Timeline 1995: Undated
Return to home
1995 Lucian Freud
created his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping.” In 2008 it was
auctioned for $33.6 million, making him the most expensive living
artist.
(WSJ, 5/17/08, p.W2)
1995 Younhee Paik, Korean artist,
painted her oil on canvas "Mercy on US—Fullmoon."
(SFEM, 1/12/97, DB p.19)
1995 Ann Harold Taylor began her
painting "How to Save Your Own Life." The work was completed in 1998.
(SFC, 4/1/00, p.B1)
1995 A group of 7 Swiss artists
registered the domain name of Etoy.com with Network Solutions. In 1999
the toy company EToys.com sued the artists and forced them to shut
their web site down. In 2003 Adam Wishart and Regula Bochsler authored:
"Leaving Reality Behind: "Etoy vs. eToys.com & Other Battles to
Control Cyberspace."
(SSFC, 2/2/03, p.AM3)
1995 Amy Clampitt (1920-1994),
American poet, had her last book of poetry published post-mortem: "A
Silence Opens."
(WSJ, 11/7/97, p.A17)
1995 Horton Foote’s play, "The
Young Man From Atlanta," won the Pulitzer Prize.
(WSJ, 4/4/97, p.A7)
1995 Scott Adams, cartoonist,
wrote an essay for the WSJ that was later expanded to the best selling
book "The Dilbert Principle," which stated that the most ineffective
workers are systematically moved to the place where they can do the
least amount of damage.
(WSJ, 1/25/99, p.A16)
1995 Martin Amis authored his
novel "The Information."
(WSJ, 10/23/98, p.W12)
1995 Sarah Paige Baty (d.1997 at
36) wrote "American Monroe: The Making of a Body Politic." It was a
study of how mass media rendered the image of Marilyn Monroe." She also
wrote the book: "Representative Women: Unsettling Portraits of Still
Lives." In this work she explored the lives of 5 prominent 19th century
women: Margaret Fuller, Ellen Craft, Louisa May Alcott, Clover Adams
and Lydia Maria Child.
(SFC, 7/23/97, p.A20)
1995 Dr. Dennis R. Benjamin wrote
"Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas, A Handbook for Naturalists,
Mycologists and Physicians."
(WSJ, 10/31/96, p.A21)
1995 C. Loring Brace published the
5th edition of his book: "The Stages of Human Evolution."
(NH, 9/97, p.6)
1995 Thomas Childers authored "The
Wings of Morning," stories of WW II airmen flying bombers. Parts were
later copied by Stephen E. Ambrose for his 2001 best seller "The Wild
Blue."
(SSFC, 1/6/02, p.A2)
1995 Oz Clarke, British wine
writer, published his 1st "Wine Atlas."
(SFC, 1/2/03, p.D5)
1995 David Cordingly authored
“Under the Black Flag: The Romance & the Reality of Life Among the
Pirates. ” a modern perspective on piracy.
(www.rambles.net/cordingly_flag.html)
1995 Silas Roy Crain (1911-1996)
wrote "You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke." It won the Ralph
J. Gleason award as best music book of the year.
(SFC, 9/19/96, p.A17)
1995 Tia DeNora authored
"Beethoven and the Construction of Genius."
(WSJ, 1/17/02, p.A12)
1995 Estelle Ellis wrote "At Home
with Books," a look at the home libraries of contemporary writers.
(Hem, 4/96, p.105)
1995 Raphael Ezekiel authored “The
Racist Mind: Portraits of American Neo-Nazis and Klansmen,” a
pioneering field based study of the lives and thinking of national
leaders and ordinary members of neo-Nazi and Klan groups.
(MT, summer 2003,
p.18)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Racist_Mind)
1995 Jacques Foccart (1913-1997),
architect of French policy in Africa, published "Foccart Speaks," a
book on French policymaking in Africa under Charles de Gaulle.
(SFC, 3/20/97, p.A24)
1995 Monica Furlong (d.2003 at
72), Christian writer and feminist, authored her autobiography: "Bird
of Paradise."
(SFC, 2/3/03, p.B4)
1995 Bill Gates, head of Microsoft
Corp., authored “The Road Ahead.”
(Econ, 6/28/08, p.78)
1995 Michael Gordon and Bernard
Trainor published "The General's War: The Inside Story of the Conflict
in the Gulf."
(SFC, 5/4/99, p.D1)
1995 John Gray published "Men Are
From Mars, Women Are From Venus," the highest selling nonfiction,
hardback of the year (2.19 mil copies).
(WSJ, 5/24/99, p.R21)
1995 John Grisham published "The
Rainmaker," the highest selling fiction, hardback of the year (2.3 mil
copies).
(WSJ, 5/24/99, p.R21)
1995 Jonathan Harr published "A
Civil Action." He sold the film rights to Robert Redford for $1.25
million. The film was released in 1998.
(SFEC, 1/17/99, DB p.49)
1995 Will Hutton authored “The
State We’re In,” his analysis of British capitalism.
(Econ, 1/15/05, p.63)
1995 The book “A Passion for
Success,” by Kazuo Inamori, founder of the Japanese technology group
Kyocera, was published in English.
(http://en.kyocera.de/kyocera_n/english/culture/success.html)
1995 Kevin Jackson authored his
"Oxford Book of Money."
(WSJ, 10/9/98, p.W13)
1995 Abu-Jamal, in a Pennsylvania
jail for a 1981 murder conviction, published "Live from Death Row."
(SFC, 1/22/99, p.A2)
1995 Lawrence Krauss wrote "The
Physics of Star Trek."
(NH, 6/96, p.9)
1995 Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins
authored the 1st volume of the "Left Behind" series. The 12 and final
volume, “Glorious appearing: The End of Days,” was published in 2004.
[see 1998]
(Econ, 4/17/04, p.31)
1995 Frederick P. Lenz (d.1998 at
48), a self-styled spiritual and computer guru, published his novel
"Surfing the Himalayas," about a snowboarder who hooks up with an
Eastern sage. He wrote "Snowboarding to Nirvana" in 1996.
(SFC, 4/15/98, p.A14)
1995 Hal Lindsey wrote "The Final
Battle," a popular apocalyptic book among fundamentalist Christians.
(SFC, 1/6/97, p.A4)
1995 Seymour Martin Lipset
authored "American Exceptionalism," in which he outlined some of the
laws and social features unique to America.
(Econ, 11/8/03, p.6S)
1995 Shirley MacLaine wrote "My
Lucky Stars."
(SFC, 11/20/96, p.E3)
1995 Nelson Mandela published his
autobiography "Long Walk to Freedom." In 1998 British journalist Martin
Meredith published a biography titled "Nelson Mandela."
(SFEC, 3/1/98, BR p.3)
1995 David Maraniss published his
biography of Bill Clinton: "First in His Class."
(WSJ, 5/17/99, p.A24)
1995 Gregory McGuire authored his
novel “Wicked,” a prequel to the classic “Wizard of Oz.” A Broadway
show based on the novel opened in October, 2003.
(WSJ, 10/22/05, p.A4)
1995 Larry McMurtry published his
novel "Dead Man’s Walk," a prequel to his 1985 "Lonesome Dove." In 1997
he published "Comanche Moon," the third in the series that covered the
middle years.
(SFEC,10/26/97, BR p.5)
1995 Robert McNamara published "In
Retrospect," his memoir of the Vietnam era as Sec. of Defense. A
counter view was written in 1996 by Paul Hendrickson "The Living and
the Dead: Robert McNamara and Five Lives of a Lost War."
(SFEC, 9/22/96, BR p.4)
1995 James Michener wrote "Miracle
in Seville."
(SFC,10/17/97, p.A17)
1995 Barry Minkin published his
"Future In Sight," a book that details the 100 trends that will most
impact business and the world economy beyond the year 2000.
(Hem., Nov. '95, p.47)
1995 Iris Murdoch published
"Jackson's Dilemma." It was her last novel.
(SFC, 2/9/99, p.A20)
1995 Haskell Norman (1915-1996)
authored "One Hundred Books Famous in Medicine."
(SFC, 12/20/96, p.B6)
1995 Richard Powers published his
novel "Galatea 2.2," about artificial intelligence.
(WSJ, 7/1/98, p.A1)
1995 Feminist poet Adrienne Rich
published "Dark Fields of the Republic."
(SFC, 7/10/97, p.A10)
1995 The Rizzoli book "The Blue
Note Years" was published.
(WSJ, 10/3/97, p.A8)
1995 "What’s Love Got To Do with
It: The Evolution of Human Mating" by Meredith F. Small was published.
(NH, 8/96, p.8)
1995 Carl Sagan (1934-1996)
wrote "A Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space."
(SFC, 12/21/96, p.A1)
1995 Stephen Schneck won the
Int’l. Formentor Prize for his novel "The Night Clerk." It was about a
600-pound hotel clerk.
(SFC, 12/11/96, p.A24)
1995 Margaret Thaler Singer, cult
psychologist, authored "Cults in Our Midst."
(SSCM, 5/26/02, p.25)
1995 Dava Sobel authored
"Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest
Scientific Problem of His Time."
(SFEC, 11/28/99, BR p.5)
1995 Alan Sokal published a paper
titled "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative
Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity." It was a lampoon on serious
scholarship but was published as a serious work. This prompted Sokal to
team with Jean Bricmont in France and publish "Intellectual Imposters."
An English version was published in 1998 as "Fashionable Nonsense:
Postmodern Intellectuals' Abuse of Science."
(SFEC, 12/27/98, BR p.1,8)
1995 Alexander Solzhenitsyn,
Russian novelist and author of "The Gulag Archipelago," published two
new books: a volume of memoirs: "Invisible Allies" and a collection of
secret documents from the Kremlin archives: "The Solzhenitsyn Files."
(WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A12)
1995 Maurice Stans, an aide and
fund-raiser for former Pres. Nixon, published his autobiography "One of
the President’s Men."
(SFC, 4/15/98, p.C3)
1995 Randall Terry, founder of the
anti-abortion group "Operation Rescue," authored "The Judgement of
God."
(SFC, 2/21/00, p.A8)
1995 R. Lockwood Tower (d.1998 at
89) published "Lee’s Adjutant," the 2nd volume of the edited diaries of
confederate generals Arthur Manigault and Walter Taylor, adjutant to
Robert E. Lee.
(SFC, 1/10/98, p.A19)
1995 Frederick Turner published
his book: "The Culture of Hope: A New Birth of the Classical Spirit."
He discusses the current standoff between the "values-driven right and
the freedom-espousing left." He proclaims that both sides are, at root,
vested in a set of "metaphysical and philosophical assumptions,
inherited from the nineteenth century." He uses the findings of
contemporary chaos science to find what he calls a "radical center."
e.g. "The discovery of strange attractors, that emerge to pull
seemingly chaotic, or random, events into new kinds of order."
(Civil., Jul-Aug., '95, p.84)
1995 Richard Turner and Robert
Scaife edited "Bog Bodies: New Discoveries and New Perspectives."
(AM, 7/97, p.67)
1995 Dorothy West (d.1998 at 91),
a member of the Harlem Renaissance, published her 2nd novel: "The
Wedding."
(SFC, 8/19/98, p.C4)
1995 Edward O. Wilson published
his memoir: "Naturalist."
(WSJ, 3/30/98, p.A16)
1995 Neil Simon wrote his play
"London "Suite." It used the same format as his earlier plays "Plaza
Suite" and "California Suite."
(SFEC, 8/31/97, DB p.9)
1995 The Chieftains of Ireland
released their album "The Long Black Veil."
(WSJ, 3/17/98, p.A16)
1995 Thomas Ades composed his
opera "Powder her Face," a tabloid opera about a randy duchess of the
1960s.
(WSJ, 6/21/00, p.A24)
1995 The Violin Concerto No. 2 by
Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki was written for the German
violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter and premiered in Leipzig with the Central
German Radio orchestra.
(SFC, 11/9/96, p.E1)
1995 The Rock and Roll Hall of
Fame opened in Cleveland.
(SFC,10/24/97, p.E3)
1995 Ira Glass revitalized radio
storytelling with “This American Life,” a show on Chicago Public Radio
KBEZ featuring stories of ordinary people facing moments of truth.
(SFC, 3/21/07, p.E1)
1995 In New Mexico the Taos
Talking Pictures Festival began.
(WSJ, 4/7/98, p.A16)
1995 Pope John Paul II put forth
his encyclical "Evangelium Vitae," on the culture of life and threats
to human dignity. Also "Ut Unum Sint," on the unity of the Church and
the unity of the world.
(WSJ, 10/16/98, p.W13)
1995 The Vatican dismissed bishop
Jacques Gaillot of Paris for preaching liberal views on homosexuality,
priest celibacy and other touchy issues.
(SFC, 9/5/96, p.A9)
1995 The Slamdance Film Festival
was founded by Peter Baxter as an alternative to the Sundance Film
Festival in Park City, Utah.
(SFC, 2/1/99, p.E1)(www.slamdance.com/)
1995 Joseph Bower and Clayton
Christensen, researchers at Harvard Business School, invented the new
term “disruptive technology” to describe innovations that improve a
product or service in ways that the market does not expect, typically
by being lower priced or designed for a different set of consumers.
(Econ, 9/5/09,
p.75)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_Technology)
1995 Lars Von Trier, a Danish film
director, launched the Dogma 95 concept of minimalist rules to return
the focus of filmmaking to story and plot. The rules forbade sound
editing and any equipment beyond handheld cameras.
(SFC, 8/10/02, p.D4)
1995 The American Society of
Botanical Artists was founded.
(WSJ, 10/5/99, p.A24)
1995 The first Electronic
Entertainment Expo for the computer and video game industry was held.
(SFC, 6/18/97, p.B1)
1995 Lewis H. Gann (1925-1997),
historian, was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the
German Federal Republic. He retired from the Hoover Institute of
Stanford where he had served for over 30 years.
(SFC, 1/25/97, p.A19)
1995 Dennis Fong, aka Thresh, won
the Judgement Day tournament [for cyber games] hosted by Microsoft
Corp. at its Redmond, Wa. headquarters.
(WSJ, 8/26/96, p.A1)
1995 William Perry, US Sec. of
Defense, created the Eugene Fubini Award to be given for significant
contribution to the Defense Dept. The first award was given to Eugene
G. Fubini (d.1997), physicist and former assistant defense secretary.
(SFC, 8/9/97, p.A19)
1995 American Heritage Girls was
founded in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a Christian alternative to the Girl
Scouts. By 2004 there were some 2,800 members in 22 states.
(USAT, 3/23/04, p.9D)
1995 Alicia Robb founded the
Foundation for Sustainable Development.
(SFC, 2/09/04, p.A13)
1995 Len Kretchman and David Geske
of Fargo, ND, developed the Uncrustable sandwich, a peanut butter and
jelly sandwich sealed in a pocket of bread. Smucker Corp. bought their
company and received a patent for the sandwich in Dec, 1999.
(WSJ, 4/5/05, p.B1)
1995 The ESPN cable network
founded the X Games, an Olympic-style event of outrageous and
alternative sports.
(SFC, 9/10/98, p.A1)
1995 The US government Witness
Security Program grew to $53 million.
(SFC, 6/9/96, p.A10)
1995 Pres. Clinton deregulated the
export of computers.
(SFC, 6/10/97, p.A10)
1995 The US began releasing the
1945 coded Venona cables in 1995. They implicated 349 US citizens and
residents as Soviet helpers. In 1999 John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr
published "Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America" the story of
the Soviet infiltration of Washington. In 2000 Herbert Romerstein and
the late Eric Breindel published "The Venona Secrets."
(SFC, 11/21/96, p.A27)(WSJ, 6/24/99, p.A20)(WSJ,
12/4/00, p.A22)
1995 The new US Republican
Congress halted door-to-door delivery of buckets of ice to 891 House
offices.
(SFC, 7/4/98, p.C3)
1995 A US Appeals court validated
a broader FCC indecency ban, but limited it to between 6 a.m. and 10
p.m.
(WSJ, 3/24/04, p.A4)
1995 A US Female Genital
Mutilation Act was made federal law.
(SFC, 1/10/04, p.A3)
1995 The US Private Securities
Litigation Reform Act of 1995 was meant to curb frivolous class-action
suits in securities law. It forced class-action lawyers to raise their
game and settlements from 1997 to 2004 rose from $145 million to $5.5
billion.
(Econ, 8/13/05, p.61)
1995 The US Solomon Amendment to
the National Defense Authorization Act of this year included financial
aid to schools to be dependent on compliance with a law requiring
military recruitment on campus.
(SFC, 8/15/97, p.A25)
1995 US lawmakers passed a royalty
relief bill to spur production in the Gulf of Mexico as oil costs
averaged $18.43 per barrel.
(SFC, 2/15/06, p.C3)
1995 A California state law
allowed police to seize cars for up to 30 days if the driver has a
suspended license or no license at all. In 2007 a state appeals court
ruled the law to be constitutional.
(SFC, 1/12/07, p.B2)
1995 The $60 million Supermax
prison, formally called Administrative Maximum, was built in Florence,
Colorado.
(SSFC, 5/14/06, p.A3)
1995 The Fitzsimmons Army Medical
Center in Denver, Colo., was closed under recommendation by the
Pentagon’s Base Realignment and Closure Committee (BRAC).
(Econ, 5/21/05, p.34)
1995 The Fort McClellan Army base
in Louisiana was closed.
(SFC, 9/15/02, p.A5)
1995 Laurent Pope, former US
ambassador to Chad, admitted that half of the $300 million in
assistance provided by the US (Agency for Int’l. Development) since
1982 was wasted.
(WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)
1995 FBI agent Halbert Gary
Harlow, who was assigned to do background checks at the White House
from 1994-1995, was convicted of falsifying at least 50 interviews that
he claimed to have conducted.
(WP, 6/29/96, p.A14)
1995 The FBI captured Russian mob
boss Vyacheslav Ivankov in NYC.
(SFEC, 8/3/97, BR p.1)
1995 Mike Tyson, boxer, was
released from the Indiana Youth Center after serving 3 years of a 10
year sentence.
(SFC, 2/6/99, p.A13)
1995 Cardiologist Bernardo
Nadal-Ginard was convicted in Massachusetts of embezzling from the
Boston Children’s Heart Foundation charity.
(WSJ, 5/2/97, p.C14)
1995 Robert Silveria, was arrested
in Auburn, Ca., by a railroad police officer. He was suspected of being
the "Boxcar Killer" responsible for murders in California and 6 other
states. In 1998 he pleaded guilty to the 1995 first-degree murder of
Charles Randall Boyd at a Kansas state park and was sentenced in Kansas
to life in prison.
(SFC, 5/21/98, p.A6)
1995 Mississippi passed a
"truth-in-sentencing" law that required all felons to serve 85% of
their sentences.
(WSJ, 9/6/01, p.A8)
1995 Texas passed the "veggie
libel" law that protected perishable food products from false and
defamatory statements.
(SFC, 1/21/98, p.A3)
1995 The casino proposal by the
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin was
rejected by the Interior Dept.
(SFC,11/17/97, p.A11)
1995 Jonathan Blattmachr and
Michael D. Brown devised a technique that used high price life
insurance policies to avoid high income, gift and estate taxes.
(SSFC, 7/28/02, p.A3)
1995 Richard A. Grasso became
chairman of the NYSE. He ran the exchange to 2003.
(WSJ, 4/14/07, p.A6)
1995 Anheuser-Busch Cos. bought
the largest brewer in central China and began selling Budweiser in
major Chinese cities.
(WSJ, 6/13/96, p.A1)
1995 Gil Amelio took over Apple
Computer. He lasted until 1997 when Steve Jobs came back to the
company. In 1998 Amelio published "On the Firing Line: My 500 Days at
Apple," written with William L. Simon.
(WSJ, 7/2/98, p.A20)
1995 The Burlington Northern and
the Santa Fe Railroad companies merged.
(WSJ, 6/18/96, p.A17)
1995 Daiwa Bank was expelled from
the US after it was learned that it tried to cover-up illicit trades by
bond trader Toshihide Iguchi who lost some $1.1 billion between
1984-1995. Mr. Iguchi was later sentenced to 4 years in prison and
fined nearly $2.6 million.
(WSJ, 1/8/97, p.A14)
1995 William Kristol, son of
Irving Kristol, started the Weekly Standard, a conservative Washington
DC political magazine, with funds put up by Rupert Murdoch. Irving had
helped shape neo-conservatism through such magazines as the Public
Interest and the National Interest.
(Econ, 9/17/05,
p.32)(www.weeklystandard.com/aboutus/bio_kristol.asp)
1995 The easyJet Airline was
founded in England by Stelios Haji-Ioannou, son of a Greek shipping
magnate. In 1999 Ioannou founded EasyEverything, a cyber café
venture in London.
(WSJ, 9/24/99, p.B1)
1995 Esstar Corp., sold Milwaukee
Electric Tool to Sweden’s Atlas Copco and changed its name to Essex
Industries. In Dec., Essex agreed to be acquired by Assa Abloy, a
Swedish lock maker. It had begun in 1891 as American Sugar Refining Co.
(WSJ, 5/28/96, p. R-45)
1995 Harrah's opened a New Orleans
riverfront casino with developer Christopher B. Hemmeter (d.2003). It
closed in bankruptcy after 6-months.
(SSFC, 11/30/03, p.A29)
1995 Hearst Corp. acquired the
operating assets of the Houston Post newspaper and consolidated them
into the Houston Chronicle. Hearst also began HomeArts.com, a lifestyle
network for women on the WWW.
(SFC, 8/7/99, p.A9)
1995 The first Internet gambling
casino opened, but games could only be played for fun. The first real
money Internet casino opened in 1996.
(SFC, 7/2/07, p.C1)
1995 The 130 year-old firm of
Kidder, Peabody & Co. sold its assets to the Paine Weber Group
after Joseph Jett, its chief government bond trader, was accused of
generating and hiding losses of $100 million instead of profits of $350
million. In 1999 Jett and Sabra Chartrand authored "Black and White on
Wall Street: The Untold Story of the Man Wrongly Accused of Bringing
Down Kidder Peabody."
(Hem., 7/95, p.48)(SFEC, 5/9/99, BR p.9)
1995 PepsiCo Inc. bought out its
Thailand partner, took over a production plant and hired 1500 farmers
to grow potatoes according to company spec.
(WSJ, 6/13/96, p.A1)
1995 Upjohn Co. of Kalamazoo
merged with Pharmacia AB of Sweden to form Pharmacia & Upjohn. Fred
Hassan was called in to lead the new company.
(WSJ, 2/2/99, p.B1)
1995 BMW started building cars in
the US.
(WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)
1995 Chrysler shareholder Kirk
Kerkorian made an unsuccessful bid to buy Chrysler for $21 billion.
(WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)
1995 Toyota announced plans for a
truck plant in the US.
(WSJ, 6/19/96, Adv. Supl)
1995 Theodor ‘Ted’ Nelson came up
with the concept of hypertext, the system that allows users to click
between related documents and pictures on the World Wide Web.
(WSJ, 4/24/96, A1)
1995 IBM Corp. acquired Lotus
Notes for $3.52 billion. The notes software was invented by Raymond
Ozzie who in 1997 left IBM to form Rhythmix Corp.
(WSJ, 10/1/97, p.B5)
1995 Intel Corp. introduced the
Pentium Pro microprocessor. It had 5.1 million transistors. Later the
Pentium II was introduced with 7.5 million transistors and a speed of
300-megahertz.
(TAR, 1996, p.28)(WSJ, 10/10/97, p.B1)
1995 The Knowledge Universe
company, a conglomerate of educational companies, was founded in Menlo
Park with some $750 million from investment banker Michael Milken, his
brother Lowell and Larry Ellison of Oracle Corp.
(SSFC, 8/5/01, p.E1)
1995 Pierre Omidyar founded eBay
as a site for auctioning items. Originally called Auction Web it also
helped his fiancée trade her Pez dispensers. In 2002 Adam Cohen
authored "The Perfect Store," a chronicle of the rise of eBay.
(WSJ, 6/25/02, p.D9)(Econ, 6/11/05, p.66)
1995 Michael Wood of Orinda
founded Leapfrog Enterprises. In 1997 it came under the wing of
Knowledge Universe.
(SSFC, 8/5/01, p.E1)
1995 Lockheed Corp. merged with
Martin Marietta Corp.
(SFC, 9/15/06, p.D3)
1995 Novartis Corp. purchased a
major take in Chiron Corp. In 2005 The Swiss firm paid $5.1 billion for
a complete merger with Chiron.
(SFC, 11/1/05, p.D1)
1995 Fast Ethernet technology was
developed to send data at 100 million bits per second.
(SFC, 2/18/96, p.B1)
1995 The US military Global
Positioning System (GPS) became fully operational with 27 orbiting
satellites and dual civilian use. It was conceived in the 1960s.
(WSJ, 3/24/03, p.B1)
1995 NASA launched the Rossi X-Ray
satellite to study energetic X-ray light coming from the center of
collapsed stars.
(SFC,11/6/97, p.A2)
1995 The 47 Ursae Majoris system
with possible planets was discovered by Marcy and Butler.
(SSFC, 9/30/01, Par p.5)
1995 Genentech began Phase III
clinical trials for Herceptin to fight breast cancer. Doctors Dennis
Slamon and Alex Unrich worked with the HER-2/neu gene and protein that
triggered breast cancer and developed an antibody against it. The drug
was approved by the FDA in 1998.
(SFEC, 1/17/99, BR p.5)
1995 Dr. Paul Dowd (1936-1996)
suggested that Vitamin E, a potent antioxidant, can help keep
cholesterol from clogging arteries.
(SFEC, 12/1/96, p.C14)
1995 Jeffrey Friedman of
Rockefeller Univ. and others announced the discovery of leptin, a
protein produced by fat cells, that signal the brain to reduce dietary
intake.
(SFC, 6/30/00, p.A3)
1995 The American Pain Society
urged that pain be treated as a 5th vital sign. In 1999 American VA
hospitals began a system wide notation for pain.
(SFC, 2/1/99, p.A2)
1995 Prof. Pamela Ronald and
colleagues isolated the blight-resistance gene from a variety of wild
rice cultivated in Mali. The blight was caused by the Xanthomonas
orizae bacterium. She pushed for a got a percentage of the royalty
rights to be used for fellowships for scientists from Mali.
(SFC, 5/26/97, p.A16)
1995 Protease inhibitors, a
cocktail drug therapy for AIDS, were first introduced. AIDS became the
leading cause of death among Americans aged 25-44.
(SSFC, 6/3/01, p.A21)
1995 The FDA approved Riluzole,
the 1st drug for use in treating amyotrophic lateral schlerosis (ALS),
also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease.
(SSFC, 9/2/01, Par p.5)
1995 Metacrawler search engine
technology was developed.
(SFC, 2/2/08, p.C1)
1995 Sara Horowitz formed Working
Today, a non-profit organization to address the needs of freelance
workers. In 2001 the group, renamed the Freelancers Union in 2003,
launched the Portable Benefits Network to provide member benefits that
included education, advocacy and health care.
(Econ, 11/11/06, p.76)
1995 In New Jersey the Newark
school system was taken over by the state.
(Econ, 8/18/07, p.27)
1995 In this year 30 chiefs from
big [US] companies were paid 212 times more than the average American
employee. In 1965 the multiple was 44.
(WSJ, 5/13/96, p.B-1)
1995 The US population was 263
million.
(SFC, 3/27/97, p.A4)
1995 The US Justice Dept. said the
inmate population rose to 1.6 million. At the end of 1995 one of every
167 Americans was in prison or jail.
(WSJ, 8/19/96, p.A1)
1995 Alaska’s halibut fisherman
decided to privatize their fishery by dividing up their annual quota
into “catch shares,” that were owned in perpetuity by each fisherman.
(Econ, 9/20/08, p.24)
1995 Marvell Techonolgy Group was
founded In Santa Clara, Ca., by Weili Dai and brother Sehat and Pantas
Sutardja, Indonesian-Chinese immigrants who had studied together at UC
Berkeley. In 2009 the Sutardja Dai Hall, a 7-story science building,
opened in their honor.
(SFC, 2/28/09, p.B3)
1995 In Ohio Larry Wayne Harris
was arrested in Lancaster for possession of bubonic plague bacteria. He
ordered the bacteria with fake letterhead from the American Type
Culture Collection (ATCC) in Rockville, Md. A search of his home found
certificates identifying him as a member of the Aryan Nations Church.
Richard Girnt Butler, founder and leader of the Aryan Nations, said
that Harris had been a member since the early 1990s. The case led
Congress to adopt a law in 1996 requiring that disease causing
organisms be registered with the CDC when being shipped and received.
(SFC, 2/20/98, p.A8,9)(SFC, 2/21/98, p.A5)
1995 Texas executed 19 inmates.
(SFC,12/26/97, p.A17)
1995 Gilbert Bland was arrested
for stealing ancient maps from libraries around the US and Canada. In
2000 Miles Harvey authored "The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of
Cartographic Crime."
(SFEC, 11/12/00, BR p.8)
1995 Activists forced a reversal
of Royal Dutch Shell plans to sink the Brent Spar oil platform.
(WSJ, 11/2/04, p.A14)
1995 The EPA found that MTBE, a
gasoline additive, caused cancer in laboratory animals. It was being
used to lower carbon monoxide emissions. The EPA also began to require
that areas with the highest ground-level ozone switch to a reformulated
gasoline year round and MTBE was the additive of choice.
(SFEC, 8/10/97, p.A14)
1995 Foliage loss in trees in
Europe was reported to be 18%, up 2.6 % from 1994 levels. The worst was
in Germany, Poland, the Czech Rep. and Slovakia.
(SFC, 9/6.96, p.A14)
1995 For this year US official aid
donations were $7.3 bil. Japan’s was $14.5 bil. France’s was $8.4 bil.
Germany’s was $7.5 bil.
(SFC, 6/18/96, p.A10)
1995 The Pritzker family, led by
Jay and Robert, agreed to increase family stipends from $100,000 a year
at age 25 to $1 million a year after age 40 along with some lump sum
payments totaling $25 million.
(WSJ, 12/11/02, p.A9)
1995 About 36.4 million Americans
lived in poverty, 13.8% of the population.
(SFEC, 10/27/96, Par p.12)
1995 Death sentences in the US
peaked this year at 326.
(Econ, 4/26/08, p.46)
1995 Fire on Inverness Ridge in
Marin County, Ca., destroyed 20 homes and burned 13,000 acres.
(SFEC,10/19/97, p.T3)
1995 During the summer and fall
ten million fish were killed in the Neuse River of North Carolina by an
unusual once-celled dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida.
(Nat. Hist. 3/96, p.17)
1995 An Asian beetle, fatal to
North American ash trees, arrived in the US about this time. It was 1st
noticed in 2002 and by 2005 had killed some 15 million ash trees in
Michigan. Ohio, Indian, and southern Ontario were also affected.
Infested trees died within 4 years.
(SSFC, 12/25/05, p.A25)
1995 In Montana 342 snow geese
died when they stopped for water at the contaminated Berkeley Pit. The
Atlantic Richfield Company, later owned by BP, bought Anaconda in 1977,
and ended active mining in the Berkeley Pit in 1982. Since then, highly
acidic underground water has continuously seeped into the pit from
higher land, creating a rust-colored lake. In 2005 Montana Gov. Brian
Schweitzer said "The plan is to continue with pumps to keep the water
below that level and then treat the water that they pump out and that's
going to have to go on until the end of time."
(Reuters, 9/23/05)
1995 An Amtrak crash in Arizona
killed one person and injured many.
(SFC, 9/13/96, p.D23)
1995 In Georgia Lynn Turner
murdered her police officer husband, Glenn Turner, to get his life
insurance money. In 2001 she killed her boyfriend, Randy Thompson, by
poisoning him with antifreeze. In 2007 Turner (38), convicted in 2004
for her husband’s death, was convicted again for the Thompson’s murder.
(SSFC, 3/25/07, p.A3)
1995 Edward L. Bernays, pioneering
public relations man, died at age 103. In 1998 Larry Tye published "The
Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays & The Birth of Public Relations."
(SFEC, 10/25/98, BR p.7)
1995 Bill Bailey (b.1910), a union
activist and vice-president of SF dock Local 10, died. [see Jul 26,
1935]
(SFC,11/15/97, p.A19)
1995 James Clavell, author, died.
His work included "Shogun" and "Gai-Jin."
(SFEC, 4/25/99, Par p.2)
1995 Robertson Davies, Canadian
author, died at age 82. He wrote "Fifth Business," "Deptford Trilogy,"
"What’s Bred in the Bone," and "The Cunning Man." His biography was
written by Judith Skelton Grant and titled: "Robertson Davies: Man of
Myth."
(WSJ,3/13/95, p.A12)
1995 Arkansas Sen. William J.
Fulbright died. In 1946 President Truman signed the Fulbright Program
into law, establishing the scholarships named for the Senator.
(AP, 8/1/97)(MT, Spg. ‘99, p.2)
1995 Eva Gabor, actress, died of a
respiratory illness. Her older sister, Magda, died in 1997.
(SFC, 7/3/96, z-1 p.6)(SFC, 6/7/97, p.A19)
1995 Walter A. Haas, former owner
of the Oakland A’s baseball team, died. He was a descendant of Levi
Strauss and conceived of the SF Season of Sharing Fund. He presented
the idea to Dick Thierot, publisher of the SF Chronicle in 1985 and the
fund began in 1986.
(SFC,12/11/97, p.A23)
1995 Poet James Merrill died from
AIDS. In 2001 Alison Lurie authored "Familiar Spirits: A Memoir of
James Merrill and David Jackson."
(SSFC, 3/11/01, BR p.3)
1995 Barney Oliver, SETI pioneer
and principle author of Project Cyclops, died. he left an estimated
$10-20 million for Project Phoenix, a radio telescope search for
extraterrestrial life.
(Wired, 8/96, p.191)
1995 Prof. Donald Othmer died at
age 91. He had co-edited the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. He and his wife invested $25,000 with Warren Buffet in the
early 1970s and their estate was worth $800 million at his death. A
quarter of the money was bequeathed to Polytechnic Univ. In Brooklyn.
(SFC, 7/14/98, p.B2)
1995 Agnes Plumb (1908-1996) died.
She left behind a $107 million fortune, nearly all of which she donated
to 4 medical institutions. Much of Plumb's fortune amassed from an
investment made by her father to Kellogg Co. over 70 years ago, early
in the cereal manufacturer's history. The stock split and doubled
several times over the years, until the 1.3 million shares had a cash
value estimated at about $96 million.
(SFC, 10/25/96,
p.A2)(www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/db/issues/96/10.25/news.philanthropist.html)
1995 Bob Ross (52), American
landscape artist, died. His TV show "The Joy of Painting" was taped for
11 years until 1993. Reruns continued through 2004.
(WSJ, 4/2/04, p.A1)
1995 Henry Roth (1907-1996),
author, died. His work included a 1934 first novel, "Call It Sleep,"
and then a 6-volume autobiographical novel completed just before his
death: "A Star Shines Over Mr. Morris Park" (1994), "A Diving Rock on
the Hudson" (1995), "From Bondage." In 2005 Steven G. Kellman authored
“Redemption: The Life of Henry Roth.”
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A12)(SSFC, 8/14/05, p.F3)
1995 George Seldes, journalist,
died at 104. He authored 21 books that criticized the press for
complicity with business and politicians. Rick Goldsmith made a
documentary on Seldes in 1996 called "Tell the Truth and Run: George
Seldes and the American Press.
(SFC, 4/16/98, p.E1,4)
1995 Edward Shils, sociologist,
died at 85. In 1997 his books: "Portraits: A Gallery of Intellectuals"
and "The Order of Learning: Essays (1930-1995) on the Contemporary
University" were published.
(WSJ, 7/21/97, p.A20)
1995 Terry Southern, author, died
at age 71. His novels included "Candy," "Flash and Filigree," and "The
Magic Christian." His screenplays included "Easy Rider" and "Dr.
Strangelove." In 2001 Lee Hill authored "A Grand Guy: The Art and Life
of Terry Southern."
(SSFC, 3/11/01, BR p.1)
1995 Dmitri Volkogonov, historian,
died. He wrote biographies of Stalin, Lenin and Trotsky based on
archival material of the Soviet Union. From 1991 until his death he was
the head of the Russian Archive Declassifying Commission.
(WSJ, 3/29/96, p.A14)(SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.4)
1995 Harvey Wexler, a senior VP
and lobbyist for Continental Airlines, died. When his estate was
settled in 1996 there was an $11 million gift to Bryn Mawr College in
honor of his old friend Joan Coward, a 1945 graduate from Bryn Mawr.
(SFC, 7/21/96, p.A9)
1995 Rebel jets bombed Kabul,
Afghanistan. Blame was placed on the Islamic Taliban Militia, which was
fighting to oust President Rabbani.
(WSJ, 11/27/95, p.A1)
1995 The Taliban regained Herat
and Tajik commander Ismail Khan fled for exile in Iran. Khan returned
in 1997 and was captured by the Taliban and imprisoned for nearly 3
years.
(SFC, 11/13/01, p.A2)
1995 In Afghanistan more than
1,000 people died in fighting during this year. Massive gains were made
by the Taliban. Increased Pakistani and Iranian interference followed.
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)(www.afghan, 5/25/98)
1995 In Algeria a bloody struggle
continued between the army and Islamic fundamentalist forces, which
included the FIS (Islamic Salvation Front) and the GIA (Armed Islamic
Group).
(WSJ, 10/23/95, p.A-1)(WSJ, 10/26/95, p.A-22)(SFC,
7/2/99, p.A12)
1995 Algerian Gen. Mohamed
Boutaghene, commander of the Coast Guard, was killed by gunmen in south
Algiers. He was the highest ranking officer killed in four years of
struggle.
(WSJ, 11/29/95, p.A-1)
1995 In Algeria more than 3,000
people died this year in fighting between the government and Islamic
fundamentalists.
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)
1995 In Angola 500 to a 1,000
people died this year in the civil war.
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)
1995 In Argentina Carlos Menem was
re-elected to a 4-year term.
(SFC, 12/24/96, p.A8)
1995 Australia's Northern
Territory introduced the world's first voluntary euthanasia
legislation, but it was overturned in 1997 by the federal government.
(AP, 9/21/09)
1995 The Bahrain parliament was
dissolved by the ruling al-Khalifa family.
(WSJ, 1/3/96, p.A-12)
1995 Bahrain stored 18 US jets.
(WSJ, 10/24/95, p.A-1)
1995 Bahrain became the
headquarters for the U.S. Navy's 5th Fleet.
(www.fas.org/asmp/profiles/bahrain.htm)
1995 Bhutan’s national assembly
declared that 60 percent of the country must be forested, including 26
percent that is set aside as protected.
(AP, 12/18/05)
1995 In Bolivia Evo Morales
founded the Movement Toward Socialism. He was later elected to
congress, and in 2002 narrowly lost the presidential race to Gonzalo
Sanchez de Lozada.
(AP, 12/13/05)
1995 The US Predator surveillance
drone was 1st used over Bosnia. In 2001 it was equipped with the
hell-fire missile and used over Afghanistan. This unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV) flew as slowly as a Cessna.
(SFC, 11/23/01, p.A12)(Econ, 12/8/07, TQ p.22)
1995 In Brazil Jorge Luiz
Fernandez, aka George the Smotherer, killed two innocent people while
trying to eliminate a witness to a previous murder.
(SFC, 9/21/98, p.A12)
1995 Ricardo Correa moved his shoe
operations from Brazil to China. A reduction in trade barriers in the
early 1990s along with an appreciating currency and pressure from cheap
Chinese labor had combined to stagnate Brazil’s shoe exports. By
2008 some 3,000 Brazilians worked in China’s footwear industry.
(Econ, 9/13/08, p.75)
1995 Britain’s conservative
government unveiled plans to reduce the basic income tax rate from 25%
to 24%.
(WSJ, 12/29/95, p.A-11)
1995 British Energy was formed to
run Britain’s second generation of nuclear plants.
(Econ, 3/22/08, p.64)
1995 The Alternative Investment
Market (AIM) was founded in London. Run by the London Stock Exchange
(LSE) in 2006 it charged $7,319 for its admission and annual fee as
opposed to $100,000 for admission to Nasdaq.
(SFC, 4/28/06, p.D1)(Econ, 10/21/06, p.86)
1995 Britain’s largest
manufacturing concern, General Electric Company PLC, was run by Lord
Weinstock. He retired in autumn 1996 after 33 years in charge.
(WSJ, 11/10/95, p. A-7)
1995 Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou
(b.1967), a Greek-Cypriot-born British entrepreneur, founded
easyJet, a budget airline.
(Econ, 11/22/08,
p.75)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EasyJet)
1995 Johan Eliasch (33),
Swedish-born English business executive, acquired the financially
ailing Head NV from the Austrian government for $1 million plus the
assumption of more than $300 million in debt.
(WSJ, 4/7/07, p.A5)
1995 British income per head
overtook the French.
(Econ, 5/28/05, p.28)
1995 In Cambodia the Khmer Rouge
was ousted after a 3 year reign of terror in which hundreds of
thousands died.
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)
1995 The Canadian government
recorded a federal deficit of CA$37.5 billion.
(Fin. Post, 11/2/95, p.2)
1995 Canada enacted a tough
federal Firearms Act. It was upheld in 2000 and required all gun owners
to registers all firearms with police by 2003. In 2009 plans were afoot
to repeal the long-gun (rifles and shotguns) registry, dismantling some
8 million firearms records.
(WSJ, 6/16/00, p.A1)(SSFC, 11/8/09, p.A10)
1995 Ontario's government unveiled
the biggest budget cuts ever made by a Canadian province, $4.4 bil.
over three years. The cuts will eliminate 3,500 public sector jobs and
cut $1 bil. from hospital funding.
(WSJ, 11/30/95, p.A-1)
1995 British Columbia enacted a
Forest Practices Code to ensure higher environmental standards and
enforcement. A 1997 report indicated that that standards were not being
followed or enforced.
(SFC, 6/23/97, p.A8)
1995 Native protestors at
Gustafsen Lake took up arms against the RCMP. They claimed that the
land was sacred and never ceded to the crown. In 1997 13 people were
sentenced to prison terms up to 4 1/2 years for the protests.
(G&M, 7/31/97, p.A1)
1995 Mo Yan won the Chinese Dajia
Prize for his novel ”Big Breasts and Wide Hips.” In 2004 Howard
Goldblatt translated it to English.
(SSFC, 1/9/05, p.E3)
1995 In China the Puccini opera
"Turandot" was staged in Beijing. It marked the first time that a
non-Chinese opera was sung in the country in its original language.
(WSJ, 9/16/98, p.A20)
(WSJ, 9/16/98, p.A20)
1995 The film "Red Cherry" was
directed by Ye Ying and became China’s biggest hit of the year.
(SFC, 6/6/97, p.D3)
1995 China seized Mischief Reef,
part of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea, that were claimed
by the Philippines.
(WSJ, 3/5/97, p.A16)(Econ, 3/31/07, SR p.7)
1995 Beijing introduced “managed”
competition by breaking up China Telecom.
(Econ, 8/28/04, p.59)
1995 Cheung Yan founded Nine
Dragons Paper and spent 3 years setting up the first of its
paper-making machines in Dongguan, China. By 2007 the company, valued
at $6.5 billion, was the 3rd largest paper company in the world.
(Econ, 6/9/07, p.76)
1995 Sinochem shipped 284 barrels
of glycerin from China to Dastech Int’l. of Great Neck, NY. The
glycerin was labeled 98% pure, but Dastech found that the syrup
contained sugar compounds and diethylene glycol.
(SSFC, 6/17/07, p.A12)
1995 A World Bank study concluded
that water pollution cost China some $54 billion this year.
(SFC, 6/6/03, p.A12)
1995 Chile spent nearly $2 billion
on defense this year, about 4% GNP.
(SFC, 11/23/96, p.A8)
1995 In Colombia Gilberto
Rodriguez Orejuela, a leader of the Cali drug cartel, was arrested.
(SFC, 10/21/96, p.A17)
1995 In Colombia a study by
Alejandro Reyes in Bogota estimated that drug cartels had acquired
about 8% of the nation’s best farmland.
(SFC, 4/7/97, p.A8)
1995 Contraband accounted for as
much as a sixth of Colombia’s imports or about $2.34 billion in this
year.
(WSJ, 12/17/96, p.A18)
1995 Commonwealth members admitted
Mozambique and Cameroon.
(Econ, 11/24/07, p.64)
1995 Colombia granted
Afro-Colombian communities on the Pacific coast collective titles to
land occupied by their ancestors when slavery was abolished in 1851.
(Econ, 8/1/09, p.34)
1995 Gilberto Rodriguez Orejuela,
a leader of Colombia’s Cali drug cartel, was arrested.
(SFC, 10/21/96, p.A17)
1995 Contraband accounted for as
much as a sixth of Colombia’s imports or about $2.34 billion in this
year.
(WSJ, 12/17/96, p.A18)
1995 A study by Alejandro Reyes in
Bogota, Colombia, estimated that drug cartels had acquired about 8% of
the nation’s best farmland.
(SFC, 4/7/97, p.A8)
1995 Cuban cigar production
dropped to 50 million.
(SFC, 7/13/96, p.A9)
1995 In El Salvador some 40
citizens banded together to form the Patriotic Movement. Their first
project was the 1996 exchange program Goods for Guns.
(SFEC, 10/6/96, A9)
1995 In El Salvador a pilot CARE
program surveyed ranches under joint title to former guerrillas in
order to establish specific ownership to improve development. It grew
to a $26 million program by 1998.
(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.A27)
1995 In El Salvador there were
7,877 people murdered in this year according to the attorney general’s
office.
(SFC, 10/3/97, p.B5)
1995 Royalists in Estonia invited
Prince Edward of the British Royal family to wear the Estonian crown.
He declined the offer.
(Hem, 4/96, p.23)
1995 The EU banned Sudan 1, a red
dye and genotoxic carcinogen, from use in food.
(Econ, 2/26/05, p.56)
1995 The French film ”La Haine”
(Hate) was made by Mathieu Kassovitz.
(Econ, 5/31/08, p.89)
1995 The French film “Son of
Gascogne” starred Gregoire Colin and was directed by Pascal Aubier. It
was about a young man mistaken for the son of a fabled New Wave
filmmaker.
(SFC, 5/22/98, p.C3)
1995 France imposed lengthy
cross-checks for Algerians traveling to Europe due to the war with
Islamist rebels. The weeks long wait was finally reduced in 2006.
(Econ, 11/18/06, p.48)
1995 State prosecutors in Bordeaux
reduced charges against Maurice Papon to complicity in crimes against
humanity.
(AP, 9/18/02)
1995 Sinochem shipped 284 barrels
of glycerin from China to Dastech Int’l. of Great Neck, NY. The
glycerin was labeled 98% pure, but Dastech found that the syrup
contained sugar compounds and diethylene glycol.
(SSFC, 6/17/07, p.A12)
1995 French retailer Carrefour
began operating in China.
(Econ, 10/10/09, p.68)
1995 The population of France was
about 57 million people. The 1995 budget-deficit target under PM Alain
Juppe was $322 bil.
(WSJ, 11/17/95, p.A-10)
1995 Gambia’s president, Captain
Yahya Jammeh, defended the Nigerian government in the hanging of Ken
Saro-Wiwa.
(WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-16)
1995 Germany introduced a 35-hour
work week.
(WSJ, 4/29/04, p.A14)
1995 In Germany Christo and his
wife, Jeanne-Claude, wrapped the Reichstag with over 1 million square
feet of silvery polypropylene fabric, secured with over 51,000 feet of
polypropylene rope. The project cost some $13 million.
(SFC, 11/17/98, p.E5)(SSFC, 2/13/05, p.A10)
1995 Germany devised a compromise
abortion law that permitted abortions within the first 12 weeks with
the issuance of a counseling certificate.
(SFC, 1/28/98, p.A6)
1995 Niels Helveg Petersen, The
Danish Foreign Minister told reporters that no nuclear weapons were
deployed in Greenland. 2 weeks later US Sec. of Defense William Perry
wrote in a confidential letter that warheads and surface to air
missiles had been stored at the Thule air base without Greenland’s
knowledge. The crisis became known as "Thulegate" in Denmark.
(SFC, 11/3/01, p.C3)
1995 Gavin Barker, a social worker
from London, founded Quetzaltrekkers, a Guatemala trekking program
aimed at funding street children in Xela.
(SSFC, 11/9/03, p.D3)
1995 In India the government in
New Delhi granted Ladakh Autonomous Hill Council status, recognizing
its unique culture and giving it some measure of self rule.
(SFEC,12/14/97, p.T4)
1995 Riots erupted in Bangalore,
India, when the 1st Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) opened in the city.
(WSJ, 11/7/05, p.A12)
1995 Ronnie Screwvala, founder of
India’s UTV software, started his UTV film studio.
(Econ, 2/9/08, p.72)
1995 Ratan Tata decided to enter
India’s passenger car market. The 1st Tata Motors car was produced in
1998.
(Econ, 4/2/05, p.53)
1995 Tulsi Tanti formed Suzlon
Energy in India. Suzlon Energy incorporated as a maker of wind
turbines. In 2005 he sold a minority of shares of shares in the wind
turbine company and joined the ranks of world billionaires. By 2007 it
was the largest such company in India and 5th largest in the world with
a major presence in China.
(Econ, 6/2/07, SR
p.19)(www.suzlon.com/about-us.htm)(WSJ, 4/18/08, p.A1)
1995 Shetty Sreenath built Asia’s
1st eco-friendly e-waste disposal facility in Bangalore, India. In 2007
Sreenath said “We’re sitting on an e-waste time bomb.”
(SFC, 3/30/07, p.A1)
1995 India’s population was
around 900 million.
(WSJ, 11/20/95, p.A-1)
1995 Indonesia ostensibly outlawed
land clearing fires after smog hit Singapore.
(WSJ, 9/30/97, p.A17)
1995 Lakshmi Mittal (b.1950),
India-born entrepreneur, transferred his steel firm's headquarters from
Indonesia to London, a city Mr Mittal rated as the world's financial
centre.
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1820324.stm)
1995 The Iranian film "Pari" was
produced. It was directed by Dariush Mehrjui and adopted from J.D.
Salinger’s “Franny and Zooey.” UD showing was barred in 1998 due to
copyright.
(SFC, 11/23/98, p.E2)
1995 The film “The Snowman” was
directed by Davoud Mirbaqeri. It was about an Iranian man who dresses
as a woman in order to obtain an American visa.
(SFEC, 4/23/00, DB p.52)
1995 Mohsen Makhmalbaf, Iranian
director, made his film “Salaam Cinema.” He used a documentary
technique to make his film on auditioning actors.
(SFC, 5/14/97, p.E6)
1995 The film "The White Balloon"
was directed by Jafar Panahi of Iran.
(SFC, 1/30/98, p.E17)
1995 Iran awarded a $1 billion
contract to the American oil firm Conoco, but US Pres. Clinton scuttled
the deal and subsequently banned US companies from most forms of
trading with Iran. He accused Tehran of continued support for
international terrorism. Iran then awarded the oil contract to the
French firm Total.
(SFC, 4/14/96, p.A14)
1995 Alireza Azmandian, US
educated engineer, returned to Iran to teach at Tehran Univ. and opened
a private office to promote positive thinking and self-help. By 2008 he
had published 2 self-help books and his business, The Center for
Technology of Thought, occupied an entire floor of a commercial
building.
(WSJ, 6/30/08, p.A1)
1995 In Iraq Rolf Ekeus, head of
UNSCOM, found evidence of research relating to a biological weapons
program.
(SFEC, 3/7/99, p.A18)
1995 In Iraq former US Marine
captain Scott Ritter led a UN inspection that discovered that missile
guidance parts were being smuggled into Iraq through Jordan.
(SFC, 1/14/98, p.C3)
1995 The Italian port at Gioia
Tauro began handling container ships. The local mafia, ‘Ndrangheta,
tried to extort $1.50 for every container, but the demand was overcome.
(Econ, 2/24/07, p.78)
1995 Imaemon Imaizuki a "living
national treasure of Japan," admired the work of Narae Mochizuki
Goldsmith (d.1997), a Bay Area artist, who had developed a new art form
of calligraphic brush writing on ceramics for refined renditions of
medieval Japanese poetry on abstract sculptural forms.
(SFC, 5/17/97, p.A20)
1995 The Etsuko and Joe Price
Collection: "Masterworks of Japanese Painting" is a CD that shows the
Japanese Edo paintings housed at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art,
the greatest collection in the Western world.
(Civil., Jul-Aug., '95, p.85)
1995 A Japanese weekly comic book
featured the story "Initial D," which focused on a drifter named
Takumi, who honed his (car) sliding skills on early morning runs
delivering tofu to a resort hotel in the mountains.
(WSJ, 9/18/03, p.A10)
1995 The Japanese anime film
"Whisper of the Heart" was made by Yoshifumi Kondo (d.1998 at 47).
(SFEC, 10/31/99, DB p.9)
1995 In Japan a fad called
purikura began. Young people began taking color photos in booths with
customized backgrounds and digital decorations.
(SFC, 1/23/09, p.B9)
1995 American and Japan intervened
to halt the dollar’s slide against the yen.
(Econ, 3/29/08, p.100)
1995 In Japan executives of the
Takashimaya department store chain paid $730,000 to ensure a quiet
stockholders meeting. The money was paid to Isao Nishiura, the head of
a group of Japanese mobsters (yakuza) who practice "sokaiya’" a form of
extortion. Three executives and Isao were arrested in 1996. Payments
had been made for as long as ten years.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1995 In Kenya the three Somali
clans in the Wajir district -- the Ajuran, Ogaden and Degodia settled
their differences in a peace agreement that led to the formation of the
Wajir Peace and Development Committee.
(SFC,12/23/97, p.D2)
1995 In Latvia the only Jewish
synagogue in Riga was bombed and caused $300,000 in damages.
(SFC, 4/798, p.A14)
1995 Libya declared jihad against
NATO, but no concrete action was taken.
(WSJ, 10/10/01, p.A10)
1995 The Libyan Islamic Fighting
Group, an Islamist militant group, first announced its existence vowing
to overthrow Gaddafi and launching a violent campaign.
(AP, 9/6/09)
c1995 In Mali a Swiss development
worker invented a low-cost machine for milling and grinding. By 2002
the $4,000 machine was in some 300 villages and benefited numerous
women who had previously hours pounding and grinding grains for daily
meals.
(WSJ, 7/26/02, p.A1)
1995 In Mauritius Anerood Jugnauth
and his Socialist Movement lost elections to Labor Party leader Navin
Ramgoolam, who formed a coalition government with Berenger’s Mauritian
Militant Movement (MMM).
(SFC, 6/24/96, p.A8)
1995 In Mexico a new
pension-revision program was aimed at increasing domestic savings to
22% of gross domestic product by the year 2000.
(WSJ, 11/10/95, p. A-6)
1995 Mexico’s Pres. Ernesto
Zedillo signed a law creating the Cabo Pulmo National Marine Reserve
off the Baha Peninsula in the Gulf of California.
(SFC, 1/17/06, p.A10)
1995 Santiago Levy, Mexico’s
deputy finance minister, began a program in Campeche to pay poor
mothers to keep their children in school and take their kids to the
health clinic. The program called Progresa was successful and under
Pres. Fox was renamed Oportunidades.
(Econ, 11/18/06, Survey
p.7)(http://tinyurl.com/ubndr)
1995 Mexico created Cintra, a
holding company to rescue Aeromexico and Mexicana airlines.
(Econ, 3/26/05, p.63)
1995 In Nepal a center-right
government came to power.
(WSJ, 8/22/96, p.A1)
1995 In Nicaragua Arnoldo Aleman
resigned the mayorship of Managua to run for the presidency with
running mate Enrique Bolanos for the right-wing Liberal Party.
(SFC, 10/15/96, p.A12)
1995 In Nicaragua ex-Sandinistas
formed a rebel group called the Andres Castro United Front (FUAC) in
the northern region of Siuna. They prevented local crime from marauding
ex-Contra rebels and demanded government compliance with promises of
food, land and jobs.
{Nicaragua}
(SFC, 7/27/98, p.A8)
1995 In Pakistan PM Bhutto
launched another crackdown in Karachi against the MQM.
(WSJ, 12/5/07, p.A22)
1995 In Karachi, Pakistan,
unidentified gunmen bound, blindfolded and shot to death 15 migrant
workers. The government blamed the deaths on the Mohajir Qaumi Movement
(MQM). Mohajirs are Indian Muslims who came to Karachi when Pakistan
was founded. The leader of the MQM was Altaf Hussain, who lived in
exile in London.
(V. Sun, 11/3/95, p.A-16)(WSJ, 12/14/95, p.A-6)
1995 In Pakistan a coup attempt by
Islamic radical was foiled. 23 military officers were arrested and
jailed.
(SFEC, 10/31/99, p.A25)
1995 In Pakistan Dassault Aviation
of France agreed to pay Asif Zardari and a partner $200 million for a
$4 billion jet fighter contract. The deal fell apart When Bhutto’s
government was dismissed.
(SFC, 1/9/98, p.A8)
1995 In eastern Pakistan several
gunmen shot at a crowd of Shiite Muslims in the Punjab provincial town
of Jhang. In 2006 a judge sentenced Aslam Moyavia, a Sunni Muslim
extremist, to death for the killing.
(AP, 6/13/06)
1995 Washington said Pakistan
received M-11 missiles from China, capable of carrying nuclear
warheads. [see Jun 13, 1996]
(SFEC, 5/17/98, p.A15)
1995 In Pakistan Shahnawaz Toor, a
worker for the US Drug Enforcement Agency, was murdered in Karachi. In
1998 Saulat Mirza, a member of the Muttahida Qaumi Movement, was
arrested for the murder.
(SFC, 12/12/98, p.B2)
1995 Russian General Alexander
Lebed wrote his memoir: "Feeling Sorry for the State."
(WSJ, 6/18/96, p.A12)
1995 Russia led the world in arms
sales with about $6 billion worth of weapons. The US however led in
deliveries with $9.537 billion.
(SFC, 8/21/96, p.A10)
1995 Russia agreed to assist China
with manned spaceflight technology and training of Chinese astronauts
in cosmonaut academy near Moscow.
(AP, 10/15/03)
1995 Russia banned liquor ads on
TV.
(Econ, 9/4/04, p.59)
1995 In Russia Banker Ivan
Kivelidi and his secretary Zara Izmailova were killed by a high-tech
lethal poison.
(SFC, 12/30/96, p.A8)
1995 The Russian Republic of Tuva
is noted for its considerable natural resources of gold, mercury,
lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, and coal reserves. There are also 8000 rivers
and streams for potential hydro-electric power.
(WSJ, 12/15/95, p.A-19)
1995 The American club Friends of
Tuva helped to take Paul Pena, a blind blues musician and self-taught
throat-singer, to Tuva for a singing contest. The trip was later
chronicled in the 1999 film, Genghis Blues.
(WSJ, 4/1/06, p.A5)
1995 In Saudi Arabia a record 192
people were beheaded.
(SFC, 8/27/96, p.A10)
c1995 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong
called on Singapore to become a "gracious society." This later led to
the founding of the Singapore Kindness Movement (SKM).
(WSJ, 11/19/98, p.B1)
1995 In Somalia Mohamed Farak
Aidid declared himself to be president.
(SFEC, 8/31/97, Par p.16)
1995 In South Africa the first
lion infected with tuberculosis was discovered by Dewald Keet, chief
veterinarian at Kruger National Park. They picked up the disease from
feeding on infected Cape Buffalo, who picked it up from infected cattle
herds.
(SFC, 10/22/98, p.A12)
1995 By this year Christianity
surpassed Buddhism as South Korea’s most popular religion.
(Econ, 8/4/07, p.37)
1995 In Sri Lanka 5,000 people
were killed this year in fighting with the Tamil Tigers.
(WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)
1995 Spain and Morocco agreed to
build a channel tunnel under the Strait of Gibraltar. The plan was for
3 tunnels at a cost of $4 bil.
(WSJ, 6/18/96, p.A10)
1995 In Sweden gay marriages were
legalized.
(SFC, 6/28/96, p.A14)
1995 In Sweden a young man killed
4 people and wounded 20 with an assault rifle after he was denied
admittance to a discotheque.
(SFEC, 8/24/98, p.A26)
1995 Prompted by Jewish groups
Swiss banks searched their dormant accounts and claimed to have found
only $32 million.
(SFC, 10/24/96, p.C2)
1995 The Vatican established a
simple World Wide Web site.
(Sky, 9/97, p.22)
1995 Venezuela devalued its
Bolivar currency 41% to 290 from 170 to the US dollar.
(WSJ, 12/12/95, p.A-15)
1995 In northwest Venezuela the
Carbones de la Guajira coal mine began operating in territory occupied
by the native Wayuu Indians. The operation poisoned the local Socuy
River, which drained into lake Maracaibo, which later became considered
too contaminated for swimming. The Wayuu Indians accounted for nearly
200,000 of Venezuela’s 300,000 indigenous people.
(SSFC, 12/16/07, p.A17)
1995 The World Trade Organization
was created as a successor to GATT, the General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade. [see Jan 1, 1994] The Agreement on Textiles (ATC) was part
of the WTO.
(Econ, 9/20/03, p11)(Econ, 11/13/04, p.76)
1995 In Yemen Bin Shamlan, a
former executive for a Saudi oil company in London and minister of
infrastructure and minister of oil in the government of South Yemen,
resigned from parliament to protest government corruption.
(AP, 9/24/06)
1995 In Zimbabwe Pres. Mugabe
lashed out against homosexuals and said they had no civil rights in
Zimbabwe.
(SFC, 7/14/98, p.A10)
1995-1996 According to the US College Board the
average tuition at a 4-year private college or univ. was $10, 514.
(WSJ, 6/19/96, p.A19)
1995-1996 Oprah Winfrey had combined earnings of $171
mil., and ranked at the top of the Forbes magazine listing or 40 best
paid entertainers.
(SFC, 9/9/96, p.A2)
1995-1996 Fiat SpA of Italy invested $1 bil over this
period for new engines, updated models, and new projects in Brazil
(WSJ, 5/30/96, p.A11)
1995-1997 IRS employees embezzled $5.3 million in
taxpayer checks over this period.
(SFC, 11/16/98, p.A3)
1995-1997 In Brazil Rodrigo Baggio organized
efforts to provide computer education to the children of Rio’s slums.
He formed the Committee for Computer Science Democratization, which had
opened schools in 32 Rio slums over the last 2 years.
(SFC, 7/7/97, p.A8)
1995-1997 In Colombia fraudulent insurance claims
plagued the country. Criminals bought life insurance policies for
unwitting beggars, prostitutes and peasants and then killed them to
collect the insurance money. Accident insurance was also abused and
indigents were maimed to collect off of policies.
(SFC, 7/22/97, p.A8)
1995-1998 The Yadana pipeline and offshore natural
gas production facilities were built by a consortium of Total, Unocal
and Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise.
(SFC, 4/29/08, p.D1)
1995-1998 In 1999 North Korea reported that some
220,000 people died from famine over this period. South Korean
officials estimated that the population had fallen from 25 million to
23 million. In 1998 a US congressional delegation estimated the number
to be 2 million.
(SFC, 5/11/99, p.A12)(SFEC, 8/15/99, p.A21)
1995-2000 Dick Cheney, former Sec. of Defense, served
as CEO of Haliburton Corp. He brought in some $1 billion in federal
contracts.
(SSFC, 7/28/02, p.A19)
1995-2000 Sergei Tretyakov, served as deputy head of
intelligence at Russia's UN mission. In 2000 he defected to the US and
in 2008 said "Inside the UN, we were fishing for knowledgeable
diplomats who could give us first of all anti-American information."
(AP, 1/27/08)
1995-2001 Basdeo Panday served as the prime minister
of Trinidad & Tobago. In Sep, 2002, he was charged with failing to
include a London bank account in a statutory declaration of his assets.
(Econ, 1/28/06, p.37)
1995-2002 In 2003 French prosecutors alleged that
some $180 million in illegal payments were made over this time to
Nigeria by the TSKG consortium in connection with a $4.9 billion
natural gas project at Bonny Bay. The US Halliburton Corp. had a 25%
stake.
(WSJ, 2/5/04, p.A1)
1995-2004 The amoeba called Naegleria fowleri killed
23 people in the United States during this period. In 2007 health
officials noticed a spike with six cases, three in Florida, two in
Texas and one in Arizona. The CDC knows of only several hundred cases
worldwide since its discovery in Australia in the 1960s. the killer
amoeba living in lakes enters the body through the nose and attacks the
brain where it feeds until you die.
(AP, 9/29/07)
1995-2005 In South Africa Jacob Zuma was alleged in
2005 to have accepted over $596,000 from his friend and financial
advisor Schabir Shaik, during this period, for using his influence to
help secure government contracts for Mr. Shaik’s companies. Charges
against Mr. Zuma were dropped in 2009.
(Econ, 4/18/09, p.23)
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