(HN, 11/20/98)(SFC, 8/16/01, p.A8)
1695 Nov 21, Henry Purcell (36),
English composer (Indian Queen), died.
(MC, 11/21/01)
1695 Nov 28, Giovanni Paulo
Colonna (58), composer, died.
(MC, 11/28/01)
c1695 Orazio Gentileschi, painted
"St. Francis and the Angel."
(WSJ, 4/28/98, p.A16)
1695 The Comediens Italiens were
expelled from Paris for indiscretion in their opera parodies. The fair
theaters took up where they left off with the use of vaudevilles and
comedia dell’arte characters.
(PNM, 1/25/98, p.4)
1695 The British Parliament voted
not to renew the 1662 Licensing of the Press Act, which had censored
“seditious, treasonable and unlicensed Bookes and Pamphlets.” It was
repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863.
(Econ, 5/23/09,
p.57)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_of_the_Press_Act_1662)
1695 Henry Avery (b.~1653), former
Royal Navyman turned pirate, captured the Ganj-i-Sawai, the largest
ship of the Mogul emperor in India.
(WSJ, 11/22/08, p.W2)
1695 Portugal established colonial
rule in the eastern half of Timor Island. The western side was
incorporated into the Dutch East Indies.
(SFC, 5/18/02, p.A15)
1696 Jan 31, An uprising of
undertakers took place after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1696 Mar 5, Giambattista Giovanni
Battista Tiepolo (d.1770), Venetian Rococo painter (Isaac's Sacrifice),
was born. He painted for the Dolfin family in the 1720s. His work
included: "The Annunciation" (c1765-1770), "Apelles Painting a Portrait
of Campaspe," "Martyrdom of St. Agatha," "Sacrifice of Isaac," "The
Finding of Moses," "Nobility and Virtue" (1743), "Satyress with a
Putto," "Satyress With Two Putti and a Tambourine," and "Halberdier in
a Landscape." His contemporaries included Francesco Fontebasso,
Allesandro Longhi, and Louis-Joseph Le Lorrain.
(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994, p.1483)(WSJ, 10/14/96,
p.A14)(SFC, 3/25/97, p.E3)(MC, 3/5/02)
1696 Mar 7, English King William
III departed Netherlands.
(MC, 3/7/02)
1696 Jun 17, Jan Sobieski (72),
King of Lithuania and Poland (1674-96), died.
(MC, 6/17/02)(LHC, 5/21/03)
1696 Sep 23, A squall drove the
ship Reformation aground on the east coast of Florida. Quaker merchant
Jonathan Dickinson along with his family, 11 slaves, 8 seamen and Capt.
Joseph Kirle were on route to Philadelphia from Jamaica.
(ON, 9/00, p.3)
1696 Sep 27, Alfonsus M. de'
Liguori, Italian theologian, bishop, and religious order founder, was
born.
(MC, 9/27/01)
1696 cSep 30, The Reformation
castaways encountered a 2nd Indian tribe after paddling north for 2
days in a canoe provided by Indians at their initial landing. They were
taken to a village, near present-day Vero Beach, and encountered
castaways from the bark Nantwich, which had sailed from Port Royal in
the same convoy.
(ON, 9/00, p.5)
1696 Oct 6, Savoy Germany withdrew
from the Grand Alliance.
(HN, 10/6/98)
1696 Nov 2, In Florida a Spanish
company of soldiers took the Dickinson and Nantwich party into custody
and escorted them north to St. Augustine. They arrive on Nov 19 after 5
people died from exposure enroute.
(ON, 9/00, p.5)
1696 Nov 11, Andrea Zani,
composer, was born.
(MC, 11/11/01)
1696 Nov 19, Louis Tocque, French
painter, was born.
(MC, 11/19/01)
1696 Dec 22, James Oglethorpe,
England, General, author, colonizer of Georgia, was born.
(MC, 12/22/01)
1696 August III (d.1738), son of
August II, was born. He was crowned King of Lithuania and Poland in
1734.
(SSFC, 4/25/04, p.D12)
1696 William Hogarth, British
artist, was born. He believed that visual art could have a morally
improving effect on viewers, and that individual betterment led to
social improvement.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, DB p.7)(SFC, 1/28/98, p.E1)
1696 In the late 1600s the Xukuru
Indians fought the Portuguese to a stand off in what was later referred
to as the "War of the Barbarians."
(WSJ, 8/20/99, p.A1)(http://tinyurl.com/bhqlp)
1696 The Chinese painter Bada
Shanren created his work: "Ducks and Lotuses."
(WSJ, 2/19/98, p.A20)
1696 In England a Jacobite plot to
assassinate King William III and restore James II failed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England)
1696 In England Isaac Newton
(1642-1727) became Warden of the Mint and started combing his hair.
(Econ, 8/23/03, p.68)
1696 New York sea captain William
Kidd reluctantly became a privateer for England and was expected to
fight pirates on the open sea, seize their cargoes, and provide a hefty
share of the spoils to the Crown. According to his British accusers,
Kidd turned to piracy himself as the deadline for reporting to his
employers in New York approached and he had not taken enough booty to
fulfill his commission. Kidd himself did not know he was a wanted man
until he dropped anchor in the West Indies in April 1699. He chose to
surrender to the authorities and submit to a London trial, believing to
the end that he could clear his name. After a trial in which important
evidence in his favor was suppressed, William Kidd was found guilty of
piracy and hanged.
(HNPD, 8/27/00)
1696 Jacques Ozanam, a visionary
Frenchman, 1st proposed a “self-moving vehicle.”
(Econ, 2/5/05, p.77)
1696 Duke Eberhard Ludwig of
Wurttenburg, Germany, learned of Eberhard Gockel’s findings on lead
poisoning in wine and banned all lead-based wine additives.
(NH, 7/96, p.49)
1696 The Hotel Elephant was
founded in Weimar, the capital of the German state of Thuringia.
(SFC, 8/3/99, p.A8)
1697 Mar 9, Czar Peter the Great
began tour of West Europe. [see Mar 21]
(MC, 3/9/02)
1697 Mar 21, Czar Peter the Great
began a tour through West Europe. [see Mar 9]
(MC, 3/21/02)
1697 Apr 1, Abbe Prevost, French
novelist, journalist (Manon Lescaut), was born.
(MC, 4/1/02)
1697 Apr 16, Johann Gottlieb
Gorner, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/16/02)
1697 May 10, Jean Marie I'aine
Leclair, composer, was born.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1697 May 12, The fall of the
Venetian Republic.
(SFC, 5/10/97, p.A10)
1697 Sep 20, The Treaty of Ryswick
was signed in Holland. It ended the War of the Grand Alliance (aka War
of the League of Augsburg,1688-1697) between France and the Grand
Alliance. Under the Treaty France’s King Louis XIV (1638-1715)
recognized William III (1650-1702) as King of England. The Dutch
received trade concessions, and France and the Grand Alliance members
(Holland and the Austrian Hapsburgs) gave up most of the land they had
conquered since 1679. The signees included France, England, Spain and
Holland. By the Treaty of Ryswick, a portion of Hispaniola was formally
ceded to France and became known as Saint-Domingue. The remaining
Spanish section was called Santo Domingo.
(www.caribbeanguides.net/hispaniola.htm)(www.jacobite.ca/documents/1697ryswick.htm)
1697 Oct 19, Settlers from Mexico
sailed across the Sea of Cortez to build a new settlement.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)
1697 Oct 25, Settlers from Mexico
founded the town of Loreto in honor of the Virgin Nuestra Senoro de
Loreto, on the Baha Peninsula. It served as the capital of Baha
California for the next 132 years.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)
1697 Oct 30, The Treaty of
Ryswick ended the War of the Grand Alliance (aka War of the League of
Augsburg,1688-1697) between France and the Grand Alliance. France’s
King Louis XIV (1638-1715) recognized King William III’s (1650-1702)
right to the English throne, the Dutch received trade concessions, and
France and the Grand Alliance members (Holland and the Austrian
Hapsburgs) gave up most of the land they had conquered since 1679.
(HN, 10/30/98)(DoW, 1999)
1697 Nov 2, Constantine Huygens
Jr, poet, painter and cartoonist, was buried.
(MC, 11/2/01)
1697 Nov 10, William Hogarth,
English caricaturist, was born.
(HN, 11/10/00)
1697 Dec 2, St. Paul's Cathedral
opened in London.
(MC, 12/2/01)
1697 William Dampier (1651-1715),
English explorer, naturalist and privateer, authored “A New Voyage
Around the World.” A sequel appeared 2 years later. In 2004 Diana and
Michael Preston authored "A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: Explorer,
Naturalist and Bucaneer," a biography of Dampier.
(WSJ, 4/16/04, p.W8)(NH, 6/4/04, p.59)
1697 Eberhard Gockel published: "A
Remarkable Account of the Previously Unknown Wine Disease."
(NH, 7/96, p.49)
1697 Charles Perrault first penned
"La Petit Chaperon Rouge" (Little Red Riding Hood) as a sexual morality
tale for the loose ladies of Louis XIV’s court. In 2002 Catherine
Orenstein authored "Little Red Riding Hood Uncloaked: Sex, Morality and
the Evolution of a Fairy Tale."
(WSJ, 8/7/02, p.D14)(NW, 8/26/02, p.57)
1697 The play "Le Distrait" by
Regnard was written and later accompanied by the music of Joseph Haydn.
(WSJ, 7/31/97, p.A16)
1697 In Boston’s Old South Church
Judge Sewall told the congregation that he accepted “blame and shame”
for the 1692 Salem witch trials. None of the other judges joined him in
repenting.
(Econ, 8/6/05, p.70)
1697 Hannah Duston in what is now
New Hampshire was attacked and captured by 12 Indians who killed her
daughter. She managed to kill 10 of them with a knife and took home
their scalps for the bounty money. She was the first woman in the US to
have a statue erected in her honor.
(SFEC, 11/17/96, zone 1 p.2)
1697 John Aubrey (71), author of
"Monumenta Britanica," died. In 1948 Anthony Powell authored the
biography "John Aubrey."
(ON, 4/02, p.12)
1697 The Royal Palace in
Stockholm, Sweden, burned down. It was rebuilt in Italian Baroque style
with 608 rooms.
(SSFC, 8/19/07, p.G4)
1697-1718 Charles XII (1682-1718) was king of Sweden.
(WUD, 1994, p.249)(SFC, 8/17/96, p.E5)
1697-1798 Antonio Canal, Italian topographical view
painter. He was the uncle to Bernardo Belotto.
(WSJ, 9/13/01, p.A18)
1697-1773 Johann Quantz, flutist-composer.
(LGC-HCS, p.44)
1698 Jan 1, The Abenaki
[Abnaki] Indians and the Massachusetts colonists signed a treaty ending
the conflict in New England.
(HN, 1/1/99)
1698 Apr 5, Georg Gottfried
Wagner, composer, was born.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1698 Aug 18, After invading
Denmark and capturing Sweden, Charles XII of Sweden forced Frederick IV
of Denmark to sign the Peace of Travendal.
(HN, 8/18/98)
1698 Aug 25, Czar Peter the Great
returned to Moscow after his trip through West-Europe.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1698 Sep 5, Russia's Peter the
Great imposed a tax on beards.
(AP, 9/5/97)
1698 Oct 23, Ange-Jacques Gabriel,
French court architect (Place de la Concorde), was born.
(MC, 10/23/01)
1698 Missionary John St. Cosme
celebrated the first Mass in what became St. Louis, Mo.
(SFC, 1/28/99, p.A3)
1698 The Spanish established
Presidio Santa Maria de Galve (later Pensacola, Florida).
(AP, 3/24/06)
1698 Elias "Red Cap " Ball sailed
from England to claim his inheritance, a plantation called Comingtee on
the banks of the Cooper River in South Carolina. The Ball family kept a
history and in 1998 descendant Edward Ball published "Slaves in the
Family."
(SFEC, 2/22/98, BR p.1,8)(SFEC, 4/19/98, p.A22)
1698 The Virginia statehouse at
Jamestown burned and the capital was moved to Williamsburg.
(Arch, 1/06, p.26)
1698 English engineer Thomas
Savery devised a way to pump water out of mines by the use of condensed
steam.
(HNQ, 1/18/01)
1698 Abraham or Ibrahim (Abram
Petrovich Gannibal) was born about this time in the Eritrean highland,
north of the Mareb River in a town called Logon. Abraham's father was a
local chief or a "prince". Within a few years Turks invaded the area
and abducted Abraham following a battle lost by his father. Abraham
spent a year in Constantinople and was sold with a bribe for service to
Russia’s Peter the Great.
(www.shaebia.org/wwwboard/contributedarticles/messages/58.html)
1698-1701 The Portuguese built the Old Fort in Stone
Town on Zanzibar to defend against the sultan of Oman.
(SFEC, 4/23/00, p.T6)
1699 Jan 14, Massachusetts held a
day of fasting for wrongly persecuting "witches."
(MC, 1/14/02)
1699 Jan 26, The Treaty of
Karlowitz, Croatia, ended the war between Austria and the Turks.
(HN,
1/26/99)(www.san.beck.org/1-10-Ottoman1300-1730.html)
1699 Feb 4, Czar Peter the Great
executed 350 rebellious Streltsi in Moscow.
(MC, 2/4/02)
1699 Mar 4, Jews were expelled
from Lubeck, Germany.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1699 Mar 23, John Bartram,
naturalist, explorer, father of American botany, was born.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1699 Apr 17, Robert Blair,
Scottish poet (Grave), was born.
(MC, 4/17/02)
1699 Apr 21, Jean Racine (59),
French playwright (Phèdre), died.
(MC, 4/21/02)
1699 Jul 6, Pirate Capt. William
Kidd was captured in Boston.
(MC, 7/6/02)
1699 Dec 20, Peter the Great
ordered Russian New Year changed from Sept 1 to Jan 1.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1699 Jonathan Dickinson, after
resuming his mercantile business in Philadelphia, authored "God’s
Protecting Providence," a journal of his Florida ordeal.
(ON, 9/00, p.5)
1699 A wooden wall on the northern
edge of New Amsterdam (later NYC), built for protection from the
Indians, was destroyed by the British.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R43)
1699 Williamsburg became the
capital of Virginia and served as the capital of the British colony
until 1780.
(SSFC, 12/17/00, p.T7)(AH, 6/07, p.27)
1699 Prince Eugene of Savoy looted
and burned Sarajevo, Bosnia.
(SSFC, 12/4/05, p.F5)
1699 The British established a
rule over the colonies that all wool trade must be with England, and
violations were punishable by stiff fines.
(NG, 5.1988, pp. 583)
1699 The Jews in London
commissioned Joseph Avis, a Quaker, to build a synagogue on a street
called Bevis Marks.
(WSJ, 10/28/06, p.P16)
1699 The Sikhs were founded by a
series of 10 prophets or gurus and believe in one God but many paths to
heaven. In 1999 some 20,000 thousands of Sikhs gathered to march in SF
on the 300th anniversary of their religion. [see Nanak c1500, 1519]
(SFEC, 4/25/99, p.C1)
1699 The Republic of Lucca
promulgated the first regulations designed to prevent the spread of
tuberculosis.
(WP, 1952, p.29)
1699 References from the Ching
dynasty of China refer to the Diaoyu Island located between Taiwan and
Okinawa.
(SFEC, 10/8/96, A8)
1699 The King of Spain, due to
competition, banned the production of wine in the Americas, except for
that made by the church.
(SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)
1699-1783 Johann Adolph Hasse, popular composer of
now-forgotten operas.
(LGC-HCS, p.32)
1699-1799 Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, French
painter.
(WSJ, 7/6/00, p.A24)
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