Timeline American Indian Tribes
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History: http://www.csulb.edu/projects/ais/
Konstantin: http://www.americanindian.net/
Resources: http://jupiter.lang.osaka-u.ac.jp/~krkvls/history.html
Ring: http://members.tripod.com/~PHILKON/index.html
There are 554 federally recognized tribes in
the
US. There are 550 federally recognized tribes and native villages in
the
continental US. 557 tribes in the 33 states have a combined population
of 2.4 million. 226 tribes are in Alaska.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95,
p.94)(SFEC, 7/18/99, Par p.7)
30 Indian languages fall under the Uto-Aztecan umbrella that
includes: Comanche, Shoshoni, Mono, Hopi, Pima, Yaqui, Huichol, Cora
and
all Aztec languages.
(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.C5)
Abenaki: A native tribe that inhabited the state of
Maine.
(SFC, 7/21/96, p.T6)
(Abnaki) An Algonquin-speaking
tribe of North American Indians of Maine, New Brunswick and southern
Quebec.
(AHD, 1971, p.3)
1730 The French arrived in
Swanton, Vermont, and the plague followed. The local Abenaki Indians
faded into the woods.
(SFC, 12/13/02, p.J7)
1976 Vermont Gov. Tom Salmon
granted the Abenaki Indians recognition. The following year a new
governor rescinded recognition.
(SFC, 12/13/02, p.J7)
Acadia: 1756 Apr 14, Gov. Glen of
South Carolina protested against 900 Acadia Indians.
(MC, 4/14/02)
Acagchemem: A native tribe in southern California.
1776 Nov 1, Father Serra arrived
at the site of the Mission of San Juan Capistrano. His mission was to
convert the members of the Acagchemem tribe called Juanenos by the
Spaniards. The tribe at the time was experiencing the end of a 7-year
draught.
(HT, 3/97, p.58)
1777 The Acagchemem Indians built
a small church at Mission San Juan Capistrano. It’s been renamed the
Serra Chapel and is the oldest building still in use in California.
(HT, 3/97, p.60)
1833 Mexico took mission property
from the Church and turned out the Acagchemem Indians at Mission San
Juan Capistrano.
(HT, 3/97, p.61)
Ahwahneechee: A Southern Sierra Miwok band that lived in Yosemite
Valley.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.4)
1930 The Yosemite Park Service
began to build a small village in the valley for Yosemite Indians.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, Z1 p.4)
Algonquin: The largest linguistic family of American Indians. They
lived on the Atlantic Coast from Virginia northward and west to
Mississippi, and north and west of the Great Lakes to the Rocky
Mountains. A linguistic family, or language group, includes Indians
speaking the same language and its dialects, or different but related
languages.
(HN, 5/1/98)(HNQ, 5/19/00)
Anasazi: A Basket-Maker Pueblo culture of northern Arizona, New Mexico,
southern Utah and Colorado.
(WUD, 1994, p.53)
~00-1250AD The cliff-dwelling
Anasazi flourished in the Four Corners area of the American Southwest.
(NH, 5/96, p.8)
100-1300 Time period of the
Anasazi culture.
(WUD, 1994, p.53)
950AD The
Anasazi came to Keet Seel, Arizona.
(Hem., 5/97, p.75)
1130-1150 Tree growth rings
revealed that a drought occurred in the southwest US. This period
corresponded with the abandonment of Anasazi dwelling sites in Arizona.
(Hem., 5/97, p.79)
1276-1299 Tree growth rings
revealed that another drought occurred in the southwest US. This period
corresponded with the abandonment of Anasazi dwelling sites in Arizona.
(Hem., 5/97, p.79)
1300 The Anasazi Indian culture of
the American southwest disappeared about this time.
(SFC, 5/19/96, T-1)
1880 Pueblo Chochiti men led
anthropologist Adolph F.A. Bandolier to Frijoles Canyon in New Mexico.
Bandolier later authored the novel on Pueblo life called “The
Delightmakers.” Cliff dwelling in the area were preserved (1916) in a
national park named after Bandelier.
(SSFC, 8/1/04, p.D7)
1895 Richard Wetherill, a young
cowboy and amateur archeologist, discovered the Keet Seel Anasazi ruins
in northern Arizona. Shards of broken pottery marked the site and some
say that Keet Seel in Navajo means "place of broken pottery."
(Hem., 5/97, p.80)
Apache: A native tribe with members in Oklahoma descended from Geronimo.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)
1861 Aug 12, Texas rebels were
attacked by Apaches.
(MC, 8/12/02)
1871 Apr 30, Apaches in Arizona
surrendered to white and Mexican adventurers; 144 died.
(MC, 4/30/02)
Arapaho: A Great Plains tribe.
(WSJ, 2/25/97, p.A20)
Brief histories of more than 300 American Indian
tribes are covered in the book by Eagle/Walking Turtle titled: Indian
America (John Muir Publ.) There are 550 federally recognized tribes and
native villages in the continental US.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
1850 The Arapaho Indians issued a
$5 bill.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)
1864 Nov 29, In retaliation for an
Indian attack on a party of immigrants near Denver, 750 members of a
Colorado militia unit, led by Colonel John M. Chivington, attacked an
unsuspecting village of Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians camped on Sand
Creek in present-day Kiowa County. Some 300 [163] Indians were killed
in the attack, including women and children, many of whose bodies were
mutilated. Ten soldiers died in the attack. The Sand Creek Massacre, as
this incident came to be called, provoked a savage struggle between
Indians and the white settlers. It also generated two Congressional
investigations into the actions of Chivington and his men. The House
Committee on the Conduct of the War concluded that Chivington had
"deliberately planned and executed a foul and dastardly massacre which
would have disgraced the varied and savage among those who were the
victims of his cruelty."
(HNPD, 11/29/98)(HN, 11/29/98)(SFC, 9/15/00,
p.A9)(SSFC, 2/1/04, p.C13)
Assiniboine: The tribe is homed at Fort peck, Montana.
(SFC, 4/9/96,
p.A17)(www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/northamerica/assiniboine.html)
Athabaska Indians were native to Alaska and western Canada. Some later
migrated to the southwest and became known as Navahos.
(SFC,10/20/97, p.A5)(SFEC, 2/13/00, Z1 p.2)
Atsugewi: A native American tribe of the Mt. Lassen area of Northern Ca.
(PacDis, Fall/’96, p.43)
Ajachemem: [see Acagchemem] A native tribe of Southern California.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
Blackfeet: A North American tribe of Algonquin stock
(WUD, 1994, p.154)
c1750 The Blackfeet Indians were
among the last Native American tribes to acquire horses.
(SFC, 9/2/96, p.A3)
1870 Jan 23, 173 Blackfoot,
including 140 women and children, were killed in Montana by US Army.
(MC, 1/23/02)
1884 Some 500 Blackfeet Indians in
Montana died during the winter from starvation. Reservation agent John
Young kept rations on hand for the white people.
(SSFC, 9/9/01, Par p.7)
Calusa: Several dozen members of the Calusa Indian tribe, nicknamed
"The Fierce Ones," escaped from Florida to Cuba in the early 1700s
after Spanish soldiers and other tribes overran their region. They
dominated Florida’s Gulf coast from about 800 to 1700.
(AP, 3/14/04)(AM, 11/04, p.47)
Catawba: A native tribe of South Carolina.
1840 Land was taken from the
Catawba Indians.
(SFC, 7/4/97, p.A10)
1993 The state and federal
government paid the Catawba Indians $50 million for lands taken in 1840.
(SFC, 7/4/97, p.A10)
Cherokee:
1760 Feb 16, Cherokee Indians held
hostage at Fort St. George, SC, were killed in revenge for Indian
attacks on frontier settlements.
(HN, 2/16/99)(MC, 2/16/02)
1760 Aug 7, Ft. Loudon, Tennessee,
surrendered to Cherokee Indians.
(MC, 8/7/02)
1828 Feb 21, The first issue of
the Cherokee Phoenix, the 1st American Indian newspaper in US, was
printed, both in English and in the newly invented Cherokee alphabet.
(HN, 2/21/98)(MC, 2/21/02)
1828 May 6, The Cherokee Indians
were forced to sign a treaty giving up their Arkansas Reservation for a
new home in what later became Oklahoma. This led to a split in the
tribe as one group moved to Oklahoma and others stayed behind and
became known as the Lost Cherokees.
(Econ, 3/11/06,
p.28)(http://digital.library.okstate.edu/KAPPLER/Vol2/treaties/che0288.htm)
1835 Dec 30, Cherokees were forced
to move across the Mississippi River after gold was discovered in
Georgia. A minority faction of Cherokee agreed to the emigration of the
whole tribe from their lands by signing the Treaty of New Echota. The
Treaty of New Echota resulted in the cession of all Cherokee land to
the U.S. and provided for the transportation of the Cherokee Indians to
land beyond the Mississippi. The removal of the Cherokee was completed
by 1838.
(NG, 5/95, p.86)(HNQ, 6/21/98)(MC, 12/30/01)
1838 Aug, Some 12,000 Cherokee
Indians in 13 ragtag parties followed the Trail of Tears on a 116-day
journey west 800 miles to eastern Oklahoma. Estimates have placed the
death toll in camps and in transit as high as 4,000. They followed the
trail already set by the Choctaw out of Mississippi, the Creek from
Alabama, the Chickasaw from Arkansas and Mississippi, and the Seminole
from Florida.
(NG, 5/95, p.82)(www.crystalinks.com/cherokee2.html)
1862 The Cherokee Indians issued a
$1 bill.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)
1864 The Confederate War Dept.
organized the Indian tribes of eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas
into the Indian Division. Cherokee Gen’l. Stand Watie commanded the
Cherokee Mounted Rifles.
(WSJ, 6/9/97, p.A19)
1866 Freed Cherokee slaves were
adopted into the tribe under a treaty with the US government. In 2007
the Cherokee Nation voted to revoke citizenship to descendants of the
slaves.
(SFC, 3/5/07, p.A2)
1885 By this year the Cherokee had
learned to make beer out of persimmons, but no fermented drink was made
by the ancient people.
(SFEC, 12/8/96, BR p.4)
1985 Dec 14, Wilma Mankiller
became the first woman to lead a major American Indian tribe as she
took office as principal chief of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.
(AP, 12/14/97)
In 1996 Thomas E. Mails wrote "The Cherokee People. "
(SFEC, 12/8/96, BR p.4)
Cheyenne-Arapaho: A tribe of Oklahoma with some 11,000 members.
Cheyenne means "people of alien speech."
(SFC, 3/10/97, p.A2)(MT, Spg. ‘97, p.12)
1876 Mar 17, Gen. Crook destroyed
Cheyenne and Ogallala-Sioux Indian camps.
(MC, 3/17/02)
1869 The US federal government
took 7,500 acres within their reservation for a military fort, Fort
Reno. The fort is now closed and under control of the Agriculture Dept.
and used for a small research project.
(SFC, 3/10/97, p.A2)
Chickasaw: A warlike Muskhogean tribe of North America formerly in
northern Mississippi, now in Oklahoma.
(WUD, 1994, p.255)
1736 May 26, In northwestern
Mississippi, British and Chickasaw Indians defeated a combined force of
French soldiers and Chocktaw Indians at the Battle of Ackia, thus
opening the region to English settlement.
(AHD, 1971, p.11)(HN, 5/26/98)
1818 Oct 19, US and Chickasaw
Indians signed a treaty.
(MC, 10/19/01)
1865 Jul 14, The Chickasaw Indian
Nation under Winchester Colbert was the last military force to
surrender in the Civil War.
(WSJ, 6/9/97, p.A19)
Chipewyan: The first Dene people to trade with the Hudson’s Bay Company.
(NH, 7/96, p.4)
1909-1993 The 1997 novel "Deluge"
by Albertine Strong follows the destinies of the Dibikamig clan of the
Chippewa in Minnesota.
(SFEC,10/26/97, BR p.3)
1975 The Chippewa tribe of Sault
Ste. Marie in Northern Michigan was awarded federal status as a tribal
government.
(MT, Fall ‘96, p.20)
1984 The Kewadin Casino in Sault
Ste. Marie opened by the Chippewa.
(MT, Fall ‘96, p.20)
1995 The casino proposal by the
Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin was
rejected by the Interior Dept.
(SFC,11/17/97, p.A11)
1997 Jerry Buckanaga, pioneer
Chippewa educator, died at 55. His Pine Point school in northern
Minnesota became a prototype for schools run by Indians across the
country.
(SFC, 7/29/97, p.A18)
Choctaws:
A member of a large Muskhogean tribe of North
American Indians. They formerly lived chiefly in Mississippi, but now
in Oklahoma. The language of the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians.
(WUD, 1994, p.260)
1862 The Choctaw Indians issued a
75 cent note.
(SFEC, 1/25/98, Z1 p.8)
1880’s In great
land runs of the US, settlers jumped the gun to go to Oklahoma, which
thus became nicknamed the Sooner State. In the Choctaw language,
Okla-homa means red human.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-6)
Chumash: Native Indians of the Ojai Valley north of Ventura, Ca.
(SFEC, 10/13/96, p.T3)
Cree:
Kikawaw is the Cree word for "our mother."
(SFC, 5/14/96, A-10)
1933 Richard Throssel (b.1882),
photographer and Montana legislator, died. He was a Cree Indian who was
adopted by the Crow tribe and lived on the Montana Crow Reservation
from 1902-1911. A Book of his work by Peggy Albright was published in
1997: "Crow Indian Photographer: The work of Richard Throssel."
(SFEC, 7/27/97, BR p.6)
1995 This tribe in Northern Quebec, led by Grand
Chief Matthew Coon Come, voted in favor of remaining a part of Canada
by 96%. There were 6380 eligible voters.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
2002 Feb 7, The Cree tribe of
northern Quebec under Ted Moses ratified an October deal that ensured
15,000 Crees of receiving no less than $3.5 billion over the next 50
years and a share in benefits derived from their lands.
(SFC, 2/9/02, p.A9)
Creek: Creek Indians lost all their property in US Nov 15, 1827.
(MC, 11/15/01)
1814 Mar 27, General Jackson led
U.S. soldiers who killed 700 Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend, La. [in
Northern Alabama] Jackson lost 49 men.
(SFEC, 2/16/97, BR p.4)(HN, 3/27/99)
1814 Mar 29, In the Battle at
Horseshoe Bend, Alabama, Andrew Jackson beat the Creek Indians. [see
Mar 27]
(MC, 3/29/02)
1825 Feb 12, Creek Indian treaty
signed. Tribal chiefs agreed to turn over all their land in Georgia to
the government and migrate west by Sept 1, 1826.
(MC, 2/12/02)
The Guale tribe of Creek Indians lived on the
barrier islands off the coast of Georgia. These include Jekyll Island,
St. Simons Island, Sea Island, Little St. Simmons and Cumberland Island.
(SFC, 4/28/96, p.T-6)
Dene Peoples: Native Indians of Canada whose forest habitat fronts the
Canadian barrens.
(NH, 7/96, p.4)
Dogrib People: A Native Indian tribe of Canada. The largest surviving
Dene group.
(NH, 7/96, p.4)(NH, 5/96, p.35)
Hopi: A Hopi reservation sits in the middle of
Navajo lands in Arizona. They have farmed there for more than 1,000
years.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)
c1150 The original Hopi territory
in the southwest encompassed some 225,000 sq. miles around villages
established about this time.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1500s The Navajo began settling on
Hopi land.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1882 Pres. Chester Arthur approved
new borders for the Hopi reservation, a 1.6 million-acre site in the
center of 17 million acres of Navajo land in the 4 Corners area of the
Southwest. A 3,863 sq. mile area was set up as a Hopi reservation.
(SFC, 12/28/96, p.A4)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1936 A Hopi Tribal Council was
formed over the objection of the Hopi elders.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1937 The 1882 reservation was
divided into districts. The large District 6 was earmarked for the
Hopi. The Navaho replaced the Hopi in other areas.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1943 By this year the Hopi land
had dwindled to 624,000 acres and was surrounded by a 16-million-acre
Navajo reservation.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1962 A Federal court ruled that
the Hopi have exclusive use of District 6. The remainder of the
reservation became a Joint Use Area (JUA).
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1995 Native American Indian Tribe.
Brief histories of more than 300 American Indian tribes are covered in
the book by Eagle/Walking Turtle titled: Indian America (John Muir
Publ.)
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
1996 A 1988 lawsuit resulted in an
"accommodation agreement" which would give 75-year leases to the Big
Mountain Dineh (Navaho) if they acknowledged Hopi authority. A Mar 31,
1997, deadline was set.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
Hualiapai:
Hupa: A tribe along the North Coast of California.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
Iroquois: A confederacy of North American Indians of Canada and the
eastern US, The Five Tribes, that included the Mohawks, Oneidas,
Onondagas, Cayugas, Senecas, and later the Tuscaroras.
1689 Aug 25, The Iroquois took Montreal.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1744 The Iroquois sachem (chief)
Cannasatego advised the American colonists to from a union like that of
the Iroquois. Benjamin Franklin acknowledged the admonition in 1751 and
applied it in his Albany Plan of 1754.
(WSJ, 4/10/97, p.A15)
Kalispel Tribe: A native tribe of the Spokane, Wa., region.
1996 A Casino plan was approved on
a site off its reservation in metropolitan Spokane, Wa. by Interior
Sec. Bruce Babbitt.
(SFC,11/17/97, p.A11)
Kashaya Pomo: A native tribe of northern California around Bodega Bay.
(SFEC, 3/23/97, p.T5)
Kaw: A native tribe of Oklahoma.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)
Kickapoo: Native American Indian Tribe.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
Kiowa: A Great Plains tribe.
(WSJ, 2/25/97, p.A20)
Kumeyaay Indians: A tribe in San Diego County proselytized by the
Franciscans from 1818.
(SFC, 9/16/96, p.A15)
Kwakiutl: Tribes of the American northwest coast. They routinely bound
the heads of their babies, giving the adults a pinhead look that was
highly valued.
(NH, 6/97, p.16)
1997 The book "Echoes of the
Elders: The Stories and Paintings of Chief Lelooska" was edited by
Christine Normandin.
(SFEC,11/2/97, Par p.10)
Lenape: A tribe and language of the Delaware Indians. One of their
dialects was Unami. They had inhabited the region encompassing New
Jersey, lower New York, eastern Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware.
They were later scattered to enclaves in Wisconsin, Ontario and
Oklahoma.
(NH, 10/96, p.16)
1683 Jun 23, William Penn signed a
friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania. It became
the only treaty "not sworn to, nor broken."
(HN, 6/23/98)(MC, 6/23/02)
1686 The Lenape Indians allegedly
sold land along the Lehigh River to William Penn.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1750 Teedyuscung, a Lenape Indian,
joined the Christian mission of Gnadenhutten, founded by Swiss Moravian
settlers in the Lehigh Valley town of Bethlehem.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1754 Nov 29, The Gnadenhutten
mission, Pa., was attacked by renegade Lenape Indians and 11 white
people were killed.
(ON, 1/03, p.7)
1755 Dec 31, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian, led 30 Lenape Indians on a raid against English plantations
along the Delaware River. Over the next few days his band killed 7 men
and took 5 prisoners.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1756 Nov 12, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian, spoke with Gov. Denny at Easton, Pa., to discuss grievances.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1763 Apr 19, Teedyuscung, a Lenape
Indian leader, burned to death while sleeping in his cabin in the
Wyoming Valley, Pa. The fire destroyed the whole Indian village. A few
days later settlers from Connecticut arrived to resume their
construction of a town.
(ON, 1/03, p.6)
1985 "The Indians of Lenapehoking"
by Herbert C. Kraft and John Kraft was published by Seton Hall Univ.
Press.
(NH, 12/96, p.4)
Maidu: A native American tribe of the Mt. Lassen area of Northern Ca.
(PacDis, Fall/’96, p.43)
1902-1975 Frank Day, Native
American Maidu painter. He depicted the customs of his tribe and his
work included "Starwoman" (1975). He made some 200 paintings with
tape-recorded interpretations and stories.
(SFEM, 4/20/97, p.6)
Makah: A native tribe of Washington state.
(WSJ, 10/23/97, p.A1)
1855 The US government signed a
treaty with some American Indians that gave them permanent rights to
their existing lands. The Makah tribe of Washington secured a right to
hunt whales in exchange for ceding title to their land. In 1972 the
Marine Mammals Protection Act prohibited the slaughter of whales
without a permit.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, Par. p.5)(SFC,10/24/97, p.A9)(SSFC,
7/13/08, p.E4)
Makha: A half-Makha Indian filed a racial discrimination suit.
(WSJ, 12/31/96, p.1)
Maliseets: A native tribe of Maine.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)
Mashantucket Pequot: A native tribe of Connecticut.
1637 May 26, 1st battle of Pequot
at New Haven, Ct., some 500 Indians were killed.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1637 Jun 5, American settlers in
New England massacred a Pequot Indian village.
(HN, 6/5/98)
1997 The tribe’s profits from a
casino cleared more than $1 million a day just from slot machines.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)
Mattaponi: A native tribe of Virginia.
1646 A treaty with Virginia
Indians required the state to protect the Mattaponi from "enemies," but
only on the reservation in King William County.
(SFC, 6/4/97, p.A7)
1677 May 29, King Charles II and
12 Virginia Indian chiefs signed a treaty that established a 3-mile
non-encroachment zone around Indian land. The Mattaponi Indians in 1997
invoked this treaty to protect against encroachment.
(SFC, 6/2/97, p.A3)
Mattole: A tribe along the North Coast of California
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
Micmac: An Indian tribe of the Nova Scotia area that summer fished
around the Magdalen Islands and were noted by French explorer Jacques
Cartier.
(SFEC, 5/11/97, p.T15)
Miccosukee: A native tribe of Florida.
(SFC, 6/28/97, p.A3)
Miwok-Pomo: A northern California tribe of the Santa
Rosa area.
(SFC, 2/18/96, p.A13)
Modoc: A tribe that lived along the California-Oregon border.
1872 At Lava Beds National
Monument in northern California 52 Modoc warriors held off over 1,000
US Army troops for five months. The 4 year conflict was described in
the 1997 book "Hell with the Fire Out" by Arthur Quinn.
(SFC, 10/16/96, zz1 p.1)(SFEC, 4/6/97, BR p.5)
1989 Michael Dorris (d.1997 at
52), a Modoc Indian descendent, won the national Book Critics Circle
Award for his work: "The Broken Cord." It described the problem of
fetal alcohol syndrome.
(SFC, 4/15/97, p.A2)
Mohawks: A Canadian Indian tribe.
1991 A 7-member Royal commission
on Aboriginal Peoples was created after a lengthy armed standoff
between Mohawk Indians and security forces in Quebec.
(SFC, 11/22/96, p.A20)
Mutsun: The Indian language of the tribe that lived in the area Mission
San Juan Bautista.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
1797 Mission San Juan Bautista in
California was founded in the lands of the Mutsun Indians. Father
Fermin de Lasuen blessed the future site of Mission San Juan Bautista
in California.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)(SJSVB, 6/24/96, p.41)
Muwekma Ohlone: The tribe was administratively terminated in 1927 by
the California Superintendent of Indian Affairs. Partial recognition
was re-established by the federal government in May, 1996. An estimate
300 tribal members were working toward full recognition.
(SFC, 8/22/96, p.E5)
Navajo:
The nation’s largest tribe. Their
17 million-acre reservation straddles Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. The
area is about the size of West Virginia.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)
1500s The Navajo began settling on
Hopi land. They have farmed in the southwest since this time.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)
1860 Apr 30, Navaho Indians
attacked Fort Defiance (Canby).
(MC, 4/30/02)
1864 The US Army and Kit Carson
forcibly removed 8,500 Dineh Navajo on the Long Walk to a concentration
camp at Bosque Redondo (Fort Sumner), New Mexico.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1868 Some 7,100 survivors of the
Long Walk were released onto a New Mexico reservation of 5,500 acres.
The Navajo migrated and some returned to Hopi land where 3.5 million
acres , 1/6th of their former homeland, was returned.
(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1882 Pres. Chester Arthur approved
new borders for the Hopi reservation, a 1.6 million-acre site in the
center of 17 million acres of Navajo land in the 4 Corners area of the
Southwest. A 3,863 sq. mile area was set up as a Hopi reservation. The
intent was to keep Mormon settlers away from Hopi pueblos.
(SFC, 12/28/96, p.A4)(SFC, 1/3/97, p.A26)(SFEC,
5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1923 Special Indian Commissioner
H.J. Hagerman organized the first Navajo Tribal Council which gave him
power to act for them in auctioning oil leases.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1937 The 1882 reservation was
divided into districts. The large District 6 was earmarked for the
Hopi. The Navaho replaced the Hopi in other areas.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1939 The documentary film "Navajo
Silversmithing" was produced by John Adair (d.1997 at 84).
(SFEC,12/21/97, p.B6)
1958 Jul 11, Monument Valley,
straddling the Arizona-Utah border, became the 1st Navajo Tribal Park.
(SSFC, 10/6/02, p.C15)
1962 A Federal court ruled that
the Hopi have exclusive use of District 6. The remainder of the
reservation became a Joint Use Area (JUA).
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1972 John Adair (d.1997 at 84),
anthropologist, published his book: "Through Navajo Eyes."
(SFEC,12/21/97, p.B5)
1974 Congress divided the Native
Indian Joint Use Area in New Mexico between the Hopi and Navaho.
(AP, 5/3/97)
1976 Navaho weavers wove the
largest Navaho rug in the world. The 800-pound rug measured 38x26 feet
and used 25 different Navaho styles.
(SFC, 10/11/97, p.A7)
1983-1984 Twelve Navajo weavers in
Arizona completed the 26x28 foot "Little Sister" rug. It was a smaller
version of a larger rug woven in 1976, and recorded as the largest
Navajo rug in the world. In 1997 the rug was put up for auction to
raise funds for a community health clinic.
(SFC, 10/11/97, p.A7)
1996 A 1988 lawsuit resulted in an
"accommodation agreement" which would give 75-year leases to the Big
Mountain Dineh (Navaho) if they acknowledged Hopi authority. A Mar 31,
1997, deadline was set.
(SFEC, 5/4/97, z1 p.4)
1997 Anthropologist Mary Thygeson
Shepardson (1907-1997), author of "Navajo Ways in Government" and "The
Navaho Mountain Community," died.
(SFC, 4/4/97, p.A25)
Mar 30, Dr. Donald F. Sandner (d.1997 at 68),
psychiatrist, died. He studied the shamanic healing practices of North
American Indians and authored: "Navajo Symbols of Healing."
(SFC, 4/15/97, p.A20)
Nez Perce
The Nez Perce are a North American Indian people of
the Sahaptin family. The name is from the French and means pierced
nose. They lived in the Wallowa Valley of Oregon, Washington and Idaho
for some 12,000 years. The Nez Perce were noted for breeding the
Appaloosa (spotted) horse and for initially preserving this breed.
(WUD, 1994, p.964)(SFC, 6/13/97, p.A13)(MC, 10/5/01)
1805 Nov. 7, Lewis and Clark
reached the Pacific Ocean. Their survival over the ‘04-’05 winter was
attributed to the help of the Nez Perce Indians.
(HFA, '96, p.42)
1855 Nez Perce elders agreed to
sell most of their land to the US government. They retained some 10
thousand square miles as a reservation in the area where Washington,
Oregon and Idaho meet. Gold was soon discovered in the area and in 1863
the US government called for a new deal.
(ON, 3/04, p.1)
1863 The US government paid a
group of Nez Perce Indians $265,000 for some 6 million acres in the
area of Lewiston, Oregon.
(ON, 3/04, p.1)
1871 Aug, Joseph became chief of
Nez Perce Indians in the Wallowa Valley, Oregon.
(ON, 3/04, p.1)
1872 Aug 14, Chief Joseph met in
council with some 40 settlers in the Wallowa Valley and ordered them to
leave the Nez Perce Indian land.
(ON, 3/04, p.2)
1873 Jun 16, Pres. Grant signed an
executive order that permitted Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce to live
in the Wallowa Valley, Oregon, to perpetuity.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, Par. p.5)(ON, 3/04, p.2)
1875 Jun, Nez Perce Chief Joseph
learned that had rescinded the executive order of 1873 and reopened the
Wallowa Valley to white settlement.
(ON, 3/04, p.2)
1877 Jun 14, Two Nez Perce Indians
killed 3 white men.
(ON, 3/04, p.5)
1877 Jun 15, The US Army and began
to pursue some 800 Nez Perce. The Nez Perce had been ordered to leave
the valley of the Winding Waters in the Northwest.
(SFC, 6/13/97, p.A13)(SFEC, 6/15/97, Par p.1)
1877 Jun 16, The Nez Perce War
began in the northwestern US. The First Squadron of the First Regiment,
the oldest cavalry unit in the US, fought the Apaches and the Nez
Perces.
(WUD, 1994, p.964)(WSJ, 12/27/95, p. A-1)(ON, 3/04,
p.5)
1877 Aug 10, Col. John Gibbon
slaughtered Nez-Perce Indians at Big Hole River.
(MC, 8/10/02)
1877 Oct 5, Nez Perce Chief Joseph
and 418 survivors were captured in the Bear Paw mountains and forced
into reservations in Kansas. They surrendered in Montana Territory,
after a 1,700-mile trek to reach Canada fell 40 miles short. Nez Perce
Chief Joseph surrendered to General O.O. Howard and Colonel Nelson
Miles at the Bear Paw ravine in Montana Territory, saying, "Hear me, my
chiefs, my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will
fight no more, forever." The retreat had lasted three months and left
120 Nez Perces dead. Miles had found and surrounded the Nez Perce camp
with the help of Sioux and Cheyenne scouts. Many whites, including
Howard, admired the Nez Perces’ fighting ability and Chief Joseph
himself, who was considered humane and eloquent. He died in 1904.
(HFA, ‘96, p.40)(SFC, 6/13/97, p.A13)(HNPD,
10/5/98)(HN, 10/5/98)
1885 Chief Joseph and his band of
Nez Perce were allowed to take up residence on the Colville reservation
in northern Washington.
(ON, 3/04, p.5)
1904 Sep 21, Exiled Nez Perce
leader Chief Joseph died in Washington state reportedly of a "broken
heart." In 1984 “Chief Joseph’s Own Story” was published.
(HN, 9/21/98)(SFC, 6/13/97, p.A13)
1996 Lillian Disney donated
$100,000 to the Nez Perce to buy some ancient tribal artifacts. She had
been raised in Lapwai on their reservation.
(SFC,12/18/97, p.C16)
1997 Jun 13, It was reported that
the Nez Perce had acquired a 10,300 former cattle ranch in northeastern
Oregon.
(SFC, 6/13/97, p.A1)
Nisenan: (also southern Maidu) A Californian Indian tribe that lived in
the gold country.
(Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.13)
Ohlone: A native Indian tribe of the San Francisco Bay area.
(Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.52)
1797 Jun 11, Padre Fermin
Francisco de Lasuen and a few Spanish soldiers established Mission San
Jose on a little creek and grove of trees that they called Alameda. It
was the 14th of 21 California missions. It was the end of a way of life
for the local Ohlone Indians.
(SFC, 6/12/97, p.A17)
Ojibway:
Oneida: The Oneida Tribe of Wisconsin is not connected to the Oneida
Nation of New York state.
(WSJ, 2/10/97, p.A2)
O’ob: A tribe in Sonora, Mexico.
(SFEC, 12/8/96, BR p.4)
Osage Indians
Native American Indian tribe. The Osage Tribal
Museum is located in Pawhuska, Okla.
(WSJ, 4/30/96, p.A-1)
1927 Oct 19, Marjorie Tallchief,
US-Osage ballerina (Harkness Ballet), was born. In 1997 Maria Tallchief
wrote her memoir: "Maria Tallchief: America’s Prima Ballerina."
(WSJ, 4/17/97, p.A20)(MC, 10/19/01)
Ottowa: http://www.dickshovel.com/otta.html
1763 May 7, Indian chief Pontiac
began his attack on a British fort in present-day Detroit, Michigan.
(HN, 5/7/99)
1763 Jul 24, Ottawa Chief Pontiac
led an uprising in the wild, distant lands that would one day become
Michigan, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1766 Jul 24, At Fort Ontario,
Canada, Ottawa chief Pontiac and William Johnson signed a peace
agreement.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1769 Apr 20, Ottawa Chief Pontiac (b~1720) was
murdered by an Indian in Cahokia.
(WUD, 1994, p.1117)(HN, 4/20/98)
Paiute: A Shoshone tribe of eastern California in the area of Owens
Valley.
1860s A 1000 Paiutes of Owens
Valley were forcibly relocated to Fort Tejon in the Tehachapi Mountains
by the US Army.
(SFEC, 4/13/97, Z1 p.6)
1862 In Lone Pine, Ca., settlers
shot it out with a local band of Paiute Indians. 11 Paiutes were killed
and 2 settlers were wounded.
(SFEC, 8/17/97, p.T9)
Pala Indians: A tribe in the San Diego, Ca. region.
1998 Mar 6, Gov. Wilson signed a
pact with the Pala tribe of San Diego on gambling concessions.
Negotiations had been in process since 1991. A month later half of the
state’s Indian tribes objected to the pact. Federal approval was
granted in April.
(SFC, 4/798, p.B8)(SFC, 4/27/98, p.A22)
Patwan Indians
Native American Indian group that
inhabited the north-east section of the San Francisco Bay around Suisun
City, Ca.
(Hem., Nov.'95, p.95)
Paugusset Indians
Native American tribe of
Connecticut.
1993 Moonface Bear, A Golden Hill
Paugusset Indian led a faction of the tribe in an armed standoff with
state officials. She died at 35 on 5/21/96.
(SFC, 5/234/96, p.E2)
Pawnee:
Pequot: A tribe native to the area of Connecticut.
c1600s Sassacus was leader of the Mashanttucket
Pequot.
(SFEC,11/9/97, Par p.8)
1637 May 26, 1st battle of Pequot
at New Haven, Ct., some 500 Indians were killed.
(MC, 5/26/02)
1637 Jun 5, American settlers in
New England massacred a Pequot Indian village.
(HN, 6/5/98)
1997 The Sassacus ferryboat was
designed to carry gamblers from NYC to the Tribal Nation’s Foxwoods
casino.
(SFEC,11/9/97, Par p.8)
Pima:
Pomo: A Californian Indian tribe that lived between Fort Bragg and
Clear Lake. They had lived in the area for some 11,000 years.
(Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.13)(SFC, 11/13/96, p.A15)
Pottawatomie:
1835 Aug 18, The last Pottawatomie
Indians left Chicago.
(MC, 8/18/02)
Samish:
1969 A government clerk in the
Bureau of Indian Affairs dropped the Samish Indian nation from the list
of recognized tribes. In 2002 the tribe, native to the San Juan Islands
and western Scagit County of Washington state, sued for recognition and
damages.
(SFC, 10/18/02, p.J8)
Sauk:
1832 Aug 27, Black Hawk, leader of
Sauk-Indians, gave himself up.
(MC, 8/27/01)
Seminoles: The name means "Runaways" in Creek.
(MT, Spg. ‘97, p.11)
1816 Jul 27, US troops destroyed
the Seminole Fort Apalachicola, to punish the Indians for harboring
runaway slaves.
(MC, 7/27/02)
1818 Apr 7, Gen. Andrew Jackson
captured St. Marks, Fla., from the Seminole Indians.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1837 Dec 25, In the Battle of
Okeechobee US forces defeated the Seminole Indians.
(MC, 12/25/01)
1842 Aug 14, Seminole War ended
and the Indians were moved from Florida to Oklahoma.
(MC, 8/14/02)
2000 The Seminole Nation voted to
cast freedmen descendants out of its tribe.
(SFC, 3/5/07, p.A2)
Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux: A native tribe of Minnesota.
(SFC, 1/31/97, p.A12)
Shawnee: Native American Indian Tribe. Brief histories of more than 300
American Indian tribes are covered in the book by Eagle/Walking Turtle
titled: Indian America (John Muir Publ.) There are 550 federally
recognized tribes and native villages in the continental US.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
Shoshone: A family of American Indian languages and tribes of the
Western states that includes: Chemehuevi, Kawaiisu, Monache, Panamint,
Timbisha Shoshone, Comanche, Hopi, Paiute, Tubatu-labal and Ute.
(WUD, 1994, p.1319)(PacDis, Summer ’97, p.2)
c1000 The Numic-speaking Shoshone
took part in a widespread migration out of the Cosos Mountains about
this time and populated a large portion of the western US.
(PacDis, Summer ’97, p.10)
c1200 A drought hit the southwest
around the Coso Mountains about this time. Shamanism and rain-making
grew in importance and helped men counterbalance the importance of
women engaged in food gathering when hunting declined.
(PacDis, Summer ’97, p.15)
1863 The Treaty of Ruby Valley
with the Western Shoshone Indians assured their ownership of property
that later became a US nuclear test site.
(SFC, 7/12/97, p.E4)
Sioux: Members of the tribe are homed at Fort Peck, Montana. The name
means "Snakes" in Ojibway.
(MT, Spg. ‘97, p.11)
1851 Jul 23, Sioux Indians and US
signed the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1862 Aug 18, A Sioux Uprising
began uprising in Minnesota. It resulted in more than 800 white
settlers dead and 38 Sioux Indians condemned and hanged. The Minnesota
Uprising began when four young Sioux murdered five white settlers at
Acton. The Santee Sioux, who lived on a long, narrow reservation on the
south side of the Minnesota River, were reacting to broken government
promises and corrupt Indian agents. a military court sentenced 303
Sioux to die, but President Abraham Lincoln reduced the list. The 38
hangings took place on December 26, 1862, in Mankato, Minn.
(MC, 8/18/02)(HNQ, 1/4/00)
1870 Jun 9, Washington: Pres Grant met with Sioux
chief Red Cloud.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1877 May 6, Chief Crazy Horse
surrendered to U.S. troops.
(HN, 5/6/98)
1881 Jul 20, Sioux Indian leader
Sitting Bull, a fugitive since the Battle of the Little Big Horn,
surrendered to federal troops.
(AP, 7/20/97)
1890 Feb 10, Around 11 million
acres, ceded to US by Sioux Indians, opened for settlement.
(MC, 2/10/02)
1894 Aug 16, Indian chiefs from
the Sioux & Onondaga tribes met to urge their people to renounce
Christianity and return to their old Indian faith.
(MC, 8/16/02)
1985, Norman Harry Hollow (1920-1996), tribal
chairman from 1973-1985, helped negotiate a water rights agreement
between the tribes of the Fort Peck reservation and the state of
Montana.
(SFC, 4/9/96, p.A17)
Timbisha Shoshone: A tribe that now occupies a 40-acre compound in the
heart of Death Valley.
(SFEC, 6/8/97, Z1 p.5)
1992 The Timbisha won federal
tribal recognition.
(SFEC, 6/8/97, Z1 p.5)
1994 The California Desert
Protection Act directed the Interior Dept. to find land that the
300-member tribe could call its own.
(SFEC, 6/8/97, Z1 p.5)
Timucuan: An tribe that lived on Cumberland Island, Georgia, back to
2000BC.
(Sky, 4/97, p.43)
Tlingit: A native tribe of the northwest coast of
the American continent.
(NH, 3/97, p.42)
1890 The shaman
Tek-’ic had himself photographed just before dying on the steps of his
house in Yakutat Bay.
(NH, 3/97, p.43)
Tohono O’Odham: A tribe of southern Arizona.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)
Tongva: An Indian tribe of the Los Angeles area of California.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
Towasa:
1708 A map was made that depicted
Towasa Indian Lamhatty’s account of his enslavement in colonial
America. It was one of 75 documents in the 1997 book "Another America"
by Mark Warhus.
(NH, 5/97, p.11)
Tsimshian: A native tribe of the northwest coast of the American
continent.
(NH, 3/97, p.42)
Umatilla: A tribe of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest..
(HT, 4/97, p.40)(SFC, 8/23/97, p.A11)
Ute: A native tribe of the 4 corners area.
1993 Southern Ute Indians launched
Red Willow, a natural gas production operation. By 2003 the tribe had
acquired $1.3 billion in assets.
(WSJ, 6/13/03, p.A1)
Wailaki: A Californian Indian tribe that lived northwest of the Yuki
between the Eel and Mad rivers.
(Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.13)
Wampanoags: New England colonies declared war on Wampanoag Indians on
Sep 9, 1675.
(MC, 9/9/01)
Washoe: The Washoe Indian tribe once ranged along the California Sierra
from Honey Lake to Mono Lake.
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A18)
1997 Jul 26, Pres. Clinton
announced that the Forest Service would allot 350 acres to the Washoe
Indian tribe for a cultural center and give tribal members access to
the edge of lake Tahoe.
(SFEC, 7/27/97, p.A14)
Winnebago: A treaty was made with the Winnebago Indians Oct 1, 1837.
(MC, 10/1/01)
Wiyot: A tribe along the North Coast of California
(SFC, 6/21/97, p.A16)
Yahi: A native American tribe of the Mt. Lassen area of Northern Ca.
(PacDis, Fall/’96, p.43)
1911 Sep, Ishi (d.1916), a native
California Indian, walked out of the forest near Oroville, Ca. He
underwent examination at UC medical center in San Francisco and liked
to practice "drawing bow" on Parnassus Heights.
(SFC, 7/14/96, Z1 p.2)(SFEC, 12/26/99, p.W4)(SSFC,
2/8/04, p.M1)
1916 Mar, Ishi, the last Yahi
Indian in California, died of tuberculosis. His body was cremated but
his brain was removed and shipped to the Smithsonian Institute in
Washington, DC. The documentary film "Ishi, the Last Yahi" was made by
John Harrison Quinn (d.2000 at 59). In 2004 Orin Starn authored "Ishi's
Brain: In search of the Last "Wild" Indian."
(SFC, 2/19/99, p.A1)(SFC, 1/26/00, p.A24)(SSFC,
2/8/04, p.M1)
Yamasse: 1715 Apr 15, Uprising of Yamasse Indians in South Carolina.
(MC, 4/15/02)
Yana: A native American tribe of the Mt. Lassen area of Northern Ca.
(PacDis, Fall/’96, p.43)
Yuki: A Californian Indian tribe that lived between the Eel and Trinity
rivers.
(Pac. Disc., summer, ‘96, p.13)
Yup’ik: Indians of southwestern Alaska and members of
the larger Inuit-Inupiaq cultures.
(NH, 8/96, p.12)
Yurok:
Zuni: One of 2 dozen Indian tribes in Arizona.
(SFC, 7/15/96, p.A1)
Native American Indian Tribe. Brief histories of mare than 300 American
Indian tribes are covered in the book by Eagle/Walking Turtle titled:
Indian America (John Muir Publ.) There are 550 federally recognized
tribes and native villages in the continental US.
(Hem., Dec. '95, p.164)(Wired, Dec., '95, p.94)
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