Timeline 1941

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1941        Jan 2, The Andrews Sisters recorded what became a big hit for them, the Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_Bugle_Boy)

1941        Jan 3, Canada & US acquired air bases in Newfoundland with a 99 year lease.
    (MC, 1/3/02)

1941        Jan 4, On the Greek-Albanian front, the Greeks launched an attack towards Valona from Berat to Klisura against the Italians.
    (HN, 1/4/00)

1941        Jan 6, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to support the lend-lease plan to help supply the Allies. In an address to Congress President Franklin Roosevelt expressed the general world aims of the United States as these "Four Freedoms": of speech and expression; of worship; from want; and from fear. Oscar Cox had helped draft the Lend-Lease Act.
    (HN, 1/6/99)(HNQ, 3/2/00)(WSJ, 2/18/05, p.W6)

1941        Jan 8, Robert Baden-Powell (83), founder of the Boy Scout movement, died.
    (MC, 1/8/02)

1941        Jan 9, Joan Baez, American folk singer and Vietnam War protester, was born.
    (HN, 1/9/99)
1941        Jan 9, Some 6,000 Jews were exterminated in a pogrom in Bucharest, Romania. [see Jan 22]
    (MC, 1/9/02)

1941        Jan 10, The Soviets and the Germans agreed on the East European borders and the exchange of industrial equipment.
    (HN, 1/10/99)

1941        Jan 11, Adolf Hitler ordered forces to be prepared to enter North Africa to assist the Italian effort, marking the establishment of the Afrika Korps.
    (HN, 1/11/99)
1941        Jan 11, Emanuel Lasker (b.1868), German mathematician and chess player, died. In 1927 he authored “Lasker’s Manual of Chess.”
    (WSJ, 3/22/08, p.W10)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanuel_Lasker)

1941        Jan 13, James Joyce, Irish-born novelist, died in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1983 Richard Ellmann authored the 900-page "James Joyce" biography. In 1999 Edna O'Brien authored the pocket bio "James Joyce."
    (AP, 1/13/98)(SFC, 12/9/99, p.B1)

1941        Jan 15, British troops landed in Ethiopia [and ended the Italian occupation].
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(CNT, Nov.,1994, p.260)

1941        Jan 16, US vice admiral Bellinger warned of an assault on Pearl Harbor.
    (MC, 1/16/02)
1941        Jan 16, The US War Dept formed the 1st Army Air Corps squadron for black cadets.
    (MC, 1/16/02)

1941        Jan 20, US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated for his 3rd term. It was the first time any US president had been elected for more than two terms.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)
1941        Jan 20, Hitler met with Mussolini and offered aid in Albania and Greece.
    (HN, 1/20/99)

1941        Jan 21, Placido Domingo, opera tenor (Pinkerton-Mme Butterfly), was born in Madrid, Spain.
    (MC, 1/21/02)
1941        Jan 21, Richie Havens, folk singer (Here Comes the Sun), was born in Brooklyn.
    (MC, 1/21/02)
1941        Jan 21, Edwin Starr, US singer (War), was born as Charles Hatcher.
    (MC, 1/21/02)
1941        Jan 21, The United States lifted the ban on arms to the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 1/21/99)
1941        Jan 21, Australia & Britain attacked Tobruk, Libya.
    (MC, 1/21/02)
1941        Jan 21, British communist newspaper "Daily Worker" was banned.
    (MC, 1/21/02)

1941        Jan 22, British and Australian troops captured Tobruk from Italians.
    (MC, 1/22/02)
1941        Jan 22, The 1st mass killing of Jews took place in Romania. [see Jan 9]
    (MC, 1/22/02)

1941        Jan 24, Neil Diamond, singer, actor (Jazz Singer), was born in Brooklyn, NY.
    (MC, 1/24/02)

1941        Jan 27, The United States and Great Britain began high-level military talks in Washington.
    (HN, 1/27/99)

1941        Jan 28, French General Charles DeGaulle's Free French forces sacked south Libya oasis.
    (HN, 1/28/99)

1941        Jan 30, Dick Cheney was born in Lincoln, Neb. He served as chief of staff for Pres. Ford from 1975-1977. He was a US Rep. From 1979-1989 and served as the Sec. of Defense for pres. George H.W. Bush from 1989-1993. From 1995 to 2000 he served as the CEO of Halliburton Corp. and in 2000 was chosen by Gov. George W. Bush as a running mate.
    (WSJ, 7/26/00, p.A28)

1941        Jan, The US War Dept. formed an all-black flying unit that achieved fame as the Tuskegee Airmen. On June 20 the Tuskegee program officially began with the formation of the 99th Fighter Squadron at the Tuskegee Institute. Their 1st mission was in June 1943. African-Americans were barred from the Air Corps until this year, and then were shunted to all-black squadrons.
    (SFC, 9/22/99, p.A24) (WSJ, 8/17/99, p.A1)(NPub, 2002, p.14)   

1941        Feb 1, "Downbeat Magazine" reported this day that Glenn Miller had inked a new three-year contract with RCA Victor Records. The pact guaranteed Miller $750 a side, the fattest record contract signed to that time.
    (440 Int'l, 2/1/1999)

1941        Feb 3, The US Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, ruling that Congress can fix minimum wages and maximum hours for US workers.
    (AH, 2/06, p.14)

1941        Feb 4, The United Service Organization (USO) was chartered, in order to provide recreation for on-leave members of the US armed forces and their families.
    (http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/feb04.html)
1941        Roy Plunkett, chemist, patented a product later called Teflon. He produced the substance in 1938 while trying to create a refrigerant for DuPont.
    (Sm, 2/06, p.38) 

1941        Feb 5, The SS Politician wrecked off the coast of the Isle of Eriskay in the Hebrides. It carried some 20,000 cases of whisky, which the natives hid from customs agents. The story was told in the 1947 book “Whisky Galore” by Compton Mackenzie. The book was made into a film in 1949.
    (http://heritage.scotsman.com/timelines.cfm?cid=1&id=40422005)
1941        Feb 5, Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson (b.1864), Australian poet and journalist, died. He is best known for his song “Waltzing Matilda.”
    (www.whatsthenumber.com/oz/voice/writers/paterson0.htm)(NG, 8/04, p.29)

1941        Feb 6, The RAF cleared the way as British took Benghazi, Libya, trapping thousands of Italians.
    (HN, 2/6/99)
1941        Feb 6, Maximilien Luce (b.1858), French anarchist and Neo-Impressionist painter, died.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_Luce)

1941        Feb 7, Frank Sinatra and Tommy Dorsey Orch recorded "Everything Happens to Me."
    (MC, 2/7/02)

1941        Feb 8, Japanese armored barges crossed the Strait of Johore to attack Singapore.
    (MC, 2/8/02)

1941        Feb 9, British troops conquered El Agheila.
    (MC, 2/9/02)
1941        Feb 9, Nazi collaborators destroyed the pro-Jewish cafe Alcazar Amsterdam. Alcazar had refused to hang "No Entry for Jews" signs in front.
    (MC, 2/9/02)

1941        Feb 10, London severed diplomatic relations with Romania. Romania’s indigenous fighter, the IAR 80, saw service in defense of its homeland and against the Soviets.
    (HN, 2/10/97)
1941        Feb 10, Iceland was attacked by German planes.
    (HN, 2/10/97)

1941        Feb 11, Lt-Gen Erwin Rommel arrived in Tripoli.
    (MC, 2/11/02)

1941        Feb 14, "Reflections in a Golden Eye" by Carson McCullers was first published.
    (AP, 2/14/01)
1941        Feb 14, German Afrika Korps landed in Tripoli, Libya.
    (MC, 2/14/02)

1941        Feb 15, Duke Ellington 1st recorded "Take the A Train."
    (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)
1941        Feb 15, K Reinmuth discovered asteroids #1561 Fricke & #1785 Wurm.
    (440 Int’l., 2/15/99)

1941        Feb 16, The Italians lost their last position in the Sudan.
    (HN, 2/16/98)
1941        Feb 16, Kim Jong Il, son of Kim Il Sung, was born in the far East of the Soviet Union. He took over leadership of North Korea from his father in 1994.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jong-il)

1941        Feb 17, The SS Gairsoppa was torpedoed by a German U-boat. The British ship was carrying some 219 tons of silver when it sank in the North Atlantic some 300 miles (490 km) off the Irish coast. Of the 85 people on board, only one survived. In 2011 Florida-based Odyssey Marine Exploration confirmed the identity and location of the ship. In 2012 Odyssey Marine Exploration said it had succeeded in removing about 43% of the insured silver.
    (AFP, 9/27/11)(www.shipwreck.net/ssgairsoppahistoricaloverview.php)(SFC, 7/18/12, p.A2)

1941        Feb 19, George Orwell published his essay “The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius,” expressing his opinions on the situation in wartime Britain.
    (Econ, 2/2/13, SR p.5)(http://tinyurl.com/cg953fv)
1941        Feb 19, Nazi police were attacked and driven away from Koco, Amsterdam by young Jews. Nazis raided Amsterdam and rounded up 429 young Jews for deportation.
    (MC, 2/19/02)
1941        Feb 19, Hamilton  Harty (61), composer, conductor, died.
    (MC, 2/19/02)

1941        Feb 20, The U.S. sent war planes to the Pacific. General George C. Kenney pioneered aerial warfare strategy and tactics in the Pacific theater.
    (HN, 2/19/98)
1941        Feb 20, The 1st transport of Jews to concentration camps left Plotsk, Poland.
    (MC, 2/20/02)
1941        Feb 20, Nazis ordered Polish Jews barred from using public transportation.
    (MC, 2/20/02)

1941        Feb 22, Arthur T "Bomber" Harris became British Air Marshal.
    (MC, 2/22/02)
1941        Feb 22, IG Farben started building Buna-Werke in the Auschwitz extermination camp.
    (MC, 2/22/02)

1941        Feb 26, Cowboys' Amateur Association of America was organized in California.
    (SC, 2/26/02)
1941        Feb 26, British took the Somali capital in East Africa.
    (HN, 2/26/98)
1941        Feb 26, Vichy-France made religious education in school mandatory.
    (SC, 2/26/02)
1941        Feb 26, Utrecht and Zaandam struck against raid on Jews.
    (SC, 2/26/02)
1941        Feb 26, Jan Keizer Zaanse, February striker, was shot to death.
    (SC, 2/26/02)

1941        Feb 27, Jewish musicians came together in Berlin and performed Gustav Mahler’s Second Symphony. In 2001 Martin Goldsmith authored "The Inextinguishable Symphony: A True Story of Music and Love in Nazi Germany."
    (SSFC, 4/8/01, BR p.5)

1941        Mar 1, W47NV, the 1st US FM radio station to broadcast with a commercial license, went on the air in Nashville, TN.
    (www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=3021)
1941        Mar 1, Elmer Layden became the 1st NFL commissioner.
    (SC, 3/1/02)
1941        Mar 1, Himmler inspected the Auschwitz concentration camp.
    (SC, 3/1/02)
1941         Mar 1, Bulgaria joined the Axis as the Nazis occupy Sofia.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(HN, 3/1/98)

1941        Mar 3, Netherlands NSB-leader Mussert visited Göring in Berlin.
    (SC, 3/3/02)
1941        Mar 3, Moscow denounced the Axis rule in Bulgaria.
    (HN, 3/3/99)

1941        Mar 4, 18 Geuzen resistance fighters were sentenced to death in The Hague.
    (SC, 3/4/02)
1941        Mar 4, Serbian Prince Paul visited Hitler.
    (SC, 3/4/02)

1941        Mar 5, Britain severed all relation with Bulgaria and prepared for an air attack on Bulgaria.
    (HN, 3/5/98)

1941        Mar 6, John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum (b.1867), sculptor (Mount Rushmore), died.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum)

1941        Mar 7, British troops invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
    (MC, 3/7/02)
1941        Mar 7, 50,000 British soldiers landed in Greece.
    (MC, 3/7/02)
1941        Mar 7, Gunther Prien, German U-boat commander and war hero (U-47), died in battle.
    (MC, 3/7/02)

1941        Mar 8, Martial law was proclaimed in Holland in order to extinguish any anti-Nazi protests.
    (HN, 3/8/98)

1941        Mar 9, Italians launched a large-scale counterattack across the center of the front against Greece, which, despite the superiority of the Italian armed forces, failed. After one week and 12,000 casualties, Mussolini called off the counterattack and left Albania 12 days later.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece)

1941        Mar 10, Vichy France threatened to use its navy if Britain would not allow food to reach France.
    (HN, 3/10/98)

1941        Mar 11, The Lend-Lease Act was passed by the US Congress. It authorized the president to send aid to nations whose defense he considered essential to US defense.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(TMC, 1994, p.1941)

1941        Mar 13, Hitler issued an edict calling for an invasion of the USSR
    (HN, 3/13/98)

1941        Mar 14, Xavier Cugat and his Orchestra recorded "Babalu."
    (MC, 3/14/02)

1941        Mar 15, A blizzard in North Dakota killed 151. [see Mar 16]
    (MC, 3/15/02)
1941        Mar 15, Philippine Airlines maid its maiden flight from Manila to Baguio.
    (SFC, 9/24/98, p.A19)

1941        Mar 16, Chuck Woolery, TV game show host, was born in Kentucky. He hosted Love Connection from 1983 to 1995.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Woolery)(SSFC, 7/6/08, p.B6)
1941        Mar 16, A blizzard hit North Dakota and Minnesota killing 60. [see Mar 15]
    (MC, 3/16/02)

1941        Mar 17, The National Gallery of Art opened in Washington, D.C.
    (AP, 3/17/97)(HN, 3/17/98)

1941        Mar 19, Jimmy Dorsey and Orchestra recorded "Green Eyes" and "Maria Elena" for Decca Records.
    (AP, 3/19/01)

1941        Mar 20, Nazi German-Yugoslav pact was drawn.
    (MC, 3/20/02)
1941        Mar 20, D.A. van den Bosch, anti-Nazi clergyman (Amersfoort Camp), died.
    (MC, 3/20/02)

1941        Mar 21, The last Italian post in East Libya fell to the British.
    (HN, 3/21/98)

1941        Mar 22, The Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state went into operation.
    (AP, 3/22/01)

1941        Mar 24, Joseph H. Taylor, Jr., radio astronomer and physicist, was born.
    (HN, 3/24/01)
1941        Mar 24, German troops occupied El Agheila, Libya.
    (MC, 3/24/02)

1941        Mar 25, Carolina Paprika Mills in Dillon, SC, was incorporated.
    (MC, 3/25/02)
1941        Mar 25, Yugoslavia joined the Axis powers.
    (HN, 3/24/98)

1941        Mar 26, Clinton Richard Dawkins, British ethologist, evolutionary biologist and popular science author, was born. He came to prominence with his 1976 book “The Selfish Gene,” which popularized the gene-centered view of evolution and introduced the term meme.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dawkins)
1941        Mar 26, In Yugoslavia the pro-Axis Prince Paul was toppled in a palace revolution in Belgrade and Prince Peter was put in as head of state.
    (SFC,10/29/97, p.A23)

1941        Mar 27, Britain leased defense bases in Trinidad to the U.S. for a period of 99 years.
    (HN, 3/27/98)
1941        Mar 27, Tokeo Yoshikawa arrived in Oahu, Hawaii, to begin spying for Japan on the U.S. Fleet at Pearl Harbor.
    (HN, 3/27/99)
1941        Mar 27, Hitler signed Directive 27 for an assault on Yugoslavia.
    (MC, 3/27/02)

1941        Mar 28, The Italian fleet was routed by the British at the Battle of Matapan off the coast of Greece. More than 2,000 Italian sailors died and five Italian ships were destroyed. Mavis Batey (1921-2013) of British intelligence had decoded a message that signaled the attack three days earlier.
    (HN, 3/28/99)(SFC, 11/29/13, p.C4)
1941        Mar 28, Novelist and critic Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), born as Virginia Stephen, died in Lewes, England. She feared a mental breakdown and threw herself into the River Ouse near her home in Sussex. Her body was never found. She was an English novelist, essayist and critic and wrote standing up. Her diaries over nearly three decades filled 26 volumes. In 1997 "Art and Affection, A Life of Virginia Woolf" was published. In 1997 a biography by Hermione Lee was published.
    (SFC, 6/23/96, Z1 p.2)(SFEM, 1/12/97, BR p.7)(AP, 3/28/97)(SFEC, 6/22/97, BR p.8)(HN, 3/28/01)(Econ., 5/23/20, p.70)

1941        Mar 29, Terence Hill, actor (Super Fuzz, They Call Me Trinity), was born in Venice, Italy.
    (MC, 3/29/02)
1941        Mar 29, The British sank five Italian warships off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean. Captain Johnnie Walker was the Royal Navy’s most effective weapon against the German U-boat menace.
    (HN, 3/29/98)

1941        Mar 30, Graeme Edge, rock drummer (Moody Blues-Your Wildest Dreams), was born in England.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Edge)
1941        Mar 30, The U.S. seized Italian, German and Danish ships in 16 ports.
    (HN, 3/30/98)
1941        Mar 30, The German Afrika Korps under General Erwin Rommel began its first offensive against British forces in Libya.
    (HN, 3/30/99)

1941        Mar 31, Germany began a counter offensive in North Africa.
    (HN, 3/31/98)

1941        Mar, Timely Comics, the predecessor of Marvel Comics, introduced the "Captain America” comics.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_America)

1941        Apr 1, Lillian Hellman's "Watch on the Rhine," premiered in NYC.
    (MC, 4/1/02)
1941        Apr 1, The US Navy took over San Francisco Bay’s Treasure Island.
    (SFC, 5/9/97, p.A28)
1941        Apr 1,  The first contract for advertising on a commercial FM radio station began on W71NY in New York City.
    (OTD)
1941        Apr 1, Nazi's forbade Jews access to cafes in Paris.
    (MC, 4/1/02)

1941        Apr 2, USS Hornet with Jimmy Doolittle's B-25s departed from SF.
    (MC, 4/2/02)

1941        Apr 3, Walton's overture "Scapino," premiered in Chicago.
    (MC, 4/3/02)
1941        Apr 3, Churchill warned Stalin of German invasion.
    (MC, 4/3/02)
1941        Apr 3, Andre Michelin (88), French tire manufacturer, died. In 2004 Herbert Lottman authored "The Michelin Men: Driving an Empire," the story of Andre and Edouard Michelin.
    (MC, 4/3/02)(WSJ, 2/20/04, p.W5)
1941        Apr 3, Pal Teleki-von Szek (61), PM Hungary (1920-21, 39-41), committed suicide.
    (MC, 4/3/02)

1941        Apr 4, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel captured the British held town of Benghazi in North Africa.
    (HN, 4/4/99)

1941        Apr 5, In San Francisco the Noe Valley and Marina street cars were retired.
    (SSFC, 4/3/16, DB p.50)
1941        Apr 5, German commandos secured docks along the Danube River in preparation for Germany's invasion of the Balkans.
    (HN, 4/5/99)

1941        Apr 6, Italian-held Addis Ababa surrendered to British and Ethiopian forces.
    (MC, 4/6/02)
1941        Apr 6, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop gave orders for the attack on Yugoslavia to roll forward. Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to bomb Belgrade prior to the final drive into the capital. From August 6 to 10, more than 500 bombing sorties were flown against Belgrade, inflicting more than 17,500 fatalities. Most of the government officials fled, and the Yugoslav army began to collapse. German Luftwaffe Marshall Alexander Lohr commanded a surprise air attack on Belgrade and 17,000 died. Lohr was later tried and executed for the bombings.
    (www.thehistorynet.com/wwii/blbelgradebybluff/)(SFC, 4/8/99, p.A10)(WSJ, 5/20/99, p.A21)
1941        Apr 6, German troops invaded Yugoslavia and Greece. Italian and Albanian forces attacked and jointly occupied Yugoslavia. Germany, with support of Italy and other allies defeated Greece and Yugoslavia.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(SFC, 4/5/97, p.A20)(www, Albania, 1998)

1941        Apr 6-1941 Apr 7, The Luftwaffe delivered a heavy blow to the British expedition when German bombers seriously damaged Piraeus, the port of Athens sinking seven merchant ships, sixty lighters and 25 caiques.
    (www.diggerhistory.info/pages-battles/ww2/greece.htm)

1941        Apr 8, Eugene-Marcel Prevost, novelist, died.
    (MC, 4/8/02)

1941        Apr 9, The PGA established a Golf Hall of Fame.
    (MC, 4/9/02)
1941        Apr 9, In Czestochowa, Poland, a ghetto for Jews was created. By the end of WW II some 45,000 of Czestochowa's Jews were murdered by the Germans, almost the entire Jewish community living there.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa)

1941        Apr 10, Paul Theroux, author (The Great Railway Bazaar), was born.
    (HN, 4/10/01)
1941        Apr 10, U.S. troops occupied Greenland to prevent Nazi infiltration.
    (HN, 4/10/98)

1941        Apr 11, Ellen Goodman, Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist, was born.
    (HN, 4/11/01)
1941        Apr 11, Germany bombers blitzed Coventry, England.
    (HN, 4/11/98)
1941        Apr 11, The Jewish Weekly newspaper was taken control by Nazis.
    (MC, 4/11/02)

1941        Apr 12, Vichy-France's head of government Admiral Dalan consulted with Hitler.
    (MC, 4/12/02)

1941        Apr 13, Margaret Price, soprano (Pamlina-Die Zauberflote), was born in Tredegar, Wales.
    (MC, 4/13/02)
1941        Apr 13, German troops captured Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Hitler soon installed Gen. Milan Nedic as a quisling leader. Nedic proceeded to wipe out the Jewish community of Serbia. In 1997 Philip Cohen wrote "Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History."
    (HN, 4/13/99)(WSJ, 5/7/99, p.A18)
1941        Apr 13, There was a heavy German assault on Tobruk.
    (MC, 4/13/02)
1941        Apr 13, A Russian-Japan no-attack treaty went into effect.
    (MC, 4/13/02)

1941        Apr 14, Julie Christie, actress (Dr Zhivago), was born in Assam, India.
    (MC, 4/14/02)
1941        Apr 14, Pete Rose, Cincinnati Reds, (most hits in majors), was born.
    (MC, 4/14/02)
1941        Apr 14, The 1st massive German raid in Paris rounded up 3,600 Jews.
    (MC, 4/14/02)

1941        Apr 15, 1st helicopter flight of 1 hour duration took place at Stratford, Ct.
    (MC, 4/15/02)

1941        Apr 17, Office of Price Administration OPA formed to handle war time rationing.
    (MC, 4/17/02)
1941        Apr 17, British troop landed in Iraq.
    (MC, 4/17/02)
1941        Apr 17, Yugoslavia surrendered to Germany ending 11 days of futile resistance against the invading German Wehrmacht. More than 300,000 Yugoslav officers and soldiers were taken prisoner. Italian and Albanian forces attacked and jointly occupied Yugoslavia.
    (SFC, 4/5/97, p.A20)(AP, 4/17/97)(MC, 4/17/02)

1941        Apr 18, In the village of Audrini, Latvia, Boleslavs Maikovskis, chief of police for the second precinct of Rezekne, ordered the arrest of all the 200-300 people in the village after Soviet partisans shot and killed several policemen. He also ordered every house to be burned down. 200 villagers were then executed, but he claimed to have nothing to do with the slaughter. He was charged with mass murder in Germany and his trial began in 1988 but in Feb 1994 the court ruled that he was too frail to continue.
    (SFC, 5/8/96, p.C-2)

1941        Apr 19, Michel Roux, chef de cuisine, was born.
    (MC, 4/19/02)
1941        Apr 19, B. Brecht's 1939 play "Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder (Mother Courage and her Children)," premiered in Zurich.
    (www.theatre.ubc.ca/mother_courage/subject.shtml)

1941        Apr 20, Joni Evans, publisher of Simon & Schuster, Random House, was born in NYC.
    (MC, 4/20/02)
1941        Apr 20, Ryan O'Neal, actor (Peyton Place, Paper Moon, was born in LA, Calif.
    (MC, 4/20/02)

1941        Apr 21, Greece surrendered to Nazi Germany.
    (MC, 4/21/02)

1941        Apr 23, Greece Army surrendered to Nazis;  RAF flew Greek king George II to Egypt.
    (MC, 4/23/02)

1941        Apr 24, British army began the evacuation of Greece.
    (MC, 4/24/02)
1941        Apr 24, Dutch Prince Bernhard became an RAF pilot.
    (MC, 4/24/02)

1941        Apr 25, The United States and China formally signed a $50 million stabilization agreement to support the Chinese currency.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lee_Chennault)

1941        Apr 26, First organ played at a baseball stadium, Chicago, Illinois.
    (HN, 4/26/98)

1941        Apr 27, Judith Blegen, opera singer (Papagena-Magic Flute), was born in Missoula, Mont.
    (MC, 4/27/02)
1941        Apr 27, The Greek army capitulated to the Germans. Greece and the Greek islands were secured by Hitler.
    (SFC,10/29/97, p.A23)(HN, 4/27/98)

1941        Apr 28, Ann-Margret, actress (Bye Bye Birdie, Tommy), was born in Valsjobya, Sweden.
    (MC, 4/28/02)
1941        Apr 28, Last British troops in Greece surrendered.
    (MC, 4/28/02)

1941        Apr, Hungary under Admiral Miklos Horthy, entered WWII as an ally of Germany.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy)(Econ, 11/9/13, p.59)

1941        May 1, The motion picture "Citizen Kane," directed and starring Orson Welles (24), premiered in New York. Randolph Hearst attempted to bury the film by banning all advertising in his newspapers. One in five Americans read a Hearst paper at this time. Citizen Kane won an Academy Award. A PBS special from the American Experience covered the story in 1996. His biography, "Rosebud: The Story of Orson Welles" by David Thompson, was published in 1996.
    (WSJ, 1/25/96, p.A-16)(TMC, 1994, p.1941)(SFC, 6/9/96, BR p.15)
1941        May 1, General Mills introduced Cheerioats, later renamed Cheerios. It was made possible by the development of the “puffing gun” invented earlier by Lester Borchardt Sr.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheerios)(WSJ, 1/27/07, p.A6)
1941        May 1, A German assault took place on Tobruk.
    (MC, 5/1/02)

1941        May 2, Martin Bormann succeeded Rudolf Hess as Hitler's deputy.
    (MC, 5/2/02)
1941        May 2, Hostilities broke out between British forces in Iraq and that country's pro-German faction under PM Rashid Ali. There was a pro-Axis coup led by the army. Quickly overthrown by British troops, a pro-British regime under PM Nuri al-Said was installed, declaring war on the Axis powers in 1943.
    (HN, 5/2/99)(HNQ, 6/20/99)(SFC, 9/24/02, p.A10)

1941        May 3, There was a German air raid on Liverpool.
    (MC, 5/3/02)
1941        May 3, Pierre Seel (17) was arrested in Alsace-Lorraine by the German Gestapo and tortured for 10 days for his homosexuality. In 1994 he authored the memoir “I, Pierre Seel, Deported Homosexual.”
    (SFC, 12/2/05, p.B5)

1941        May 5, A Pulitzer prize was awarded to Robert E Sherwood (There shall be no night).
    (MC, 5/5/02)
1941        May 5, Emperor Haile Selassie returned to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
    (MC, 5/5/02)

1941        May 6, Ghena Dimitrova, soprano (Nabucco), was born.
    (MC, 5/6/02)
1941        May 6, Bob Hope (b. May 29, 1903) began broadcasting his first USO radio show from March Field at Riverside, Ca. The United Service Organizations (USO) began operations this year and provided free coffee, donuts, and entertainment to US military forces. The organization is supported entirely by private citizens and corporations.
    (SFC, 5/28/97, p.D5)(HN, 5/6/98)(SFEC, 9/8/96, Par p.8)
1941        May 6, Dictator Josef Stalin assumed the Soviet premiership, replacing Vyacheslav M. Molotov.
    (AP, 5/6/97)

1941        May 7, Glenn Miller and His Orchestra recorded "Chattanooga Choo Choo" for RCA Victor. It became the first gold record in history.
    (AP, 5/7/99)(SFC, 5/31/00, p.A23)
1941        May 7, British House of Commons voted for Churchill (477-3).
    (MC, 5/7/02)

1941        May 9, The German submarine U-110 was captured at sea by the Royal Navy, revealing considerable Enigma material. Enigma was the German machine used to encrypt messages during World War II.
    (HN, 5/9/99)(HNQ, 8/30/00)

1941        May 10, England’s House of Commons was destroyed by a German air raid.
    (HN, 5/10/98)
1941        May 10, Rudolf Hess (d.93), a deputy of Adolf Hitler, parachuted into Scotland to see the Duke of Hamilton on what he claimed was a peace mission. Hess ended up serving a life sentence at Spandau prison until 1987, when he apparently committed suicide.
    (AP, 5/10/97)(ON, 4/02, p.7)

1941        May 11, London’s Bridgewater House was bombed. A major work by French painter Paul Delaroche, "Charles I Insulted by Cromwell's Soldiers" (1837) depicting the British monarch shortly before his execution in 1649, was thought to have been virtually destroyed. In 2009 it was unrolled and found to be in good condition.
    (Reuters, 11/24/09)
1941        May 11, The 1st Messerschmidt 109F was shot down above England.
    (MC, 5/11/02)

1941        May 12, Anthony Newman, harpsichordist, organist (Bhajeb), was born in LA, Calif.
    (MC, 5/12/02)

1941        May 13, Ritchie Valens, singer (Donna, La Bamba), was born.
    (MC, 5/13/02)
1941        May 13, Martin Bormann was named head of Nazi Party Chancellery in Germany.
    (MC, 5/13/02)

1941        May 14, French Admiral Francois Darlan, leader of the armed forces of Vichy France, broadcast to the citizens that only within the confines of the Third Reich can France thrive.
    (HN, 5/14/99)
1941        May 14, Some 3,600 Parisian Jews were arrested.
    (MC, 5/14/02)

1941        May 15, Lainie Kazan, singer, actress (Lust in the Dust, Beaches), was born in Brooklyn.
    (MC, 5/15/02)
1941        May 15, Joe DiMaggio started his 56-game hitting streak. The Yanks lost 13-1. In 2011 Kostya Kennedy authored “56: Joe DiMaggio and the Last Magic Number in Sports.”
    (www.baseball-almanac.com/feats/feats3.shtml)(http://www.kostyakennedy.com/)
1941        May 15, 1st British turbojet flew.
    (MC, 5/15/02)
1941        May 15, All preparations for the German attack against Russia in Operation Barbarossa were to be finalized.
    (SFC,10/29/97, p.A23)
1941        May 15, Nazi occupiers in Netherlands forbade Jewish music.
    (MC, 5/15/02)

1941        May 16, The last great German air attack on Great Britain was at Birmingham.
    (MC, 5/16/02)

1941        May 18, An Egyptian steamer sank.
    (SC, 5/18/02)
1941        May 18, Italian army under General Aosta surrendered to Britain in Ethiopia.
    (SC, 5/18/02)

1941        May 19, Jane Brody, food and health writer, was born.
    (HN, 5/19/01)
1941        May 19, Nora Ephron, screenwriter and director, was born.
    (HN, 5/19/01)
1941        May 19, German occupiers in Holland forbade bicycle taxis.
    (MC, 5/19/02)
1941        May 19, The new 823.5-foot Nazi battleship Bismarck left Gdynia, Poland, under the command of Commander Gunther Lutjens.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck)(ON, 10/09, p.1)

1941        May 20, Germany invaded Crete by air.
    (HN, 5/20/98)

1941        May 21, The first U.S. ship, the SS Robin Moor, was sunk by a U-boat.
    (HN, 5/21/98)

1941        May 22, British troops attacked Baghdad.
    (MC, 5/22/02)

1941        May 24, Bob Dylan (Robert Allen Zimmerman), singer and songwriter, was born in Minnesota. He is famous for his songs "Hard Rain's Gonna Fall," and "Blowin' in the Wind."
    (SFC, 8/26/97, p.E3)(HN, 5/24/99)
1941        May 24, The German battleship Bismarck sank the British dreadnought HMS Hood in the North Atlantic. 1416 died with only three survivors.
    (AP, 5/24/97)(HN, 5/24/99)(ON, 10/09, p.2)

1941        May 25, Some 5,000 drowned in a storm at Ganges Delta region in India.
    (SC, 5/25/02)

1941        May 26, American Flag House, the Betsy Ross Home, was given to the city of Phila.
    (MC, 5/26/02)
1941        May 26, Ark Royal airplane sighted the German battleship Bismarck.
    (MC, 5/26/02)
1941        May 26, German occupiers began youth labor.
    (MC, 5/26/02)

1941        May 27, Amid rising world tensions, President Roosevelt proclaimed an "unlimited national emergency."
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(AP, 5/27/97)
1941        May 27, The German battleship Bismarck was sunk off France by British naval and air forces with a loss of more than 2,100 lives. British ships rescued 4 officers and 106 of the crew. A German fishing vessel was reported to have rescued another 100 men.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck)(AP, 5/27/07)(ON, 10/09, p.5)

1941        May 29, Roy Crewsdon, rocker (Freddie & The Dreamers), was born in Manchester.
    (SC, 5/29/02)

1941        May 30, Serbia enacted anti-Semitic measures.
    (MC, 5/30/02)
1941        May 30, Rama VII, Thailand’s King Prajadhipok (b.1893), died. Prajadhipok was Siam's last absolute monarch and its first constitutional monarch after the Siamese Revolution of 1932. Educated at Eton, he succeeded his brother in 1926. Six years later a group of military officers and civil servants initiated a near bloodless coup. Prajadhipok abdicated in 1935 and spent the rest of his life with his wife in England. The couple had no children.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok)(Reuters, 5/2/19)

1941        May, Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers introduced a house resolution, H.R. 4906, to establish a civilian organization known as the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), but the legislation sat undiscussed until after Pearl Harbor. Several women’s groups were organized after America entered the war and in July 1943, the WASPs came into being.
    (HNQ, 3/16/01)

1941        May, Germany dropped 1,500 paratroopers on Crete in the first successful airborne invasion in military history.
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941         Jun 1, British troops occupied Baghdad, Iraq.
    (DT, 6/1/97)
1941         Jun 1, Germany banned all Catholic publications.
    (DT, 6/1/97)
1941        Jun 1, The German Army completed the capture of Crete as the Allied evacuation ended.
    (HN, 6/1/99)

1941        Jun 2, William Guest, singer (Gladys Knight Show), was born in Atlanta, Ga.
    (SC, 6/2/02)
1941        Jun 2, Stacy Keach, actor (Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer), was born in Savannah, Ga.
    (SC, 6/2/02)
1941        Jun 2, Charlie Watts, drummer (Rolling Stones-Brown Sugar), was born.
    (SC, 6/2/02)
1941        Jun 2, Baseball’s "Iron Horse," Lou Gehrig, died in New York of a degenerative disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at 37. The best book on Gehrig is "Iron Horse" by Ray Robinson. In 2005 Jonathan Eig authored “Luckiest Man: The Life and Death of Lou Gehrig.”
    (AP, 6/2/97)(Econ, 5/7/05, p.79)

1941        Jun 3, German occupiers stamped "J" on Jewish passports.
    (MC, 6/3/02)

1941        Jun 4, Republic of Croatia ordered all Jews to wear a star with the letter Z.
    (MC, 6/4/02)
1941        Jun 4, Wilhelm II von Hohenzollern (b.1859), the last German emperor (1888-1918), died in the Netherlands.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor)

1941        Jun 5, In China some 1,500 civilians died from suffocation in a single air raid shelter in Chongqing, the provisional capital until the end of the war with Japan.
    (Econ, 8/15/15, p.36)

1941        Jun 6, The U.S. government authorized the seizure of foreign ships in U.S. ports.
    (HN, 6/6/98)

1941        Jun 7, Jaime Laredo, violinist (Queen Elisabeth of Belgium prize 1959), was born in Bolivia.
    (SC, 6/7/02)
1941        Jun 7, Whirlaway won the Belmont Stakes & the triple crown.
    (SC, 6/7/02)

1941        Jun 9, Production began on “The Maltese Falcon," starring Humphrey Bogart as detective Sam Spade. The film was directed by John Huston (34).
    (SFCM, 2/6/05, p.10)

1941        Jun 13, Thousands of Jewish community leaders were deported to Siberia as part of the general purge. The Soviet Union, which had occupied the former Romanian province a year earlier, loaded 22,600 Moldovans on cargo trains bound for Siberia, where the deportees were used for forced labor.
    (WSJ, 1/2/02, p.A18)(AP, 6/13/06)

1941        Jun 14, In Latvia some 15,000 people were rounded up in one night and sent to Siberia.
    (BN, 10/96, p.2)(BN, 10/97, p.1)
1941        Jun 14, In Lithuania the Russian secret police gathered up some 40,000 men, women and children and exiled them to Siberia in cattle cars. This was the first of many shipments. Arrests and deportations totaled some 34,260 people.
    (WP, 6/29/96, p.A16)(Dr, 7/96, V1#1, p.3)

1941        Jun 16, The new Washington National Airport opened southwest of DC. In 1945, Congress passed a law that established the airport was legally within Virginia but under the jurisdiction of the federal government. In 1998 it was renamed Ronald Reagan National Airport.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport)

1941        Jun 18, Joe Louis KO’d Billy Conn in 13 for the heavyweight boxing title.
    (MC, 6/18/02)
1941        Jun 18, Turkey signed a peace treaty with Nazi Germany.
    (MC, 6/18/02)

1941        Jun 19, US president Roosevelt signed Two Ocean Navy Expansion Act.
    (DT, 6/19/97)
1941        Jun 19, Cheerios Cereal was invented, O-shaped cereal 1/2-inch diameter, .0025 ounce, 400=1 serving; first called Cheerie Oats.
    (DT, 6/19/97)
1941        Jun 19, Romania ordered Jews to evacuate Darabani.
    (MC, 6/19/02)

1941        Jun 20, U.S. Army Air Forces was established, replacing the Army Air Corps.
    (HN, 6/20/98)(WSJ, 8/17/99, p.A1)

1941        Jun 22, Ed Bradley, CBS news correspondent and one of the hosts of "Sixty Minutes," was born.
    (HN, 6/22/99)
1941        Jun 22, Estonians started armed resistance against Soviet occupation.
    (MC, 6/22/02)
1941        Jun 22, Finland invaded Karelia. When Germany attacked the Soviet Union in summer 1941, Finland joined in and began re-taking the lost territory.
    (www.publiscan.fi/cu13e-9.htm)
1941        Jun 22, German troops invaded Russia and thereby violated the 1939 Russo-German non-aggression pact. Under the codename Barbarossa, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, the largest invasion of another country in history. In 2005 Constantine Pleshakov authored “Stalin’s Folly,” and David E. Murphy authored ”What Stalin Knew.” Both provide accounts of the invasion and Stalin’s refusal to acknowledge warning signs.
    (AP, 6/22/97)(HN, 6/22/98)(WSJ, 6/22/05, p.D12)
1941        Jun 22, Germany attacked the Soviet Union, its former ally. When the German forces entered the Polish city of Lviv (Lwov), they and their Ukrainian collaborators massacred Jews in the city and countryside. While occupying the area, Germans murdered Jews in the ghetto, the Belzec death camp and a forced labor camp, Janowska, with the final annihilation occurring in 1943.
    (AP, 9/2/18)
1941        Jun 22, Germany occupied the Baltic states.
    (MC, 6/22/02)

1941        Jun 23, The German army entered Kovno (Kaunas), Lithuania.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)
1941        Jun 23, Juozas Ambrzevicius (Juozas Brazaitis), one of the leaders of the Lithuanian Activist Front (LAF), began serving as the acting PM of the Provisional Government of Lithuania and continued to August 5, 1941. He died in exile in 1974. He published memoirs “All Alone” (Lithuanian: Vienų vieni) in 1964 under the name of N. E. SudÅ«vis.
    (Econ, 2/12/11, p.60)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Ambrazevi%C4%8Dius)

1941        Jun 24, President Franklin Roosevelt pledged all possible support to the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 6/24/98)
1941        Jun 24, The entire Jewish male population of Gorzhdy, Lithuania, was exterminated.
    (MC, 6/24/02)
1941        Jun 24, Germans advanced into Russia and took Vilnius, Brest-Litovsk & Kaunas.
    (MC, 6/24/02)

1941        Jun 25, Joe DiMaggio ran his hitting streak to 45 straight games.
    (MC, 6/25/02)
1941        Jun 25, Germans invaded Dubno, Poland, and encouraged the Ukrainians to do whatever they want to 12,000 Jews living there.
    (MC, 6/25/02)
1941        Jun 25, Finland declared war on the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 6/25/98)
1941        Jun 25-26, Russians counter attacked at Rovno, Poland.
    (MC, 6/25/02)

1941        Jun 26, In Belarus Soviet NKVD mass-executed prisoners from Minsk in the nearby Tsagelnya forest. The wooden statue Mourning Ange, by sculptor Gennady Matusevich, was later erected at the location. Commemorative events are held every year in June. In 1942 Jonas Petruitis authored “Kaip jie mus sušaudÄ—” (How They Shot Us Down).
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chervyen%E2%80%99)
1941        Jun 26, Finland entered WW II against Russia.
    (MC, 6/26/02)
1941        Jun 26, Lithuanian fascists massacred 2,300 Jews in Kovno.
    (MC, 6/26/02)
1941        Jun 26, In Norway an adviser to collaborationist leader Vidkun Quisling suggested in a letter, four days after Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, that northern Russia would be better used by Germanic peoples because Slavic peoples "don't know how to make use of the land." The document was not made public until 2010.
    (AP, 4/9/10)

1941        Jun 28, German and Romanian soldiers kill 11,000 Jews in Kishinev.
    (MC, 6/28/02)
1941        Jun 28, German troops occupied Galicia, Poland.
    (MC, 6/28/02)

1941        Jun 29, Stokely Carmichael (later Kwame Ture), African-American civil rights leader, was born in Port-of-Spain and spent his first 11 years there.
    (SFC, 11/16/98, p.A7)(HN, 6/29/98)
1941        Jun 29, Nazi divisions in a surprise assault made sweeping advances toward Leningrad, Moscow, and Kiev. Joseph Stalin had ignored warnings that Hitler would betray the 1939 Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact. Over 500,000 square miles of Russian territory were taken in the first two months of the invasion.
    (MC, 6/29/02)
1941        Jun 29, Polish statesman, pianist and composer Ignace Jan Paderewski died in New York at age 80.
    (AP, 6/29/97)(SFC, 1/28/99, p.E3)

1941        Jun 30, Charles E. Hughes (1862-1948), Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, retired. He expanded freedom of the press and ruled against some of FDR’s New Deal Legislation. Hughes served 2 terms on the court, 1910-1916 and 1930-1941.
    (www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/62/)

1941        Jun, President Franklin D. Roosevelt froze German and Italian assets in the United States.
    (HN, 10/23/01)
1941         Jun, Former Lithuanian Pres. Aleksandras Stulginskis and his wife were arrested by the Soviet NKVD and deported to a gulag in the Krasnoyarsk region. His wife was deported to the Komi area. After World War II in 1952 he was officially sentenced by the Soviet authorities to 25 years in prison for his anti-socialist and clerical policies in pre-war Lithuania. Released after Joseph Stalin's death in 1956, he was allowed to emigrate, yet he refused and returned to Lithuanian SSR.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Stulginskis)
1941        Jun, In the northeastern city of Iasi, Romania, up to 12,000 people are believed to have died as Romanian and German soldiers swept from house to house to killing Jews. Those who did not die were systematically beaten, put in cattle wagons in stifling heat and taken to a small town, where what happened to them would be concealed. Of the 120 people on the train, just 24 survived. In 2010 a mass grave was found containing the bodies of an estimated 100 Jews killed by Romanian troops in a forest near the town of Popricani, about 350 km northeast of Bucharest. It contained the bodies of men, women and children who were shot in 1941.
    (AP, 6/14/03)(AP, 11/5/10)

1941        Jul 1, Commercial black and white television broadcasting began in the US under approval by the FCC. NBC’s New York station was the 1st to transition from radio to TV. “Truth or Consequences” with host Ralph Edwards became the 1st commercial TV show for NBC. WW II disrupted TV’s progress. “Truth or Consequences” prospered on radio and returned to TV in 1950.  
    (http://www.tvhistory.tv/History%20of%20TV.htm)(SFC, 11/17/05, p.B5)

1941        Jul 3, Harlan Fiske Stone (1872-1946) was sworn in as Chief Justice on the US Supreme Court.
    (www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/73/)
1941        Jul 3, German soldiers arrive in Kolomiya, (later part of Ukraine) which belonged to Poland at this time, and tacked up posters the declared in three languages "Death to All Jews." Blanca Rosenberg (d.1998) wrote a memoir in 1993, "To Tell at Last," that described how she survived the Holocaust.
    (SFC, 9/29/98, p.C2)

1941        Jul 4, Howard Florey & Norman Heatley meet for 1st time, 11 days later they successfully recreated penicillin.
    (MC, 7/4/02)
1941        Jul 4, Latvia partisans shot 416 Jews dead.
    (Maggio)
1941        Jul 4, Politburo of Yugoslav communist party reorganized.
    (Maggio)

1941        Jul 5, German troops reached the Dnieper River in the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 7/5/98)

1941        Jul 6, German planes attacked the SS Devon off the east coast of England. Reginald Earnshaw (14) died in the attack after serving for several months. In 2010 he was hailed as the youngest known British service casualty in World War II.
    (AP, 2/5/10)

1941        Jul 7, Although a neutral country, the United States sent troops to occupy Iceland to keep it out of Germany’s hands.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(HN, 7/7/98)
1941        Jul 7, Nazis executed 5,000 Jews in Kovno, Lithuania.
    (MC, 7/7/02)

1941        Jul 8, Twenty B-17s flew in their first mission with the Royal Air Force over Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
    (HN, 7/8/98)
1941        Jul 8, All Jews living in Baltic States were obligated to wear Star of David.
    (MC, 7/8/02)

1941        Jul 10, Jelly Roll Morton (b.1885 as Ferdinand Joseph Le Menthe), jazz musician, died in Los Angeles, Ca. He was a virtuoso pianist, bandleader and composer who some call the first true composer of jazz music. Morton was a colorful character who liked to generate publicity for himself by bragging. His business card referred to him as the "Creator of Jazz and Swing."  He was born September 20, 1890 in the Creole of Color community in the Faubourg Marigny neighborhood of downtown New Orleans, Louisiana. He took the name "Morton" by Anglicizing the name of his step-father, Mouton. In 2003 Howard Reich and William Gaines authored "Jelly's Blues: The Life, Music and Redemption of Jelly Roll Morton." In 2005 Rounder Records released an 8-CD set titled “Jelly Roll Morton: The Complete Library of Congress Recordings by Alan Lomax.”
    (SFC, 5/24/03, p.D3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton)(WSJ, 11/23/05, p.D12)
1941        Jul 10, In Jedwabne, Poland, some 300-400 Jews were herded into a barn by the local villagers and burned to death. In 1949 a communist-era court convicted 12 Poles in the massacre, saying they assisted German forces in the killings. In 2001 Jan Tomasz authored "Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne." According to Gross, some 1,600 Jews were killed in Jedwabne.
    (SFC, 3/16/01, p.A16)(SFC, 3/31/01, p.A12)(AP, 7/10/11)

1941        Jul 11(Jun 11), The 2nd great roundup of Jews of Amsterdam took place.
    (MC, 7/11/02)
1941        Jul 11(Jun 11), Vichy-French planes bombed Tel Aviv and killed 20 Jews.
    (MC, 7/11/02)

1941        Jul 12, Moscow was bombed by the German Luftwaffe for the first time.
    (HN, 7/12/98)

1941        Jul 13, Britain and the Soviet Union signed a mutual aid pact, providing the means for Britain to send war materiel to the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 7/13/98)

1941        Jul 14, Vichy French Foreign Legionaries signed an armistice in Damascus, allowing them to join the Free French Foreign Legion.
    (HN, 7/14/99)
1941        Jul 14, 6,000 Lithuanian Jews were exterminated at Viszalsyan Camp.
    (MC, 7/14/02)

1941        Jul 15, Florey and Heatley presented freeze dried mold cultures (Penicillin).
    (MC, 7/15/02)

1941        Jul 16, Dag Solstad, Norwegian novelist and playwright, was born.
    (HN, 7/16/01)

1941        Jul 17, The longest hitting streak in baseball history ended when the Cleveland Indians pitchers Al Smith and Jim Bagby Jr. held NY Yankee Joe DiMaggio, the Yankee Clipper, hitless for the first time in 57 games. His hitting streak ended with 56 games.
    (www.baseball-almanac.com/feats/feats3.shtml)(SFC, 3/9/99, p.A10)
1941        Jul 17, Brigadier-General Brehon Somervell gathered a small group of officer’s from the army’s construction division and told them they were to build a single headquarters to house the entire war department, then scattered over sites, in Virginia.
    (Econ, 6/30/07, p.93)

1941        Jul 18, SS troops drowned 40 Jews in Dvina River in Belorussia.
    (MC, 7/18/02)

1941        Jul 19, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill launched his "V for Victory" campaign in Europe. The BBC World Service began regular broadcasting throughout  Europe with the opening four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony, which in Morse Code spell V for "Victory."
    (AP, 7/19/97)(MC, 7/19/02)

1941        Jul 21, France accepted Japan’s demand for military control of Indochina.
    (HN, 7/21/98)
1941        Jul 21, Himmler ordered the building of the Majdanek concentration camp. The camp was built in eastern Poland as a principal site to exterminate Jews. It contained 7 gas chambers.
    (SFC, 3/5/98, p.A14)(MC, 7/21/02)
1941        Jul 21, 200 Jewish Torahs were burned in Ukraine.
    (MC, 7/21/02)

1941        Jul 22, George Clinton, American musician and the principal architect of P-Funk was born in North Carolina. He was the mastermind of the bands Parliament and Funkadelic during the 1970s and early 1980s.
    (www.last.fm/music/George+Clinton)

1941        Jul 23, Douglas Bader (1910-1982), legless British RAF pilot, was shot down over France and captured by the Germans. He was liberated when the US First Army arrived on April 16, 1945. The 1956 film “Reach for the Sky” was based on the 1954 book by Paul Brickhill: “Reach for the Sky: The Story of Douglas Bader, Hero of the Battle of Britain.”
    (ON, 9/05, p.9)
1941        Jul 23, German and Romanian troops reoccupied Moldova as part of Operation Barbarossa.
    (WSJ, 1/2/02, p.A18)

1941        Jul 24, The U.S. government denounced Japanese actions in Indochina.
    (HN, 7/24/98)
1941        Jul 24, Nazis massacred the entire Jewish population of Grodz, Lithuania.
    (MC, 7/24/02)

1941        Jul 25, The U.S. government froze Japanese and Chinese assets.
    (HN, 7/25/98)

1941        Jul 26, Benjamin Lee Whorf (1897), American linguist, died. He had argued that different languages condition or restrain the mind’s habits of thought.
    (Econ, 12/19/09, p.137)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Lee_Whorf)

1941        Jul 27, The German army entered Ukraine.
    (MC, 7/27/02)
1941        Jul 27, Japanese forces landed in Indo-China.
    (MC, 7/27/02)

1941        Jul 28, Riccardo Muti, conductor (Philadelphia Orch), was born in Napoli, Italy.
    (SC, 7/28/02)
1941        Jul 28, A Japanese army landed in Cochin, China (modern day Vietnam).
    (HN, 7/28/98)

1941        Jul 29, David Warner, actor (Star Trek VI, Time Bandits), was born in Manchester, NH.
    (MC, 7/29/02)

1941        Jul 30, Paul Anka, singer and song-writer, was born in Ottawa. He later composed the song "My Way."
    (G&M, 7/30/97, p.A24)

1941        Jul 31, The U.S. Army established the Military Police Corps.
    (HN, 7/31/98)

1941        Jul, Artist Marc Chagall and his wife Bella Rosenfeld departed France for America. On the same day that he left Vichy police deported some 1,200 other Jewish refugees to forced labor in north Africa.
    (Econ, 9/20/08, p.102)
1941        Jul, In northwestern Lithuania some 9,000 Jews were killed by Lithuanian police.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)
1941        Jul, The 16,000 sq. mile area of the Ukraine named Transnistria was granted by Hitler to the Romanian dictator Ion Antonescu for Romania’s participation in the war against the soviet Union. Jews from Bessarabia, Bukovina and Moldova were transferred here and many thousands were murdered from 1941-1944 by the Romanian Gendarmeric, the Einsatrzgruppe D, Ukrainian police and Sonderkommando R.
    (WSJ, 7/30/97, p.A15)

1941        Aug 1, The Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo plane made its first flight.
    (HN, 8/1/98)
1941        Aug 1, Luftwaffe bombed the German 23rd division.
    (MC, 8/1/02)

1941        Aug 2, The summary of an FBI probe of GM senior executives with links to Adolph Hitler found collusion Germany by James D. Mooney, president of GM Overseas Corp., but no evidence of any disloyalty to America.
    (SSFC, 1/7/07, p.E6)
1941        Aug 2, Buffy Sainte-Marie, folksinger and songwriter, was born in Saskatchewan, Canada.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Sainte-Marie)
1941        Aug 2, German 11th Army surrounded 20 Russian divisions at Uman.
    (MC, 8/2/02)
1941        Aug 2, Jews were expelled from Hungarian Ruthenia.
    (MC, 8/2/02)

1941        Aug 3, Beverly Lee, singer (Shirelles-Soldier Boy), was born in Passaic, NJ.
    (SC, 8/3/02)
1941        Aug 3, Martha Stewart, cookbook author, actress (Those Two), was born.
    (SC, 8/3/02)

1941        Aug 5, The German army completed taking 410,000 Russian prisoners in Uman and Smolensk pockets in the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 8/5/98)

1941        Aug 7, Rabindranath Tagore (b.1861), a Bengali polymath who reshaped Bengali literature and music, as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, died in Calcutta.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore)
1941        Aug 7, In Romania 551 Jews were shot in the Kishinev ghetto.
    (MC, 8/7/02)

1941        Aug 9, US President Franklin Roosevelt and PM Winston Churchill met at Placentia Bay, Newfoundland. Their meeting produced the August 14 Atlantic Charter, an agreement between the two countries on war aims, even though the US was still a neutral country.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter)

1941        Aug 10, Great Britain and the Soviet Union promised aid to Turkey if it was attacked by the Axis.
    (HN, 8/10/98)

1941        Aug 11, Elizabeth Holtzman, DA (D-Rep-NY, Watergate Committee), was born in Brooklyn.
    (MC, 8/11/02)
1941        Aug 11, Soviet bombers raided Berlin but caused little damage.
    (HN, 8/10/98)

1941        Aug 12, Deborah Walley, actress (Mothers-in-Law), was born in Bridgeport, Ct.
    (SC, 8/12/02)
1941        Aug 12, Jennifer Warren, actress (Slap Shot, Fatal Beauty, Mutant), was born in NYC.
    (SC, 8/12/02)
1941        Aug 12, French Marshal Henri Philippe Petain announced full French collaboration with Nazi Germany.
    (HN, 8/12/98)

1941        Aug 13, A prototype of the GEE or AMES Type 7000 British radio navigation system was lost on a raid over Hanover, Germany. GEE was devised by Robert Dippy and developed at the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) at Swanage. Dippy later went to the United States where he worked on the development of the LORAN system. Loran, long-range navigation, later fell out of favor with the development of satellite-based navigation systems.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEE_%28navigation%29)(Econ, 3/12/11, TQ p.21)
1941        Aug 13, Red army evacuated Smolensk.
    (MC, 8/13/02)

1941        Aug 14, The Atlantic Charter was created in 1941. It was a joint declaration of peace aims and a statement of principles by US Pres. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill that renounced aggression.
    (HFA, '96, p.36)(WUD, 1944, p.1683)(AP, 8/14/97)
1941        Aug 14, Josef Jakobs, German spy, was executed in Tower of London.
    (MC, 8/14/02)

1941        Aug 15, Lithuanian Jews in Kaunas were herded into the Slobodka ghetto.
    (MC, 8/15/02)

1941        Aug 18, The concentration camp at Amersfoort, Netherlands, opened.
    (MC, 8/18/02)

1941        Aug 19, The final German assault on Tallinn began.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn)

1941        Aug 20, Slobodan Milosevic, premier of Serbia, was born.
    (MC, 8/20/02)
1941        Aug 20, Police raided the 11th district of Paris and took over 4,000 Jewish males.
    (MC, 8/20/02)
1941        Aug 20, Adolf Hitler authorized the development of the V-2 missile.
    (HN, 8/20/98)

1941        Aug 21-Sep 26, The Soviet Union’s greatest defeat in WWII occurred during the encirclement of the Ukrainian city of Kiev. The Germans took some 665,000 Soviet prisoners.
    (HNQ, 8/12/98)

1941        Aug 22, Nazi troops reached Leningrad.
    (MC, 8/22/02)

1941        Aug 25, British and Soviet forces entered Iran, opening up a route to supply the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 8/25/98)
1941        Aug 25, German troops conquered Novgorod, Leningrad.
    (MC, 8/25/02)

1941        Aug 27, The Soviet armada began to move out of Tallinn. By the next day 5 ships were sunk by German bombers and Soviet ships began to encounter minefields set by the Kriegsmarine and Finnish Navy. The Soviets succeeded in evacuating 165 ships, 28,000 passengers and 66,000 tons of equipment from Tallinn.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn)
1941        Aug 27, The Shah of Iran abdicated the throne to his son Reza Pahlavi. Britain forced Reza Shah to abdicate and installed his son Mohammed.
    (www.indiana.edu/~league/1941.htm)(WSJ, 4/2/07, p.A6)
1941        Aug 27, The Prime Minister of Japan, Fumimaro Konoye, issued an invitation for a meeting with President Roosevelt.
    (HN, 8/27/98)

1941        Aug 28, Paul Peter Plishka, bass (Met Opera), was born in Old Forge, Penn.
    (MC, 8/28/01)
1941        Aug 28, The German U-boat U-570 was captured by the British and renamed Graph.
    (HN, 8/28/98)

1941        Aug 29,  Robin Leach (d.2018), host for the American TV series "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous," was born in London.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Leach)
1941        Aug 29,  Henri Louis (40), French officer, resistance fighter, was executed.
    (MC, 8/29/01)
1941        Aug 29, The German Einsatzkommando in Russia killed 1,469 Jewish children.
    (MC, 8/29/01)

1941        Aug 30, The World War II siege of Leningrad began as Nazi forces took Mga.
    (AP, 8/30/97)

1941        Aug 31, The radio program "The Great Gildersleeve," a spin-off of Fibber McGee & Molly, made its debut on NBC.
    (AP, 8/31/97)(MC, 8/31/01)
1941        Aug 31, Alan Lomax, musicologist for the US Library of Vongress, traveled to Mississippi, introduced himself to McKinley Morganfield, aka Muddy Waters, and began recording his Delta Blues songs.
    (ON, 8/20/11, p.4)
1941        Aug 31, Marina Tsvetaeva (b.1892), Russian poet and writer, died. She wrote six plays in verse and narrative poems, including The Tsar Maiden (1920), and her epic about the Civil War, The Swans' Encampment, which glorified those who fought against the communists.
    (Econ, 3/6/10, p.103)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva)

1941        Aug, The US placed an embargo on oil shipments to Japan in response to Japan’s occupation of French Indochina (later Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam).
    (Econ, 12/6/14, p.24)
1941        Aug, In Germany public protests curtailed the Nazi euthanasia program that had already gassed some 70,000 mentally handicapped German adults and children.
    (WSJ, 3/23/04, p.D8)
1941        Aug, 23 German U-boats were sunk this month (80,000 ton).
    (MC, 8/31/01)

1941        Sep 1, Jews living in Germany were required to wear a yellow Star of David.
    (MC, 9/1/02)

1941        Sep 3, Nazis made the 1st use of Zyclon-B gas in Auschwitz on Russian prisoners of war.
    (MC, 9/3/01)

1941        Sep 4, German submarine U-652 fired at the U.S. destroyer Greer off Iceland, beginning an undeclared shooting war.
    (HN, 9/4/98)

1941        Sep 6, Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas were ordered to wear yellow Stars of David.
    (AP, 9/6/97)(HN, 9/6/98)
1941        Sep 6, Emperor Hirohito of Japan gave his sanction "with misgivings" to simultaneous efforts to negotiate peace with the US and to prepare for an attack if the efforts failed.
    (SFC, 10/3/00, p.A10)
1941        Sep 6, Jews of Vilna, Poland (Lithuania), were confined to their ghetto.
    (MC, 9/6/01)

1941        Sep 8, The 900-day Siege of Leningrad by German forces began during World War II. The Siege of Leningrad, 400 miles northwest of Moscow, took place with Germany spread along a 2,000 mile front. It led to the death of at least one million Russians from starvation and disease. Leningrad has since been renamed to St. Petersburg. In 2011 Anna Reid authored “Leningrad: The Epic Siege of World War II.”
    (WSJ, 2/21/96, p.A-15)(AP, 9/8/06)(Econ, 8/27/11, p.73)
1941        Sep 8, The entire Jewish community of Meretsch, Lithuania was exterminated.
    (MC, 9/8/01)

1941        Sep 9, Otis Redding, rock bassist (Sitting on the Dock of the Bay), was born in Dawson, Ga.
    (MC, 9/9/01)

1941        Sep 10, Stephen Jay Gould (d.2002), biologist, paleontologist and writer, was born in NYC. His books included “Time’s Cycle” and “The Panda’s Thumb.”
    (HN, 9/10/00)(SFC, 5/21/02, p.A6)

1941        Sep 11, FDR ordered any Axis ship found in American waters be sunk on sight, in response to submarine attacks on US vessels.
    (MC, 9/11/01)
1941        Sep 11, Ground breaking ceremonies were held for the Pentagon. The 38-acre Pentagon was built in Arlington, Va., over the next 2 years. Construction was ordered by Brig. Gen. Brehon B. Sommervell to consolidate the 17 War Dept. buildings. It cost $83 million and was located on a plot known as Arlington Farms, that was bordered by 5 roads. In 2006 James Carroll authored “House of War: The Pentagon and the Disastrous Rise of American Power.”
    (SFC, 9/12/01, p.A6)(Econ, 5/27/06, p.81)
1941        Sep 11, Charles A. Lindbergh sparked charges of anti-Semitism with a speech in Des Moines, Iowa, in which he blamed "the British, the Jewish and the Roosevelt administration" for trying to draw the United States into World War II. Lindbergh had joined the America First Committee which opposed US entry into the war.
    (SFEC, 11/15/98, Par p.29)(USAW, 5/19/02, p.26)(AP, 9/11/08)

1941        Sep 12, The US ship Busko captured the 1st German ship in WW II.
    (MC, 9/12/01)

1941        Sep 13, David Clayton-Thomas (singer: group: Blood Sweat and Tears: You Made Me So Very Happy, Spinning Wheel), was born.
    (MC, 9/13/01)

1941        Sep 15, Nazis killed 800 Jewish women at Shkudvil, Lithuania.
    (http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/shkudvil/shkudvil.html)

1941        Sep 19, "Mama" Cass Elliot, singer for the Mamas & Papas, was born as Ellen Naomi Cohen.
    (www.casselliot.com)
1941        Sep 19, German army conquered Kiev.
    (MC, 9/19/01)
1941        Sep 19, Nazi's force all German Jews from the age of 6 to wear Stars of David.
    (MC, 9/19/01)
1941        Sep 19, 1st meeting of partisans Tito and Draza Mihailovic in Yugoslavia.
    (MC, 9/19/01)

1941        Sep 21, The US launched its 1st Liberty-ship, "Patrick Henry."
    (MC, 9/21/01)
1941        Sep 21, The German Army cut off the Crimean Peninsula from the rest of the Soviet Union.
    (HN, 9/21/98)

1941        Sep 23, Germans staged an air raid on the Russian naval base at Kronstadt. The battleship Marat sank.
    (MC, 9/23/01)

1941        Sep 24, There was a bomb explosion in German headquarters in Hotel Continental in Kiev.
    (MC, 9/24/01)

1941        Sep 26, Bechtel launched its first ship from the Marin shipyard in California. A total of 18 Liberty ships were built by Bechtel. The engines were made at the Joshua Hendy Iron Works in Sunnyvale and shipped in by rail.
    (SFEC, 5/9/99, Z1 p.4)
1941        Sep 26, In Ukraine some 33,711 Jews of Kiev were killed over 3 days before Yom Kippur in the ravine at Babi Yar by the Nazis. Over the next 2 years some 100-200 thousand more people, mostly Jews, were killed at the site.
    (SFC, 10/29/96, p.A6)(SFC, 6/25/01, p.A8)(SFC, 6/26/01, p.A8)(AP, 11/16/07)

1941        Sep 28, Ted Williams ended the baseball season with .406 batting avg.
    (MC, 9/28/01)

1941        Sep 29, In Ukraine some 33,711 Jews of Kiev were killed over 2 days before Yom Kippur in the ravine at Babi Yar by the Nazis. Henrich Himmler had sent four strike squads to exterminate Soviet Jewish civilians and other "undesirables." Over the next 2 years some 100-200 thousand more people, mostly Jews, were killed at the site.
    (SFC, 10/29/96, p.A6)(HN, 9/29/00)(SFC, 6/25/01, p.A8)(SFC, 6/26/01, p.A8)(AP, 11/16/07)

1941        Sep 30, In Ukraine 33,771 Jews were killed in a two-day Nazi operation at Babi Yar ravine near Kiev [see Sep 29]. Einsatzgruppe C was responsible for the shooting of nearly 34,000 at Babi Yar.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar)(AP, 9/28/17)
1941        Sep 30, 53 U-boats sunk this month.
    (MC, 9/30/01)

1941        Sep, Jean "Max" Moulin was smuggled to London to meet Charles de Gaulle, leader of the French Resistance, and the other exiled French leaders. In January 1942 the SOE parachuted him back into France, to set up an organized Resistance movement.
    (www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/moulin_jean.shtml)

1941        Oct 2, Gilbert Gable, mayor of Port Orford, Ore., announced with some pals that they were fed up of being neglected by legislators in Salem and Sacramento and began promoting a 51st state named Jefferson with Yreka as the capital.
    (SSFC, 6/3/01, p.A26)(AH, 2/05, p.20)
1941        Oct 2, Operation Typhoon, a German all-out drive against Moscow, began in earnest. In 2006 Rodric Braithwaite authored “Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War.”
    (AP, 10/2/97)(http://www.bartcop.com/arc4110.htm)(Econ, 9/23/06, p.95)
1941        Oct 2, 6 Paris synagogues were bombed by Gestapo.
    (MC, 10/2/01)

1941        Oct 3, The film "Maltese Falcon," starring Humphrey Bogart as detective Sam Spade, opened. It was directed by John Huston (34).
    (HN, 10/3/00)(SFCM, 2/6/05, p.10)
1941        Oct 3, Adolf Hitler declared in a speech in Berlin that Russia is "broken" and would "never rise again."
    (AP, 10/3/97)
1941        Oct 3, Nazi's blew up 6 synagogues in Paris.
    (MC, 10/3/01)
1941        Oct 3, All elderly Jewish men of Kerenchug Ukraine, were killed by SS.
    (MC, 10/3/01)

1941        Oct 4, Jackie Collins, actress, author, was born in London, England. Her books included "The world Is Full of Married Men (1968), "Stud" (1969), "Bitch" (1979) and "Deadly Embrace" (2002).
    (MC, 10/4/01)(SSFC, 8/4/02, Par p.14)
1941        Oct 4, Anne Rice, novelist, was born in New Orleans, La. Her books included "Interview with a Vampire."
    (HN, 10/4/00)(MC, 10/4/01) 

1941        Oct 5, Former US Supreme Court Justice Louis D. Brandeis (b.1856), the first Jewish member of the nation's highest court (1916-39), died in Washington at age 84. In 2009 Melvin Urofsky authored “Louis D. Brandeis: A Life.” In 2016 Jeffrey Rosen authored “Louis D. Brandeis: American Prophet.”
    (AP, 10/5/99)(Econ, 9/26/09, p.97)(Econ, 5/14/16, p.24)

1941        Oct 6, German troops renewed their offensive against Moscow.
    (HN, 10/6/98)

1941        Oct 7-1941 Oct 8, There was a massacre of over 3,700 Jews over a 2-day period near Svencionys, Lithuania. Vincas Valkavickas, a prison guard during the massacre, emigrated to the US in 1950 and was forced to leave in 1999 for concealing his wartime service.
    (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pjus/is_199904/ai_1291869401)(SFC, 6/15/99, p.A3)

1941        Oct 8, Jesse Jackson, civil rights leader, was born in Greenville, SC.
    (HN, 10/8/98)(MC, 10/8/01)
1941        Oct 8, Construction began on the 430-acre Birkenau extermination camp, 1.5 miles away from Auschwitz.
    (MC, 10/8/01)(WSJ, 8/14/02, p.A8)
1941        Oct 8, The Germans arrived in Mariupol, Ukraine, and immediately instituted anti-Jewish measures.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)

1941        Oct 9, President Franklin D. Roosevelt requested congressional approval for arming U.S. merchant ships.
    (HN, 10/9/99)

1941        Oct 10, German U-boat torpedoes hit the US destroyer Kearney.
    (MC, 10/10/01)
1941        Oct 10, Soviet troops halted the German advance on Moscow.
    (HN, 10/10/98)

1941        Oct 12, Russian government moved from Moscow to Volga as Nazis closed in on Moscow.
    (MC, 10/12/01)
1941        Oct 12, Thousands of Jews were killed in Ivano Frankivsk, Ukraine, by men of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo), assisted by members of the German Order Police (Ordnungspolizei) and the railroad police.
    (Econ, 1/23/10, p.48)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk)

1941        Oct 13, Paul Simon, songwriter, singer, musician, was born. He played guitar and recorded with Garfunkel: Bridge Over Troubled Water, Mrs. Robinson, Scarborough Fair, The Sounds of Silence; solo: Me and Julio, Kodachrome, 50 Ways to Leave Your Lover, Rock and Roll Hall of Famer.
    (MC, 10/13/01)
1941        Oct 13, Nazis killed 11,000 Jewish children and old people.
    (MC, 10/13/01)

1941        Oct 14, The 1st mass deportations took place at Kovno, Lodz, Minsk & Riga.
    (MC, 10/14/01)

1941        Oct 15, The 1st mass deportation of German Jews to Eastern Europe.
    (MC, 10/15/01)
1941        Oct 15, The Japanese Tojo regime was formed. [see Oct 17]
    (MC, 10/15/01)
1941        Oct 15, Odessa, a Russian port on the Black Sea which had been surrounded by German troops for several weeks, was evacuated by Russian troops.
    (HN, 10/15/98)

1941        Oct 16, Germany advanced within 60 miles  of Moscow.
    (MC, 10/16/01)
1941        Oct 16, Antanas Gustaitis (b.1898), Lithuanian aviation engineer, was shot to death in Moscow. He had designed 9 ANBO airplanes.
    (LHC, 3/26/03)

1941        Oct 17, The U.S. destroyer Kearney was damaged by a German U-boat torpedo off Iceland; 11 people were killed.
    (AP, 10/17/08)
1941        Oct 17, Gen’l. Hideki Toho (1885-1948) became Premier and Minister of War in Japan. When the bellicose war minister and most powerful man in Japan, Army General Hideki Tojo, became prime minister, there no longer was a chance of avoiding war with Britain and the United States.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(HN, 2/21/98)

1941        Oct 18, Spy Richard Sorge was arrested in Tokyo.
    (MC, 10/18/01)
1941        Oct 18, The Germans forces in Mariupol, Ukraine, murdered some 9,000 local Jews.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)

1941        Oct 20, Nazi occupiers murdered 500 inhabitants of Kragujevac, Serbia.
    (MC, 10/20/01)

1941        Oct 22, Charles Minot Dole was informed by US Army Chief of Staff George C. Mitchell and Sec. of War Henry Stimson that the 87th Mountain Infantry Division would soon be constituted at Fort Lewis, Washington. Some 3,500 volunteers from the National Ski Patrol were soon recruited for the division.
    (ON, 4/2011, p.6)
1941        Oct 22, Guy Moquet (17) was executed by a German firing squad, one of dozens of communists condemned by an official in France's collaborationist Vichy regime in reprisal for the murder of a German officer.
    (AP, 10/23/07)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_M%C3%B4quet)
1941        Oct 22-23, Some 39,000 [20,000] Jews were killed by Romanian troops over 2 days in Odessa. Many of them were burned to death in a public square or in warehouses that were locked shut. Altogether some 90,000 Jews were killed in Odessa.
    (SFC, 6/15/98, p.A11)(WSJ, 3/23/04, p.D8)

1941        Oct 23, Walt Disney's cartoon film, "Dumbo," was released.
    (MC, 10/23/01)

1941        Oct 24, Adolph Hitler met with Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, and Reinhard Heydrich, the man in charge of the forthcoming genocide program, and pronounced: "It’s not a bad idea, by the way, that public rumor attributes to us a plan to exterminate the Jews."
    (WSJ, 4/12/00, p.A26)

1941        Oct 25, Anne Tyler, novelist, was born. Her work included "The Accidental Tourist" and  "Ladder of Years."
    (HN, 10/25/00)
1941        Oct 25, Germany attacked Moscow.
    (MC, 10/25/01)
1941        Oct 25, 16,000 Jews were massacred in Odessa, Ukraine. [see Oct 22-23]
    (MC, 10/25/01)

1941        Oct 26, US savings bonds went on sale.
    (MC, 10/26/01)

1941        Oct 27, In a broadcast to the nation on Navy Day, President Franklin Roosevelt declared: "America has been attacked, the shooting has started." He did not ask for full-scale war yet, realizing that many Americans were not yet ready for such a step.
    (HN, 10/27/98)
1941        Oct 27, The Chicago Daily Tribune dismissed the possibility of war with Japan, editorializing, "She cannot attack us. That is a military impossibility. Even our base at Hawaii is beyond the effective striking power of her fleet."
    (AP, 10/27/01)
1941        Oct 27, Nazis directed the evacuation of the gypsy ghetto in Belgrade.
    (MC, 10/27/01)

1941        Oct 31, The Mt. Rushmore sculpture was completed after 14 years of work. [see 1927]
    (HFA, '96, p.40)(HN, 10/31/01)
1941        Oct 31, The US Navy destroyer "Reuben James" was torpedoed by a German U-boat off Iceland, killing 115, even though the United States had not yet entered World War II.
    (www.archives.gov/exhibits/a_people_at_war/prelude_to_war/uss_reuben_james.html)
1941        Oct 31, 13 U boats were sunk this month (62,000 ton).
    (MC, 10/31/01)

1941        Oct, The US Army established the Umatilla Munitions Depot on 20,000 acres of desert and sagebrush in Oregon just 6 weeks before the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
    (SFEC, 4/27/97, p.A18)(www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/facility/umatilla.htm)
1941        Oct, British, USSR and other allied forces invaded Iran to break up the Iran-Nazi alliance. Amin al-Husseini, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, left the country under disguise with the Italian delegation and relocated to Germany.
    (SSFC, 1/8/06, p.D8)
1941        Oct, In Czechoslovakia PM Alois Elias was sentenced to death for high treason and espionage. He was executed on June 19, 1942.
    (AP, 5/7/06)
1941        Oct, Josip Broz Tito, Yugoslav communist leader, directed the organizing of Albanian communists.
    (www, Albania, 1998)
1941        Oct-1941 Nov, Nazi doctor Aribert Heim, dubbed "Dr. Death," worked at the Mauthausen concentration camp near Linz, Austria, as camp doctor. Heim fled Germany in 1962.
    (AP, 8/24/08)

1941        Nov 1, Japanese marine staff officers Suzuki and Maejima arrived in Pearl Harbor.
    (MC, 11/1/01)
1941        Nov 1, Chetniks attacked Tito's partisans in Uzice, Yugoslavia.
    (MC, 11/1/01)

1941        Nov 2, German troops occupied Rostov.
    (MC, 11/2/01)

1941        Nov 3, Hirohito's accord on Yamamoto's attack plan on Pearl Harbor failed.
    (MC, 11/3/01)

1941        Nov 5, Japanese marine staff officers Suzuki and Maejima left Pearl Harbor.
    (MC, 11/5/01)

1941        Nov 6, USA lent Soviet Union $1 million.
    (MC, 11/6/01)
1941        Nov 6, Einsatz death groups killed 15,000 Jews of Rovno, Ukraine.
    (MC, 11/6/01)

1941        Nov 7,    British air attacks hit Berlin, Mannheim and Ruhrgebied.
    (MC, 11/7/01)
1941        Nov 7, Russians paraded across Red Square commemorating the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution and afterward went directly to the front to defend Moscow from the approaching Nazi forces.
    (AP, 11/7/10)

1941        Nov 10, Freedom House was founded by a group of prominent individuals, including Eleanor Roosevelt and Wendell Willkie. It emerged from an amalgamation of two groups that had been formed, with the quiet encouragement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to encourage popular support for American involvement in World War II at a time when isolationist sentiments were running high in the United States.
    (www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=249)
1941        Nov 10, Churchill promised to join the U.S. "within the hour" in the event of war with Japan.
    (HN, 11/10/98)

1941        Nov 12, Madame Lillian Evanti and Mary Cardwell Dawson established the National Negro Opera Company.
    (HN, 11/12/98)
1941        Nov 12, Germany's drive to take Moscow halted.
    (MC, 11/12/01)

1941        Nov 13, A German U-boat, the U-81 torpedoed Great Britain's premier aircraft carrier, the HMS Ark Royal. The ship sank the next day.
    (HN, 11/13/99)

1941        Nov 15, Cow Palace opened in Daly City, Ca. Construction labor was largely supplied by the WPA.
    (GTP, 1973, p.113)(SFC, 2/28/08, p.A11)
1941        Nov 15, The German siege of Sevastopol began.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)
1941        Nov 15, The German final attack on Moscow began. They advanced to within 25 miles of the center of Moscow.
    (SFC,10/29/97, p.A23)

1941        Nov 17, German Luftwaffe general and World War I fighter-ace Ernst Udet committed suicide. The Nazi government told the public that he died in a flying accident.
    (HN, 11/17/00)

1941        Nov 18, British troops opened an attack on Tobruk, North Africa.
    (MC, 11/18/01)
1941        Nov 18, Mussolini's forces left Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
    (MC, 11/18/01)

1941        Nov 19, The ship HMAS Sydney was sunk off the west coast of Australia in a battle with the German raider Kormoran, with the loss of all 645 on board. The Kormoran also sank, but 318 of the German vessel's crew of 397 were rescued. The 9,500 ton Kormoran had been disguised as a Dutch merchant ship when it opened fire on the Sydney. The government banned all media from reporting the news for 12 days as it scrambled to explain what happened. In March, 2008, the wrecks of the Kormoran and the Sydney were found. In 2009 a military inquiry said Navy Capt. Joseph Burnett made "errors of judgment" in the tragedy.
    (AFP, 8/10/07)(AP, 3/16/08)(Reuters, 4/8/08)(AP, 11/19/08)(AP, 8/12/09)

1941        Nov 20, Ambassadors Nomura and Kurusu handed over Japan’s last diplomatic note.
    (MC, 11/20/01)

1941        Nov 21, In the SF Bay Area Mrs. Ethel Leta Juanita Spinelli, aka The Duchess, was executed at San Quentin for the killing of gang member Robert Sherrard (19). Her gang had killed Leland Chase 19 months earlier during a robbery and then killed Sherrard fearing that he would talk. Squeeler Albert Ives was now in an insane asylum and two other gang members were scheduled to be executed later this week.
    (SSFC, 11/20/16, DB p.54)
1941        Nov 21, Juliet Mills, actress (Nanny & the Professor, QB VII), was born in London England.
    (MC, 11/21/01)

1941        Nov 22, Tom Conti, actor (Reuben Reuben, American Dreamer), was born in Paisley, Scotland.
    (MC, 11/22/01)
1941        Nov 22, British cruiser Devonshire sank the German sub Atlantis.
    (MC, 11/22/01)

1941        Nov 23, U.S. troops moved into Dutch Guiana [Surinam] to guard the bauxite mines.
    (HN, 11/23/98)
1941        Nov 23, German troops conquered Klin, NW of Moscow.
    (MC, 11/23/01)

1941        Nov 24, "Life Certificates" were issued to some Jews of Vilna. The rest were exterminated.
    (MC, 11/24/01)
1941        Nov 24, Indian infantry attacked German tanks at Sidi Omar.
    (MC, 11/24/01)

1941        Nov 25, German Jews in Netherlands were declared stateless.
    (MC, 11/25/01)

1941        Nov 26, The US issued an edict that "the government of Japan will withdraw all military, naval, air and police forces from China and Indochina."
    (SFC, 1/19/02, p.A19)
1941        Nov 26, Congress adopted a joint resolution, permanently setting the date of Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November. President Franklin Roosevelt signed a bill establishing the fourth Thursday in November as the national Thanksgiving holiday.
    (HN, 11/26/98)(HNPD, 11/26/98)
1941        Nov 26, The Japanese fleet departed from the Kurile Islands en route for its attack on Pearl Harbor.
    (HN, 11/26/98)
1941        Nov 26, Free French General Georges Catroux was placed in control of Syria and Lebanon. Shortly after taking up this post, Catroux recognized the independence of Syria and Lebanon in the name of the Free French movement.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_campaign)

1941        Nov 27, In Shanghai the US ship President Madison weighed anchor as Japan warned of little room for prolonging Washington conversations.
    (SSFC, 11/27/16, DB p.50)
1941        Nov 27, Jefferson seceded from Oregon and California. Jefferson was the winning name for a new state made of California’s northern Siskiyou, Del Norte and Trinity counties along with Oregon’s southern Curray County. California’s Gov. Culbert L. Olson was soon informed that until roads were repaired, Jefferson would be forced to rebel every Thursday. In 2008 calls for a Jefferson state gained steam and included an additional 5 counties in southern Oregon and 2 more in northern California.
    (AH, 2/05, p.21)(SSFC, 10/5/08, p.A11)
1941        Nov 27, British 13th Army corp. reached Tobruk, North Africa.
    (MC, 11/27/01)
1941        Nov 27, USSR began a counter offensive,  causing Germans to retreat.
    (MC, 11/27/01)

1941        Nov 28, Eddy Arnold and Sally Katherine wed.
    (DT, 11/28/97)
1941        Nov 28, The aircraft carrier USS Enterprise departed Pearl Harbor to deliver F4F Wildcat fighters to Wake Island. This mission saved the carrier from destruction when the Japanese attacked.
    (HN, 11/28/98)
1941        Nov 28, German troops vacated Rostov.
    (MC, 11/28/01)
1941        Nov 28, In Germany Amin al-Husseini (1897-1974), the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, met with Adolf Hitler and asked Hitler to support the elimination of a national Jewish homeland.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini)(SFC, 10/22/15, p.A2)

1941        Nov 29, The passenger ship Lurline sent a radio signal of sighting Japanese war fleet steaming east across the northern Pacific.
    (MC, 11/29/01)
1941        Nov 29, In Riga, Latvia, the Nazis separated the men over 16 from their families. That night half the ghetto population were massacred.
    (SFEC, 11/1/98, p.A15)

1941        Nov 30, The 101 year old Nyack-Tarrytown (NY) ferry made its last run.
    (www.nyacknewsandviews.com/2010/11/no-ferry-tomorrow-or-any-day-since-41/)
1941        Nov 30, Japanese Emperor Hirohito consulted with admirals Shimada and Nagano.
    (MC, 11/30/01)

1941        Nov, The Albanian Communist Party was founded; Enver Hoxha became the first secretary.
    (www, Albania, 1998)
1941        Nov, The first British SAS operation, planned to see troops parachute deep behind enemy lines and destroy German and Italian aircraft at two airfields in Libya, took place. Strong winds and driving rain caused chaotic conditions, with several soldiers becoming injured as they attempted to parachute and one plane shot down, killing 15 troops and the crew. In 2011 a 600-page book, called "The SAS War Diary," detailed the regiment's role in the invasions of Sicily and Italy and famed D-Day landings in France.
    (AP, 9/23/11)
1941        Nov, Some 4,000 who remained in Gomel, Belarus, were shot by the Nazis. Most of the 40,000 who had lived there had managed to escape before the Nazis arrived.
    (AP, 4/12/08)
1941        Nov, Nazis in the Ukraine set up a concentration camp near the village of Gvozdavka-1, near Odessa, and killed about 5,000 Jews. Their mass grave was found in 2007.
    (AP, 6/5/07)

1941        Dec 1, The first Civil Air Patrol in the U.S. was organized.
    (HN, 12/1/98)
1941        Dec 1, British declared a state of emergency in Malaya following reports of Japanese attacks.
    (HN, 12/1/98)
1941        Dec 1, British cruiser Devonshire sank the German sub Python.
    (MC, 12/1/01)
1941        Dec 1, Japanese emperor Hirohito signed a declaration of war. Japan’s Tojo rejected U.S. proposals for a Pacific settlement as fantastic and unrealistic.
    (HN, 12/1/98)(MC, 12/1/01)

1941        Dec 2, Naval Intelligence ended the bugging of the Japanese consul.
    (MC, 12/2/01)
1941        Dec 2, Yamamoto ordered his fleet to Pearl Harbor.
    (MC, 12/2/01)

1941        Dec 1-7, In Latvia during the first week of the month some 20-30,000 Jews were taken by the Nazis from the Riga ghetto to nearby Rumbuli forest, shot and buried in mass graves.
    (SFEC, 11/1/98, p.A14)

1941        Dec 4, The Chicago Tribune and the Washington Herald published FDR's top secret plan to invade Europe in 1943.
    (SFC, 12/29/99, p.E1)
1941        Dec 4, In Yreka, Ca., the new state of Jefferson elected John C. Childs (71) as its 1st governor.
    (AH, 2/05, p.22)
1941        Dec 4, Nazi ordinances placed the Jews of Poland outside protection of courts.
    (MC, 12/4/01)
1941        Dec 4, Operation Taifun (Typhoon), which was launched by the German armies on October 2, 1941 as a prelude to taking Moscow, was halted because of freezing temperatures and lack of serviceable aircraft. Temperatures near Moscow fell to 40 degrees below zero the breech-blocks of German rifles froze solid. The engines of their vehicles would not start. The Soviets began a counter-attack with 17 armies and their T-34 tanks that included 25 Siberian divisions and the Nazis were forced to retreat in panic.
    (SFC,10/29/97, p.A23)(HN, 12/4/98)

1941        Dec 5, President Roosevelt sent a message to Japanese Emperor Hirohito expressing hope that gathering war clouds would be dispelled. Hirohito smiled enigmatically, knowing that Japan would attack Pearl Harbor the next day.
    (MC, 12/5/01)
1941        Dec 5, US aircraft carrier Lexington and 5 heavy cruisers steamed out of Pearl Harbor.
    (MC, 12/5/01)
1941        Dec 5, Sister Elizabeth Kenny's new treatment for infantile paralysis, polio, was approved.
    (MC, 12/5/01)
1941        Dec 5, Russian offensive in Moscow drove out the Nazi army.
    (MC, 12/5/01)

1941        Dec 6, John Nelson, conductor (Les Troyens of Berlioz), was born in San Jose, Costa Rica.
    (MC, 12/6/01)
1941        Dec 6, Richard Speck, mass murderer (killed 8 student nurses in 1966), was born.
    (MC, 12/6/01)
1941        Dec 6, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued a personal appeal to Emperor Hirohito to use his influence to avoid war.
    (HN, 12/6/98)
1941        Dec 6, NYC Council agreed to build Idlewild (Kennedy) Airport in Queens.
    (MC, 12/6/01)
1941        Dec 6, Dutch and British pilots saw Japanese invasion fleet at Singapore.
    (MC, 12/6/01)

1941        Dec 7, At 7:50 a.m. [7:55 a.m.] Japan launched an aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor, the home base of the U.S. Pacific fleet, and forced US entry into the war. They also attacked the Philippines, the Int’l. Settlement at Shanghai, Thailand and Hong Kong. Relations between Japan and the United States had been strained for a decade as both nations sought to dominate the Pacific. Long aware that a Japanese surprise attack on the naval base at Pearl Harbor could precede war, U.S. authorities were still woefully unprepared when 363 Japanese fighters, dive-bombers and torpedo planes sunk or damaged eight battleships and three light cruisers, destroyed 188 planes and killed 2,400 men in just over two hours. The Battleship Arizona lost 1,177 men. An estimated 900 were entombed in the sunken ship. 429 people aboard the battleship Oklahoma were killed as the ship capsized. The US lost [18] 19 ships, 140 aircraft and 2,300 [2,338] lives. In all 2,403 people were killed and 1,178 were wounded; 187 planes were destroyed and 159 damaged. The Japanese lost 29 planes and 5 midget submarines. The next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced December 7, 1941, as a "date which will live in infamy" as he asked Congress to declare war on Japan.
    (TL,1988,p.112)(SFC,12/7/96,p.A3)(SFC12/6/96, p.A5)(SFC,12/5/97, p.A29)(AP, 12/7/97)(HNPD, 12/7/98)(SFC, 3/23/19, p.A5)
1941        Dec 7, At 2:20 p.m. the "Final Memorandum" document was delivered to Sec. of State Cordell Hull in Washington DC. In it Japan notified the US that it was "impossible to reach an agreement through further negotiations."
    (SFC, 12/9/99, p.C2)
1941        Dec 7, Evidence arose in 1999 that one of five Japanese mini submarines penetrated Pearl Harbor and hit at least one ship with torpedoes. In 1999 Robert B. Stinnett published "Day of Deceit: The Truth About FDR and Pearl Harbor." Edward Latimer "Ned" Beach (1918-2002), former Navy captain authored "Scapegoats! A Defense of Kimmel and Short at Pearl Harbor."
    (SFC, 12/7/99, p.A1)(WSJ, 12/7/99, p.A24)(SFC, 12/2/02, p.A19)
1941        Dec 7, Australian bombers landed on Timor and Ambon.
    (MC, 12/7/01)
1941        Dec 7, The 8 month German siege of Tobruk, Libya, ended.
    (MC, 12/7/01)
1941        Dec 7, The 1st Japanese submarine was sunk by a US ship, the USS Ward.
    (MC, 12/7/01)

1941        Dec 8, The United States entered World War II as Congress declared war against Japan, a day after the attack on Pearl Harbor.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(SFEC, 12/15/96, p.T7)(AP, 12/8/97)
1941        Dec 8, A US tanker was shelled by a Japanese submarine off Cape Mendocino.
    (Ind, 1/27/00, 5A)(Ind, 2/2/02, 5A)
1941        Dec 8, The Japanese armoured cruiser Izumo shelled Chinese positions from the middle of the Huangpu River in Shanghai, assisted in sinking the HMS Peterel, the last British gunboat, and captured the USS Wake, the last American gunboat. The Izumo and sister ship Iwate sank during the American aerial attack on Kure in July 1945.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumo-class_cruiser)(Econ, 1/7/17, p.13)
1941        Dec 8, Japanese bombers attacked Malaya.
    (AFP, 2/6/12)
1941        Dec 8, Japan attacked the Philippines.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(SFEC, 12/15/96, p.T7)(AP, 12/8/97)
1941        Dec 8, Japanese troops occupied Hong Kong.
    (SFEC, 6/22/97, p.A14)
1941        Dec 8, Japanese General Yamashita began his attack against the British army at Singapore. General Tomoyuki Yamashita earned the name "Tiger of Malaya" for his masterful capture of Singapore and the whole Malay Peninsula from the British, who had a superior number of troops.  Yamashita’s forces landed on the northern Malay Peninsula and southern Thailand on December 8, 1941, and moved rapidly southward toward Singapore, which surrendered on February 15, 1942. The peninsula and Singapore remained under Japanese control throughout the war. Later in the war, while defending the Philippines from Gen. MacArthur‘s return, Yamashita's troops wantonly slaughtered more than 100,000 Filipinos in Manila. He was later tried and executed for war crimes.
    (HN, 12/8/98)(HNQ, 4/5/00)
1941        Dec 8, The Nazi Chelmno extermination camp opened in Poland.
    (WUD, 1994 p.252)(MC, 12/8/01)
1941        Dec 8, Russians took Krijukovo back from Germany.
    (d.com, 12/8/02)

1941        Dec 8-9, In Latvia a final sweep of the Jewish ghetto in Riga resulted in over 800 bodies burned and thrown into a mass grave at a cemetery next to the ghetto. These events were later recalled in the book "Endless Miracles," by survivor Jack Ratz, who was 14 at the time, but went with the men on Nov 29.
    (SFEC, 11/1/98, p.A15)

1941        Dec 9, Franklin D. Roosevelt told Americans to plan for a long war.
    (HN, 12/9/98)
1941        Dec 9, 1st US WW II bombing mission in Far East took place over Luzon, Philippines.
    (MC, 12/9/01)
1941        Dec 9, China declared war on Japan, Germany and Italy.
    (AP, 12/9/97)
1941        Dec 9, Hitler ordered US ships torpedoed.
    (MC, 12/9/01)

1941        Dec 10, The US submarine Sealion was sunk in an air attack at Manila Bay. 10 crewman were captured by the Japanese and shipped to work in a Mitsubishi copper mine in northern Japan.
    (SSFC, 6/17/01, Par p.5)
1941        Dec 10, British battleship Prince of Wales sank off Singapore.
    (MC, 12/10/01)   
1941        Dec 10, Japanese troops invaded the Filipino island of Luzon and overran Guam.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(HN, 12/10/98)(MC, 12/10/01)
1941        Dec 10, The siege of Tobruk in North Africa, was raised.
    (HN, 12/10/98)

1941        Dec 11, The US declared war on Germany and Italy. Germany and Italy declared war on the United States; the U.S. responded in kind.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)(TL, 1988, p.112)(AP, 12/11/97)
1941        Dec 11, A Japanese invasion fleet attacked Wake Island, which was defended by 439 US marines, 75 sailors and 6 soldiers. The defenders sank 4 Japanese ships, damaged 8 and destroyed a submarine.
    (SFC, 12/12/01, p.A2)
1941        Dec 11, Guam was occupied by Japanese troops.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)

1941        Dec 12, Buzz Wagner, the first official American ace of World War II, took off on a lone reconnaissance mission over Aparri, Philippines. Because of devastating losses by the U.S. fighter force two days earlier, orders had come down restricting confrontation with enemy fighters if at all possible. His reconnaissance mission turned into a combat mission when he descended from a patch of clouds and found himself practically on top of two Japanese destroyers. Spotted and chased by a pair of Japanese fighters, Wagner eluded the enemy and took out five of 12 enemy planes. Four days later, Wagner and two associates went into combat over Vigan and left behind 17 enemy planes destroyed or burning, with an unknown number of Japanese dead lying on the runway. The mission garnered the most devastating results of the air war to date.
    (HNQ, 5/14/02)
1941        Dec 12, German occupying army searched house to house in Paris looking for Jews.
    (MC, 12/12/01)

1941        Dec 13, U-81 torpedoed the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal.
    (MC, 12/13/01)

1941        Dec 14, US Treasury Sec. Henry Morgenthau asked his assistant Harry Dexter White to prepare a paper outlining the possibilities for coordinated monetary arrangements between the US and its allies. White’s proposal said the primary goal should be to stabilize the exchange rates of the Allied countries to encourage the flow of capital. The later led to the establishment of the gold standard at Bretton Woods, N.H., in 1944.
    (WSJ, 10/15/98, p.A22)
1941        Dec 14, U.S. Marines made a stand in battle for Wake Island.
    (AP, 12/14/02)
1941        Dec 14, German Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel ordered the construction of defensive positions along the European coastline.
    (HN, 12/14/99)

1941        Dec 15-1941 Dec 23, Catholic Sisters Jula Ivanisevic, Berchmana Leidenix, Krizina Bojanc, Antonija Fabjan and Bernadeta Banja, who helped the poor regardless of religion in the majority Serb village of Pale, Bosnia, were killed in Gorazde and thrown into the River Drina. The sisters were beatified in 2011.
    (AP, 9/24/11)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drina_Martyrs)

1941        Dec 17, German troops led by Rommel began to retreat in North Africa.
    (MC, 12/17/01)

1941        Dec 18, The US Navy purchased the dry dock and shipyard at Hunters Point, SF, from Bethlehem Steel Co., eleven days after Japan’s attack on Pearl harbor.
    (SFC, 6/9/15, p.A8)
1941        Dec 18, Defended by 610 fighting men, the American-held island of Guam fell to more than 5,000 Japanese invaders in a three-hour battle.
    (HN, 12/18/98)
1941        Dec 18, German submarine U-434 sank.
    (MC, 12/18/01)
1941        Dec 18, Japanese troops landed on Hong Kong. [see Dec 8,19]
    (MC, 12/18/01)

1941        Dec 18 - 1941 Dec 24, Japanese submarines attacked eight US merchant ships off the West Coast sinking two and damaging two others. Seven of the attacks were inside California coastal waters.
    (Ind, 2/2/02, 5A)(SFC, 12/7/13, p.C4)

1941        Dec 19, US Attorney General Francis Biddle issued Circular No. 3591 to all federal prosecutors to drop references to peonage and label such files as “Involuntary Servitude and Slavery.” This was in response to Pres. Roosevelt’s fear that mistreatment of blacks would be used in propaganda by Japan and Germany.
    (WSJ, 3/29/08, p.W8)
1941        Dec 19, US Office of Censorship was created to control info about WW II.
    (MC, 12/19/01)
1941        Dec 19, Hitler took complete command of German Army.
    (MC, 12/19/01)
1941        Dec 19, Japanese landed on Hong Kong and clashed with British troops.
    (HN, 12/19/98)

1941        Dec 20, The Flying Tigers, American pilots in China, entered combat against the Japanese over Kunming. Claire Chennault commanded the 1st American Volunteer Group (nicknamed Flying Tigers). He headed both the volunteer group and the uniformed US Army Air Forces units that replaced it in 1942. He feuded constantly with General Joseph Stilwell, the US Army commander in China, and helped China's leader Chiang Kai-shek to convince President Roosevelt to remove Stilwell in 1944.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Lee_Chennault)(HN, 12/20/98)
1941        Dec 20, Japanese troops landed on Mindanao.
    (MC, 12/20/01)

1941        Dec 22, The cartoon character Archie Andrews, drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom, first appeared in Pep Comics #22. In 2014 Archie Comics said the Archie character will be heroically sacrifice himself in Life with Archie #36.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Comics)(SFC, 4/10/14, p.A8)
1941        Dec 22, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill arrived in Washington for a wartime conference with President Roosevelt.
    (AP, 12/22/97)

1941        Dec 23, US Marines and Navy defenders on Wake Island capitulated to a second Japanese invasion. In 1995 Brig. Gen. John F. Kinney co-wrote “Wake Island Pilot: A World War II Memoir.”
    (AP, 12/23/97)(HN, 12/23/00)(SFC, 7/11/06, p.B5)
1941        Dec 23, The Japanese occupied Hong Kong.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)
1941        Dec 23, The 440-foot tanker Montebello was sunk off the California coast near Cambria by Japanese submarine I-21. The crew of 38 survived. In 1996 it was found that the 4.1 million gallon cargo of crude oil appeared intact.
    (SFC, 11/30/96, p.A19)(SFC, 8/27/10, p.A12)

1941        Dec 24, The 1st ships of Admiral Nagumo's (Pearl Harbor) fleet returned to Japan.
    (MC, 12/24/01)

1941        Dec 25, The USS President Coolidge, a luxury liner repurposed for medical transport, arrived in San Francisco with 125 men wounded in the Dec 7 attack at Pearl Parbor, Hawaii.
    (SFC, 12/7/13, p.C4)
1941        Dec 25, Free French occupied the French Islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast.
    (HN, 12/25/98)
1941        Dec 25, Japan announced the surrender of the British-Canadian garrison at Hong Kong. Major John Crawford (d.1997) and some 1,975 Canadian soldiers were captured and incarcerated at the Sham Shui Po prison camp at Kowloon for 44 months.
    (G&M, 7/30/97, p.A24)(HN, 12/25/02)(AP, 12/25/07)
1941        Dec 25, In northwestern Lithuania some 400 young Jewish women were killed by Lithuanian police.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)

1941        Dec 26, Winston Churchill became the first British prime minister to address a joint meeting of the U.S. Congress.
    (AP, 12/26/97)
1941        Dec 26, General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city in the face of the onrushing Japanese Army.
    (HN, 12/26/98)

1941        Dec 27, Japanese bombers attacked Manila, despite its claim as an open city.
    (HN, 12/27/98)

1941        Dec 31, General MacArthur reported that U.S. lines in Manila had been pushed back by the Japanese.
    (HN, 12/31/98)

1941        Dec, Wonder Woman, a comic book character created by William Moulton Marston (1893-1947) made her debut in All Star Comics #8.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Moulton_Marston)
1941        Dec, Cecil Green (d.2003 at 102), Eugene McDermott, J. Eric Jonsson and H. Bates Peacock purchased Geophysical Service Inc. in Dallas, Texas. In 1951 the name was changed to Texas Instruments.
    (SFC, 4/17/03, p.A22)
1941        Dec, US federal authorities issued directives late this month for San Francisco residents of Japanese ancestry to surrender their cameras and shortwave radios to the nearest police station following the attack on Pearl Harbor.
    (SFC, 2/25/17, p.D1)
1941        Dec, For a week in December 1941, Japanese submarines prowled the U.S. Pacific coastline, searching for merchant ships to sink.
    (HN, 6/22/98)
1941        Dec, A US tanker was shelled by a Japanese submarine off Cape Mendocino.
    (Ind, 1/27/00, 5A)
1941        Dec, David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), Israeli leader, traveled to Washington to speak with Pres. F.D. Roosevelt regarding a Jewish state. He waited for 10 weeks at the Ambassador Hotel but was refused a meeting.
    (http://tinyurl.com/kkvdh)(Econ, 8/5/06, p.28)
1941        Dec, Claude Albert Buss (d.1998 at 94) was the senior American political figure on Manila when it was occupied by the Japanese. He surrendered Manila and was taken to Tokyo where he spent 2 years in solitary confinement.
    (SFC, 11/23/98, p.A21)
1941        Dec, In Romania authorities ordered the dissolution of all Jewish organizations. Chief Rabbi Alexander Safran (1910-2006) helped set up the Jewish Council, an underground organization comprising all sectors of the Jewish population. The council used its links with Romanian church officials, the Vatican and the royal family in a bid to prevent the mass deportation of Romania's Jews to the Nazi extermination camps.
    (AP, 7/28/06)

1941        Dec-1942 Jan, A massacre of Jews began when Romanian and Ukrainian troops nailed shut one of the pigsties' doors and windows in Bogdanovka, then torched it, burning all inside alive. The killing went on for three weeks in late December 1941 and early January 1942. An estimated 48,000 people were killed.
    (AP, 9/9/07)

1941        Mahmoud Darwish, Palestinian poet, was born in a village that later became part of Israel. His later work included the poem "State of Siege." In 2003 "Unfortunately It Was Paradise," a translation of his work into English, was published
    (SSFC, 11/3/02, p.D6)

1941        Rev. Jesse Jackson was born.
    (SFC, 8/24/96, p.E3)

1941        Don Glen Viet, later known as Captain Beefheart, was born. He was a friend of Frank Zappa and became known for his blues singing and painting. In 2002 Mike Barnes authored "Captain Beefheart: The Biography."
    (SSFC, 3/17/02, p.M3)

1941        Georges Braque, master of color, painted "Mandolin and Score."
    (WSJ, 3/3/97, p.A16)

1941        Juan Miro created his painting “Ciphers and Constellations in Love With a Woman.”
    (SSFC, 12/19/04, p.E1)

1941        Piet Mondrian moved to the US and painted "New York City I" in rhythmic and cheerful color and lines.
    (WSJ, 6/6/95, p.A-14)

1941        Pablo Picasso painted "Woman Seated in an Armchair," "Head of a Woman" and "Still Life with Blood Sausage."
    (SFEC, 9/20/98, DB p.39)(SFC, 10/10/98, p.E8)

1941        James Agee wrote "Let Us Now Praise Famous Men," an account of poverty in Appalachia. 61 photographs by Walker Evans were included.
    (WSJ, 7/27/99, p.A21)

1941        Vera Brittain authored "England’s Hour," an account of life under the Blitzkrieg.
    (WSJ, 1/21/02, p.A1)

1941        James Burnham authored “The Managerial Revolution.”
    (Econ, 12/3/16, p.72)

1941        Claude Albert Buss, scholar and diplomat, published "War and Diplomacy in East Asia."
    (SFC, 11/23/98, p.A21)

1941        James M. Cain published "Mildred Pierce."
    (iUniv. 7/1/00)

1941        Eugene O’Neill wrote his one-act play "Hughie."
    (WSJ, 8/28/96, p.A10)

1941        Noel Coward’s play "Blithe Spirit" was recognized as elegant high comedy.
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        John L. Goldwater (d.1999 at 83) created the Archie comic book character. Betty, Veronica and Jugghead were added later. The character was put on TV in the late 60s in "Archie: To Riverdale and Back." A TV movie based on Archie was broadcast in 1990. Bob Montana (d.1975) created the Archie character for Pep Comics.
    (SFC, 3/1/99, p.A19)(SFC, 12/24/01, p.A18)
1941        Plastic Man debuted in US comic books. After an accident at a chemical plant gives Eel O'Brian the ability to stretch and alter his shape, he renounces his criminal past and becomes the longest arm of the law. Green Arrow also appeared in US comic books. The Emerald Archer learns his skills while trapped on a desert island. He later escapes to become a modern Robin Hood.
    (AP, 7/20/06)

1941        Siegfried Giedion, a Swiss art historian, published his influential book: "Space, Time and Architecture."
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        In Northern California William Randolph Hearst wrote his poem "The Song of the River" at his Winton estate on the McCloud River in the foothills of Mount Shasta.
    (SFEC, 8/11/96, p.A19)

1941        James Hilton authored “Random Harvest.” It was turned into a 1942 film starring Ronald Colman and Greer Garson and  directed by Mervyn LeRoy.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy)

1941        "Paddle-to-the-Sea" by Holling Clancy Holling was published.
    (SFEC, 2/27/00, BR p.12)

1941        Arthur Koestler (1905-1983), Hungarian novelist and essayist, authored “Darkness at Noon,” a story of life in Stalin’s Russia.
    (HN, 9/5/98)(SFEC, 1/2/00, BR p.5)(WSJ, 8/26/06, p.P8)

1941        Gypsy Rose Lee, strip tease queen, authored “The G-String Murders.”
    (www.feministpress.org/Book/index.cfm?GCOI=55861100305440)

1941        Wassily Leontief (1906-1999), Russian-born economist, published his book “The Structure of American Economy.” It included a large table showing the flow of commodities and services among American households. In 1973 he won the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences.
    (Econ, 7/15/06, p.67)(http://tinyurl.com/qfkgw)

1941        Janet Lewis (1899-1998) published "The Wife of Martin Guerre," a historical novel on about 16th century France. The story was turned into an opera in 1961 with music by William Bergsma. In 1984 a French film version was released "The Return of Martin Guere." An American version, "Somersby," was made in 1993 set during the Civil War.
    (SFC, 12/5/98, p.C2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Guerre)

1941        Daphne du Maurier authored the novel "Frenchman's Creek."
    (SFEC, 2/20/00, p.T12)

1941        Frances Macgregor (d.2002 at 95), sociologist and photographer, published ""Twentieth Century Indians." The collection of photos helped prompt Congress to devote more money to Indian reservations.
    (SFC, 2/8/02, p.A25)

1941        Robert McCloskey (d.2003), author and illustrator, wrote "Make Way for Ducklings." It was set in Boston and became a children's classic.
    (WSJ, 7/2/03, p.D8)

1941        H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) published the 2nd volume of his “Days” trilogy, “Newspaper Days.” The first volume was “Happy Days” and the 3rd was “Heathen Days.”
    (WSJ, 9/29/07, p.W8)

1941        Phyllis Moir wrote "I Was Winston Churchill’s Private Secretary."
    (SFEM, 12/15/96, p.16)

1941        Paul Nash completed his masterpiece of war wreckage "Totes Meer" (Dead Sea).
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        Alberto Moravia in his novel "The Fancy Dress Party" presented a satirical portrait of Mussolini.
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        Margret E. Rey (1906-1996) and her husband Hans A. Rey (d.1977) published their first "Curious George" book with Houghton Miflin. Six more came out over 25 years. The Reys were German Jews and had escaped with the original manuscript out of Germany in 1940. A film version was produced in 2006.
    (SFC, 12/23/96, p.A16)(SSFC, 11/11/01, Par p.25)(WSJ, 2/2/06, p.D8)

1941        Leo Rosten (1908-1997) wrote Hollywood: "The Movie Colony, The Movie Makers." It was one of the first sociological examinations of the film industry.
    (SFC, 2/21/97, p.A25)

1941        Budd Schulberg authored the novel “What Makes Sammy Run,” a classic satire on a young man’s climb in Hollywood.
    (WSJ, 12/16/06, p.P10)

1941        Bertram Smythies (d.1999 at 86), British naturalist, published "The Birds of Burma." Most of the original copies were lost but a 2nd edition in 1953 was published.
    (SFC, 8/3/99, p.A20)

1941        George R. Stewart, novelist, wrote "Storm." A fictional character in the book called a hurricane "Maria." The idea of naming hurricanes with female names was taken up by military meteorologists in WW II.
    (SFEC, 2/15/98, Z1 p.8)

1941        George E. Taylor (d.2000 at 94), historian and political scientist, authored "America in the New Pacific."
    (SFC, 4/21/00, p.D4)

1941        Eudora Welty sold a collection of short stories to Doubleday. The book was titled "A Curtain of Green." Welty had preferred "The Key and Other Stories" as the title.
    (SFEC, 12/6/98, BR p.12)

1941        British writer Rebecca West, pen name for Cicely Isabel Fairfield (1892-1983), authored “Black Lamb and Grey Falcon,” on the history and culture of Yugoslavia.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_West)

1941        Ira Gershwin (d.1983), Kurt Weill and Moss Hart (d1961) collaborated in the production of "Lady in the Dark."
    (SFC, 5/10/97, p.E4)

1941        "The Hut Sut Song," written by attorney Leo V. Killion, became a hit. It was a spoof on Swedish folk songs and was used in the 1953 film "From Here to Eternity."
    (SFC, 10/31/00, p.A25)

1941        The 1942 film Casablanca was set in 1941 in Morocco. In 1998 Richard E. Osborne published his book "The Casablanca Companion: The Movie Classic and Its Place in History," in which the events of the movie are tied to the actual events of history.
    (SFEC, 1/25/98, Par p.6)

1941        Wystan Hugh Auden (d.1973), English born American poet, critic and playwright, wrote the libretto for Benjamin Britten’s first music drama, "Paul Bunyan."
    (WSJ, 4/23/98, p.A16)

1941        Alex Kramer (d.1998 at 94) and his wife, Joan Whitney, wrote the song "High On a Windy Hill," which began a No. 1 hit for Jimmy Dorsey. The Canadian-born songwriter wrote most of his 125 songs with his wife.
    (SFC, 2/17/98, p.B8)

1941        Bluesman Muddy Waters recorded "Plantation Recordings" (Columbia). His songs included "Hoochie Coochie Man" and "I Got My Mojo Workin."
    (NH, 9/96, p.62)(SFEC, 10/27/96, DB p.9)

1941        Jay McShann recorded "Swingmatism."
    (SFC, 8/22/96, F4)

1941        Gene Kruppa, jazz drummer, hired Anita O'Day (1919-2006) as his vocalist.
    (WSJ, 7/28/99, p.A21)(SFC, 11/24/06, p.A1)

1941        Shostakovich, a local fire warden, composed his Seventh Symphony, the "Leningrad," during the German siege of his native city.
    (SFC, 10/18/96, C9)(WSJ, 6/8/98, p.A21)

1941        Michael Tipett, English composer, completed his oratorio "A Child of Our Time."
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        The US Air Force Band was formed as part of the US Army Air Corp.
    (SFC, 10/12/97, DB p.11)

1941        Roman Cycowski, former singer in the popular European group, Comedian Harmonists, took up a job as cantor of the Beth Israel Temple in SF and served for 25 years.
    (WSJ, 2/5/98, p.A20)
1941        In San Francisco a building opened on western Taraval near Ocean Beach. It was initially a bait shop that connected to a bar called the Oar House, surrounded by empty streets and sand dunes. It later became known as the Riptide neighborhood bar.
    (SSFC, 12/7/08, p.A2)
1941        In San Francisco the Lakeside Medical Center at 2501 Ocean Ave., designed in Art Moderne style by Harold Stoner, was completed.
    (SSFC, 4/25/10, p.C2)
1941        In San Francisco construction began on the Union Square Garage, the 1st US underground parking facility and air-raid shelter. It was completed in the summer of 1942. Sand from the site was used to make the beach at Aquatic Park.
    (SSFC, 7/21/02, p.F2)(SFC, 1/9/16, p.C4)
1941        Audley Cole became the first black operator hired by San Francisco Muni. One of his co-workers was beaten for trying to train him.
    (SFC, 10/6/99, p.A4)
1941        San Francisco parks employee Fred Levy took over a tiny lab at the former Ethan Allen School at Seventh and Bryant streets and named it the San Francisco Photography Center. In the 1950s it moved to Scott Street and Duboce Avenue.
    (SFC, 6/16/12, p.E1)
1941        In SF Sam Mooshei opened the Persian Aub Zam Zam bar on Haight St.
    (SSFC, 12/3/00, p.A24)

1941        Lulu Merle Johnson (d.1995) became the first Black women in Iowa to earn a doctorate and the first Black woman in the US to earn a doctorate in history. In 2021 the Board of Supervisors of Iowa's Johnson County voted to have her as its official eponym replacing Richard Mentor Johnson, the 9th US vice-president from Kentucky.
    (SSFC, 7/4/21, p.A12)

1941        In Nevada the El Rancho Vegas opened with 63 rooms. It was the first major resort built on the Las Vegas strip. It was destroyed by fire in 1960.
    (SFEC, 5/10/98, DB p.64)

1941        The United Council of Church Women, a major ecumenical group, was founded.
    (SFC, 3/30/97, Z1. p.7)

1941        Charles A. Federer Jr. (d.1999 ) founded Sky and Telescope Magazine for amateur astronomers.
    (SFC, 10/5/99, p.A26)

1941        Gerald Ford (1908-2006), 41st vice-president and 38th president of the United States, graduated from Yale University law school.
    (SFC, 12/27/06, p.A11)

1941        Henry Luce, the founder of Time and Life, tagged this era "The American Century."
    (SFEC, 6/13/99, p.D7)

1941        Diana Trilling (1905-1996) began her ten year stint as literary editor of The Nation.
    (SFC, 10/25/96, p.A24)

1941        Cheerios, the breakfast cereal, began to be produced.
    (SFC, 8/24/96, p.E3)
1941        The Berelson Co. under William E. Berelson (d.1997 at 90) initiated the commercial freezing of strawberries in Cal.
    (SFC, 5/15/97, p.A26)

1941        Batting helmets were worn for the first time in baseball.
    (WSJ, 10/15/98, p.B8)

1941        Pres. Roosevelt issued a top-secret order to equip a civilian schooner as a warship and send it south of the Philippines where the Japanese fleet was believed to be patrolling. The Japanese attacked Pearl harbor before the Lanikai wooden schooner set sail.
    (SFC, 11/3/00, p.D5)
1941        Pres. Franklin Roosevelt invoked the Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917 to authorize the Fed to restrict consumer installment loans in order to suppress consumption and free resources for the war effort.
    (Econ, 6/1/13, p.75)
1941        Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Rexford Guy Tugwell as governor of Puerto Rico. Under his direction the island became an experiment in central planning.
    (Econ, 7/11/15, p.34)

1941        In the US rubber was rationed.
    (TMC, 1994, p.1941)

1941        The Federal Communications Commission adopted a US television standard of 525 lines per picture.
    (SFC, 12/29/99, p.E3)

1941        Voice of America (VOA) was created shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. In 2003 Alan L. Heil, Jr. authored "Voice of America: A History."
    (Econ, 7/26/03, p.78)

1941        The Iroquois, the Sioux and the Ojibwe (Chippewa) tribes declared war on Germany. The Iroquois Confederacy, having declared war on Germany in 1917, had never made peace and so automatically became party to World War II.
    (Econ, 4/7/12, p.35)(www.history.army.mil/html/topics/natam/natam-wwii.html)

1941        The US Army asked Prof. Ancel Keys (1904-2004) of the Univ. of Minnesota to help develop an army ration that soldiers could carry in combat. His package was called the K ration.
    (SFC, 11/24/04, p.B6)

1941        The Alaskan Kenai National Moose Range was established over a site of 1.7 million acres.
    (AAM, 3/96, p.84)

1941        Russ Solomon (1925-2018) founded Tower Records inside his father’s Sacramento drugstore and built it into a worldwide chain of 170 stores. It folded in 2006 in the wake of the Internet and music streaming.
    (SFC, 3/7/18, p.D2)
1941        The California Institution for Men opened in Chino, San Bernadino County.
    (SFC, 1/14/18, p.A6)
1941        Carl Karcher (1917-2008), an Ohio-born farm boy, bought a hot-dog stand in southern California and soon expanded to 3 stands and then a drive-in barbecue joint called Carl’s. In 1956 he opened his first two Carl’s Jr. fast-food burger outlets, which were among the first to later offer salad bars and grilled-chicken sandwiches. By 2008 there were 1,121 Carl’s Jr. restaurants in the US and 3,036 franchised or company-operated restaurants world-wide.
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.A10)
1941        Tower Records was founded in Sacramento, Ca., by Russ Solomon in his father’s Tower Cut-Rate Drugs store. In 1987 the company went bankrupt and closed after 46 years of operation.
    (SFC, 8/3/13, p.E1)
1941        Los Angeles began diverting water from 4 of the 5 streams that feed Mono Lake.
    (NH, 9/96, p.62)

1941        Matt Cvetic (d.1962 at 53) infiltrated the Communist party in Pittsburgh. The 1951 film "I Was a Communist for the FBI" was based on his true story. In 2001 Daniel J. Leab authored "I Was a Communist for the FBI."
    (WSJ, 2/12/00, p.A25)

1941        Economists Wolfgang Stolper (1912-2002) and Paul Samuelson authored a paper on the relationship between tariffs and wages. The Stolper–Samuelson theorem, a basic theorem in Heckscher–Ohlin trade theory, was derived from this work.
    (http://tinyurl.com/jrafxr9)(Econ, 8/6/16, p.55)

1941        US scientists began work on the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb.
    (TL, 1988, p.112)

1941        Walter H. Zinn (d.2000 at 93), nuclear physicist, oversaw the construction of the world's first nuclear reactor in Chicago. Zinn directed the Argonne center to develop nuclear power for peaceful use from 1946-1956.
    (SFC, 2/26/00, p.A19)

1941        The first urban freeway was constructed in Michigan.
    (WSJ, 5/8/97, p.A16)

1941        Barney Kilgore (32) was named managing editor of the Wall Street Journal. He developed the modern WSJ.
    (WSJ, 5/2/07, p.C1)

1941        Henry Ford threatened to close down in union disputes but finally signed a union contract just months before Pearl Harbor.
    (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1941        A strike at Disney led to the departure of a group of animators who formed United Pictures of America.
    (WSJ, 7/31/97, p.A1)

1941        Liebmann Brewery, maker of Rheingold Beer, began promoting the beer with pictures of model Jinx Falkenburg (d.2003 at 84), a Chilean-born actress and tennis player.
    (SFC, 7/4/03, p.A25)(SFC, 8/29/03, p.A28)

1941        Thompson Products pioneered heat-dissipating sodium-filled valves.
    (F, 10/7/96, p.70)

1941        Willy’s Motors began delivery of a reconnaissance vehicle that came to be known as the "Jeep."
    (F, 10/7/96, p.69)

1941        West Bend Aluminum Co. of West Bend, Wisc., began producing its penguin aluminum ice bucket.
    (SFC, 1/21/98, Z1 p.3)

1941        A monograph by M.K. Bennett on Wheat in National Diets in an issue of Wheat Studies and related comparative studies of the consumption of staple foods led to what has come to be known as "Bennett's Law." As people become wealthier, they switch from simple starchy plant-dominated diets to a more varied food input that includes a range of vegetables, fruit, dairy products, and especially meat. In 1954 M.K. Bennet authored “The World’s Food: A Study of the Interrelations of World Populations, National Diets and Food Potentials.”
    (http://tinyurl.com/vxmvvdx)(http://www.pnas.org/content/108/50/19845.full)

1941        Penicillin was discovered by Dr. Alexander Fleming. [see 1928,1929]   
    (TMC, 1994, p.1941)

1941        Prof. William Reeves (1916-2004) and William M. Hammon isolated the 2 viruses that caused western equine and St. Louis encephalitis and proved that they were carried by a mosquito named Culex tarsalis.
    (SFC, 9/21/04, p.B7)

1941        George Beadle, geneticist, and Edward Tatum, chemist, identified genetic mutations that disabled specific steps in the synthesis of a complex molecule. They thus showed that a gene was a thing on a chromosome that specified an enzyme.
    (NH, 6/01, p.33)

1941        The Narragansett Bay Plum Beach Lighthouse at North Kingston, R.I., closed. A restoration in 2003 removed 60 tons of pigeon guano.
    (SFC, 12/2/03, p.A2)

1941        John Roebling sold his 1,050 acres of the Lake Wales Ridge in Florida to his friend Richard Archibald for one dollar. In 1974 Archibald purchased 3,000 more acres of the Ridge to add to his Archibald Biological Station. [see 1920s]
    (PacDisc, Spring ‘96, p.6)

1941        The US annual median income was $1,070, or about $20 per day.
    (SFEC, 9/28/97, Z1 p.2)
1941        Property taxes in America peaked at 71%.
    (Econ, 3/4/17, p.67)

1941        Natalio Botana, Argentine newspaper magnate, died.
    (SFC, 2/13/99, p.A24)

1941        Frederic J. Fisher (1878-1941) died. He and his brother Charles T. Fisher (1880-1963) established the Fisher Body Co. in 1908. They sold their operations to GM in 1926.
    (WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)

1941        Howard Heinz (b.1877), son of food founder Henry Heinz, died. He had taken over company operations in 1919 following the death of his father.
    (www.hfp.heinz.org/aboutus/heinzhistory.html)

1941        Jorge Amado (1912-2001), Brazilian Communist novelist, was exiled to Argentina.
    (SFC, 8/9/01, p.D2)
1941        The Brazilian government founded the steelmaker CSN. It was privatized in the early 1990s.
    (Econ, 11/14/09, SR p.10)

1941        British artists Duncan Grant and Vanessa Bell, sister of novelist Virginia Woolf, stirred local passions with a commission to decorate an English village church in Berwick, East Sussex.
    (Reuters, 2/15/21)
1941        The British seized Eritrea from the Italians.
    (WSJ, 5/26/00, p.A22)
1941        Britain created its Special Air Service (SAS) to create havoc behind German lines.
    (Econ, 10/22/05, p.60)
1941        In Britain the first test flight of Frank Whittle’s jet engine was made. Plans for the engine were then secretly taken to the US where General electric worked on an American version.
    (TL, 1988, p.112)(SFC, 8/10/96, p.A20)
1941        Pelham Graham (PG) Wodehouse (1881-1975), English-US writer, made 5 radio broadcasts from Nazi Germany. This kept him out of England for the last 34 years of his life.
    (Econ, 11/20/04, p.87)
1941        British Economist John Maynard Keynes proposed "bancor," a global currency.
    (Econ, 4/11/20, p.59)

1941        In Burma Aung San founded the Burmese Army. He is considered the father of the nation.
    (SFEC, 1/19/97, Par p.4)

1941        Eritrea was the focal point of American participation in the early part of the war. The first American military advisors and contract civilians arrived in Asmara.
    (www.kagnewstation.com/history/chapter4/index.html)

1941        The French colonialists chose Norodom Sihanouk (19) from the ranks of royalty to serve as king of Cambodia.
    (WSJ, 5/15/03, p.A8)

1941        Physicist Neils Bohr met with Werner Heisenberg in Copenhagen. In 2000 the meeting was portrayed in a play by Michael Frayn: "Copenhagen.’
    (WSJ, 4/12/00, p.A24)

1941        Henri Bergson (1859-1941), French philosopher, died. He is said to have taught that man acts first and thinks later as opposed to Descartes who said man thinks before he acts.
    (AHD, 1971, p.125)(WSJ, 11/21/95, p.A-12)

1941        Germany invaded Yugoslavia and Ante Pavelic led a pro-Nazi dictatorship that controlled newly-independent Croatia. Alojzije Stepinac, archbishop of Zagreb, initially embraced the Pavelic government.
    (SFEC, 10/4/98, p.A22)
1941        The Germans seized Latvia and many Latvians joined the Nazi ranks. The Latvian Legion was formed under the German Waffen SS and its 2 divisions helped prolong the war by defeating the Soviet Army in several battles. Viktors Arajs headed the feared Kommando unit that was responsible for war crimes against Jews.
    (SFC, 4/798, p.A14)
1941        Hitler completed his seizure of the Balkans and began his blitz of London and then sent 148 divisions against his former ally, Russia.
    (TMC, 1994, p.1941)
1941        The amber room in St. Petersburg was dismantled by German officers and shipped to Konigsberg for safekeeping. The Allied bombing in 1945 was thought to have destroyed the work.
    (SFC, 3/22/97, p.A16)

1941        Japan invaded Indonesia and ended the Dutch era of colonial power. East Timor, under Portuguese for some 400 years, was also invaded.
    (SFC, 10/12/96, p.A13)
1941        Japanese forces land in Thailand. After negotiations Thailand allows Japanese to advance towards British-controlled Malay Peninsula, Singapore and Burma.
    (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1243059.stm)
1941        Japan’s Tokai Bank was founded. In 2001 it joined with Sanwa Bank and Tokyo Trust Bank to form UFJ Holdings. In 2005 it became part of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.
    (WSJ, 9/23/08, p.C1)

1941         Melanija Vanaga (1905-1997) was exiled to Siberia after being snatched from her home in Latvia. Her story: “Suddenly, a Criminal: Sixteen Years in Siberia” became available in English in 2015.
    (http://upnorth.eu/classic-work-of-the-gulag-now-in-english/)

1941        In Lithuania arrests and deportations totaled some 34,260 people.
    (Dr, 7/96, V1#1, p.3)
1941        In Lithuania Alexandras Lileikis (d.2000 at 93) was chief of the Saugumas secret police force of Vilnius. He ordered the arrests of Jewish men, women, and children, who were turned over to the occupying Germans and subsequently executed. Lileikis was indicted in 1998, but maintained his innocence until he died.
    (SFC, 5/25/96, p.A2)(SFC, 9/29/00, p.D6)
1941        The German minority in Lithuania was repatriated in accord with German and Russian negotiations.
    (DrEE, 9/28/96, p.3)
1941        At the Rainis Forest in the Telsiai region 74 Lithuanians were killed by Soviet NKVD and KGB troops.
    (Voruta #27-28, 7/1996, p.2)
1941        In Lithuania German forces slaughtered some 12,000 Jews in Stoklishki (Alytus).
    (WSJ, 1/19/08, p.W8)

1941        In Mexico Rev. Marcial Maciel founded the Legion of Christ, a conservative Roman Catholic order to minister to the wealthy and multiply its beneficial impact on society. In 1946 Pope Pius XII ordered Father Maciel to recruit Latin American leaders. In 1997 8 men went public with allegations of sexual abuse by Father Maciel dating to the 1940s and 1950s.
    (WSJ, 1/21/06, p.A13)
1941        In Mexico Fidel Velasquez Sanchez (1900-1997) was first elected head of the Confederation of Mexican Workers.
    (SFEC, 6/22/97, p.D8)

1941        Peru and Ecuador went to war over a border conflict.
    (WSJ, 1/20/98, p.A1)

1941        At Auschwitz 152 Polish Catholics were killed by the Nazis.
    (SFC, 5/29/99, p.A14)
1941        Polish Franciscan friar Maximilian Kolbe was sent to Auschwitz after Nazi officials discovered he had been hiding Jews. He was canonized by Polish-born Pope John Paul II in 1982. He was hailed as a martyr for volunteering to die in the place of another man.
    (AP, 8/14/11)

1941        Nazi documents from this year showed that the Einsatzgruppe, a Nazi-run Serbian police unit, executed 11,164 people, mostly Serbian Jewish men, suspected communists and Gypsies [see 1942]. The unit was allegedly run by Peter Egner, who emigrated to the US in 1960, and received citizenship in 1966. In 2009 Serbian authorities sought his extradition. In 2010 Serbia issued an international warrant for the arrest of Egner (88), who has denied the accusations.
    (AP, 4/14/09)(AP, 4/2/10)(AP, 11/26/10)

1941        According to later day Holocaust researchers a force in Ukraine under the command of Roman Shukhevych took part in pogroms in which 4,000 Jews were killed. In 2007 Shukhevych was posthumously named a Hero of Ukraine.
    (AP, 11/16/07)
1941        Ukraine nationalist leader Stepan Bandera (1912-1959) fell out with the Nazis, after the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists declared Ukraine's independence, and he was sent to a concentration camp. He won back Germany's support in 1944 and was released. His group was involved in the ethnic cleansing that killed tens of thousands of Poles across the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1942 and 1944.
    (AP, 1/1/14)

1941        In Venezuela Romulo Betancourt founded Accion Democratica, a centrist political party.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accion_Democratica)

1941        The Viet Minh, a nationalist movement led by Communists, was founded in Vietnam. Pham Van Dong was a founding member.
    (SFC, 5/3/00, p.A24)

1941-1942    The Baroness Hilla Rebay, onetime mistress of Solomon Guggenheim and the first director of his museum, painted her "Animato," what may well be the first abstract image of a female orgasm.
    (WSJ, 2/14/96, p.A-12)
1941-1942    Taylor’s "Practical Encyclopedia of Gardening" was published.
    (WSJ, 8/5/97, p.A16)
1941-1942    Varian Fry (d.1967) helped some 2,000 refugees escape from Nazi-occupied France.
    (SFC, 3/9/98, p.C2)
1941-1942    The Asiatic fleet composed of US, Australian, Dutch and British allies struggled to slow down the Japanese advance while outnumbered 10:1. In the 1st three months the Americans lost 22 ships, 1,826 men, and 519 men taken prisoner.
    (SFC, 8/23/97, p.A4)
1941-1942    About 80,000 Czech Jews were rounded up and sent to Terezin, a holding camp, prior to being sent to Auschwitz. The survival rate was 10%.
    (SFC, 2/4/97, p.A2)
1941-1942    In Greece an estimated 300,000 people died from a winter famine.
    (AP, 3/22/15)
1941-1942    Nearly 80,000 Jews, or 90% of Latvia's prewar Jewish population, were killed during this period.
    (AP, 3/16/11)
1941-1942    In Lithuania at the beginning of the war there were about 60,000 Jews in Vilnius. A year later, only 18,000 remained. In 1998 Schoschana Rabinovici published her non-fiction account: "Thanks To My Mother" a description of the murder of Polish Jews in Vilnius through the eyes of a child.
    (SFEC, 4/26/98, BR p.8)
1941-1942    The German siege of Sevastopol lasted from Nov 15 to Jul 2.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)
1941-1942    Some 97% of the Gottscheers were moved north within Slovenia from the area of Kocevje to Rann (later Brezice). Their peak population numbered some 25,000. They were driven out of their new homes by Yugoslav partisans after which they wound up in Austria and then dispersed around the world.
    (SFC, 6/16/99, p.A12)

1941-1943    In the US the government classified some 600,000 residents of Italian descent as enemy aliens. In Pittsburg, California, some 2,000 of 7,000 residents were forced to move.
    (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.C13)
1941-1943    In 2019 an independent 248-page investigative report in English, commissioned by the Finnish government, was released. It said 1,408 Finnish volunteers served within the SS Panzer Division Wiking during 1941-43, most of them aged between 17 and 20 years old. The report concluded that the country's volunteer battalion, which served with Nazi Germany's Waffen-SS, took part in atrocities during World War II, including participating in the mass murder of Jews.
    (AP, 2/10/19)
1941-1943    The three Jewish Bielski brothers, escaped Nazi-occupied Poland and established a refuge in the forests of Belarus. By the end of WWII they succeeded in saving some 1,200 men, women and children. In 2003 Peter Duffy authored "The Bielski Brothers: The True Story of Three Men Who Defied the Nazis, Saved 1,200 Jews and Built a Village in the Forest." Their story was depicted in the 2009 film “Defiance,” directed by Edward Zwick.
    (SSFC, 7/13/03, p.M4)(WSJ, 1/2/08, p.W1)

1941-1944    Germany occupied the Crimean peninsula.
    (SFC, 1/4/99, p.A8)
1941-1944    Necdet Kent (d.2002), Turkish diplomat, was posted to Marseilles, France, and gave Turkish citizenship to dozens of Turkish Jews living in France who did not have proper identity papers to save them from deportation to the Nazi gas chambers.
    (AP, 9/20/02)
1941-1944    In Latvia Herbert Cukurs (b.1900) served as a deputy to the leader of the Arajs Commando, an auxiliary police unit formed after German forces captured Latvia. The unit played a central role in the near annihilation of Latvia's Jewish community. After the war Cukurs fled to South America where Mossad agents assassinated him in Uruguay in 1965.
    (AP, 10/30/14)
1941-1944    About 250,000 Latvians fought alongside either the Germans or the Soviets during this period. Some 150,000 Latvians died in the fighting.
    (AP, 3/16/11)
1941-1944    Alexandras Lileikis was chief of the Saugumas secret police force of Vilnius, Lithuania. He ordered the arrests of Jewish men, women, and children, who were turned over to the occupying Germans and subsequently executed.
    (SFC, 5/25/96, p.A2)
1941-1944    The Lithuanian Security Police, also referred to as Saugumas, was a Lithuanian  Nazi collaborationist police force that operated during this period. It had a staff of approximately 400 people, 250 of them in Kaunas  and around another 130 in Vilnius. Kazys Gimžauskas, a deputy in the Vilnius branch under Aleksandras Lileikis, returned to Lithuania after US authorities began to investigate him in 1996. Gimzauskas was convicted in 2001 of participation in genocide.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police)(SSFC, 4/4/10, Par. p.5)
1941-1944    Some 40,000 Jews are believed to have been slaughtered in Vilnius, Lithuania. An estimated 60,000 Jews lived there when the Nazis moved in and fewer than 5,000 remained when the Soviets recaptured the country. The Nazis killed some 240,000 Jews in Lithuania.
    (SFC, 5/25/96, p.A2)(SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A15)
1941-1944    Jonas Stelmokas served as a unit commander in 2 voluntary Nazi-sponsored detachments that helped the Nazis kill thousands of Jews and partisans. In 1997 he was to be deported from Lansdowne, Pa., in the US after he was accused of being a former member of the Lithuanian police force that helped Nazis kill Jews. In 1998 Stelmokas (82) was ordered to be deported but appealed.
    (SFEC,11/10/97, p.A4)(SFC, 4/24/98, p.A3)

1941-1944    The Siege of Leningrad, 400 miles northwest of Moscow, took place and led to the death of at least one million Russians from starvation and disease. Leningrad has since been renamed to St. Petersburg. It broke in Jan, 1944.
    (WSJ, 2/21/96, p.A-15)

1941-1945    The 1985 book "Eagle Against the Sun" by Ronald H. Spector is one of the best single volume histories of WW II.
    (WSJ, 5/24/01, p.A20)
1941-1945    In 2006 Evan Thomas authored “Sea of Thunder: Four Commanders and the Last Great Naval Campaign 1941-1945,” a study of the Pacific Campaign of World War II.
    (WSJ, 12/16/06, p.P11)

1941-1945    American industry delivered more than 276,000 military aircraft.  That was not only for US Army, Navy and Marine Corps, but also for allies as diverse as Britain , Australia , China and Russia.
    (http://tinyurl.com/lo5eu8x)
1941-1945    During WW II some 368 underwater mines were placed to guard the entrance to the SF Golden Gate.
    (G, Winter, p.2)
1941-1945    Ralph K. Davies spent the war years as petroleum administrator for Interior Secretary Harold Ickes.
    (SFC, 6/23/98, p.A11)
1941-1945    Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser, who helped build the Hoover and Grand Coulee dams, established bay area ship yards that were able to launch a "Liberty Ship" every 24 hours. He expanded a health plan begun on his earlier dam projects that grew to become Kaiser Permanente, the world’s largest health maintenance organization. The Kaiser Richmond yard built 747 ships.
    (SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W31)(SFEC, 5/9/99, Z1 p.4)

1941-1945    Croatia was occupied by Nazi forces and with its Moslem allies some 700,000 Serbs and 75,000 Jews and Gypsies were killed. [This was a letter with reference to the Encyclopedia Britannica as source material] The Independent State of Croatia was set up after the German and Italian invasions and run by the fascist Ustashe regime as a puppet state. The central Ustashe aim was to cleanse Croatia of "foreign" elements and to turn Croatia into a "100% Roman Catholic state." Jasenovac is the site of the largest Ustashe death camp, and some estimates claim as many as several hundred thousand dead. Ante Pavelic was the leader of the Ustashe regime.
    (WSJ, 10/11/95, p. A-1)(WSJ, 4/3/96, p.A-22)(WSJ, 5/20/99, p.A21)
1941-1945    The Herzegovina region of Bosnia became a stronghold of the Croatian Ustashe movement allied to the Nazis. Local clergy was seen condoning and supporting Ustashe mass slayings of ethnic Serbs.
    (SFC, 4/15/97, p.A10)
1941-1945    Some 148,000 Bessarabian Jews were killed in Rybnitsa and other ghettos and concentration camps on the East bank of the Dniester during the Nazi occupation.
    (WSJ, 1/2/02, p.A18)
1941-1945    In Theresienstadt, Czechoslovakia, the German SS ran Jewish ghetto as a holding station for Jews on their way to death camps.
    (SFC,10/24/97, p.A11)
1941-1945    Gen’l. Hideki Toho served as Premier and Minister of War in Japan.
    (WUD, 1944, p.1683)
1941-1945    Some 1600-2000 German soldiers were killed in Montenegro in clashes with Yugoslav communist partisans during WWII.
    (AP, 8/10/11)
1941-1945    James Rives Childs served as the US Chargé d'Affaires of Morocco. During this time he helped 1,200 Hungarian Jews obtain visas to Spanish Morocco.
    (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rives_Childs)(AP, 6/15/18)

1941-1953    Joseph Stalin (1879-1953), (Josif Vissarionovitch Dzhugashvili), Communist party leader. He was Sec. of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922-1953, and Premier from 1941-1953.
    (AHD, 1971, p.1255)(AHD, p.1255)
1941-1945    In 2005 Catherine Merridale authored “Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1941-1945.
    (Econ, 10/22/05, p.86)

1941-1945    Sweden maintained neutrality during the war but allowed German troops to cross its territory to invade the Soviet Union. It also allowed 250,000 German troops to use the railroad system to travel between occupied Norway and Germany. The Swedish navy provided escort service for German military supply ships and Swedish industry helped make up for German losses in the ball-bearing industry due to Allied bombing raids.
    (SFEC, 6/21/98, p.A13)

1941-1971    Jean Lipman (d.1998 at 88) edited Art in America. She grew the magazine up from a scholarly journal into an influential art publication.
    (SFC, 6/26/98, p.D4)

1941-1983    Wagon Wheel dinner sets were manufactured of cream-colored clay from Ada, Okla. After 1956 they were made of red clay from Sapulpa, Okla.
    (SFC, 7/29/98, Z1 p.23)

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