Timeline Armenia
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Armenia’s capital is Yerevan.
(WSJ, 3/31/97, p.A10)
The theory most favored by Armenian historians
claims that they descended from a Thracian-Phrygian group, that
originated in the Balkan Peninsula and by the pressure of Illyrians
migrated to eastern Anatolia in the sixth century BC.
(http://www.atmg.org/ArmenianFAQ.html#q6)
4000BC In 2011 it was reported
that the earliest known winery, dating to about this time, had been
discovered in Armenia.
(SFC, 1/11/11, p.A2)
3627BC-3377BC In Armenia a leather shoe dating to
this period was found in 2010 in a pit outside a cave.
(AP, 6/10/10)
782BC Urartian king Argishti
the First founded Erebuni, the military and administrative center of
the state of Urartu, situated in the location of present-day
Yerevan, Armenia.
(www.anahit.am/regions/yerevan/)(SSFC, 10/17/04,
p.D8)
700BC-600BC A migration of the Cimmerians
and Scythians took place in the seventh century BC. These were
nomadic tribes from the Russian steppes, who made their way round
the eastern end of the Caucasus, burst through into the Moghan
plains and the basin of Lake Urmia, and terrorized Western Asia for
several generations, till they were broken by the power of the Medes
and absorbed in the native population. It was they who made an end
of the Kingdom of Urartu, and the language they brought with them
was probably an Indo-European dialect answering to the basic element
in modern Armenian.
(http://tinyurl.com/btq4l)
700BC-600BC The Armenians, an Indo-European
people, migrate from the west to mingle with the people of URARTU.
It was ruled by kings of the Orontid dynasty as a satrapy of the
Persian empire until the defeat of Persia by Alexander the Great.
(CO Enc. / Armenia)
521BC The name Armenian
was mentioned for the first time in the Behistan (Behistun)
inscription of the Mede (Persian) Emperor Darius from this year: "I
defeated the Armenians."
(http://www.atmg.org/ArmenianFAQ.html#q6)(ON,
4/04, p.7)
94BC-56BC Tigranes (Dikran) the Great, a scion of
the Eastern Dynasty, ruled. He welded the two Armenian satrapies
into one kingdom, and so created the first strong native sovereignty
that the country had known since the fall of Urartu five centuries
before.
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
52 Trdat I received his crown
from the Roman emperor Nero and began the Arsacid (Arshakuni)
monarchy.
(MH, 12/96)
286-336 King Trdat III ruled Armenia.
(MH, 12/96)
301 King Trdat III declared
Christianity to be the state religion. Armenia became the first
country to adopt Christianity. Not long after the Armenians adopted
Christianity in their homeland around the biblical Mt. Ararat, on
the eastern border of modern-day Turkey, they dispatched priests to
Jerusalem.
(MH, 12/96)(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.A25)(AP, 5/12/11)
387 The Parthians and Romans
agreed to settle the Armenian question by the drastic expedient of
partition. The Sassanid kings of Persia (who had superseded the
Parthians in the Empire of Iran) secured the lion's share of the
spoils, while the Romans only received a strip of country on the
western border which gave them Erzeroum and Diyarbakir for their
frontier fortresses.
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
405 The Armenian alphabet was
invented.
(MH, 12/96)
410 The Bible was translated
into Armenian. [see 422-432]
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
422-432 The Bible and the works of the church
fathers were translated into Armenian. [see 410]
(MH, 12/96)
428 The Arsacid (Arshakuni)
monarchy of Armenia ended and control fell to the rule of the
Persian Sassanids.
(MH, 12/96)
438-457 The Persian King Yazdegird II ruled. He
pressured the Armenians to accept Zoroastrianism and worship the
supreme god Ahura Mazda. Mihr-Nerseh, the Persian grand vizier,
promulgated an edict that enjoined the Armenians to convert.
(MH, 12/96)
449 The Armenians held a
General Assembly to ponder the Persian edict that demanded
conversion to Zoroastrianism. They chose to remain Christian and
their leaders were summoned to Persia to answer to the king. The
leaders opted to yield under heavy pressure but were renounced on
their return home.
(MH, 12/96)
451 Apr 13, A Persian Army of
300,000 men under Mushkan Nusalavurd arrived at a place between her
and Zarevand (now Khoy and Salmast in Iran) to face the Armenian
forces.
(MH, 12/96)
451 May 26, The Battle of
Avarair. Vardan Mamikonian, son of Sparapet (general) Hamazasp
Mamikonian and Sahakanush, daughter of the Catholicos Sahak Bartev,
led a force of 66,000 Armenians to face the Persians. Prior to
battle Vardan read aloud the story of the Jewish Maccabees. Persian
losses tripled the Armenian dead, but Mushkan won and Vardan was
killed.
(MH, 12/96)
451 The Armenians were the
first Christians to take up arms in defending their right to
worship.
(HN, 7/25/98)
451-484 Vahan Mamikonian led the Armenians in a
33-year guerrilla war. The Persian Sassanids underwent 3 rulers and
pressure from the Ephthalites, White Huns, and when King Peroz was
killed by the White Huns, his successor, Balash, sued for peace.
Vahan demanded and was granted religious freedom.
(MH, 12/96)
478-490 The Catholicos Hovhan I Mandakuni.
(MH, 12/96)
484 A treaty was signed in the
village of Nuwarsak with the Persians and Vahan Mamikonian was
appointed marzban of Armenia.
(MH, 12/96)
485-505 Vahan Mamikonian began his rule with
services at the Cathedral of Dvin with the Catholicos Hovhan I
Mandakuni presiding.
(MH, 12/96)
552 Jul 10, Origin of Armenian
calendar.
(MC, 7/10/02)
628 Apr 3, In Persia, Kavadh
sued for peace with the Byzantines. He handed back Armenia,
Byzantine Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt.
(HN, 4/3/99)
632-661 The Rashidun Caliphate, also known as the
Rightly Guided Caliphate, comprising the first four caliphs in
Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death. At its height,
the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant,
Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and
Central Asia in the east. It was the one of the largest empires in
history up until that time.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate)
683-685 Khazars invaded Transcaucasia and
inflicted much damage and stole
much booty. The Khazar invaders killed the rulers of Armenia and
Georgia. (TJOK, p.159)
730 Khazar commander Barjik
led Khazar troops through the Darial Pass
to invade Azerbaijan. At the Battle of Ardabil, the Khazars defeated
an entire Arab army. The Battle of Ardabil lasted three days, and
resulted in the death of a major Arab general named Jarrah. The
Khazars then conquered Azerbaijan and Armenia and northern Iraq for
a brief time.
(TJOK, pages 160-161)
820 Dec 25, Leo V, the
Armenian, Byzantine gen and Emperor (813-20), was murdered.
(MC, 12/25/01)
895 The Tatev Monastery was
built near the village of Tatev, Armenia. The construction on the
Church of Peter and Paul was completed in 906.
(www.cilicia.com/armo5_tatev.html)
921 In Turkey the Armenian
Akdamar church, called the Church of Surp Khach, or Holy Cross, was
inaugurated. Written records say the church was near a harbor and a
palace on the island on Lake Van, but only the church survived.
Turkey restored the church in 2007.
(AP, 3/25/07)
961 Ani became the capital of
Armenia. At its height it had over 100,000 inhabitants. Within a
century it began falling victim to waves of conquerors including
Seljuk Turks, Georgians and Mongols.
(Econ, 6/17/06, p.59)
989-1020 Ani, a medieval city-site situated in the
Turkish province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia, attained
the peak of its power during the long reign of King Gagik I
(989-1020). It was the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that
covered much of present day Armenia and eastern Turkey. Armenian
chroniclers such as Yeghishe and Ghazar Parpetsi first
mentioned Ani in the 5th century AD.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani)
1198 Fleeing from the Turks, a
group of Armenian nobles and their followers settled in Byzantine
Cilicia where they established a state know as Lesser or Little
Armenia. In this year the area attained the status of kingdom and
survived to 1375.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia)
1319 Ani, capital of Armenia,
was devastated by an earthquake.
(Econ, 6/17/06, p.59)
1350 Sargis Pitsak, Armenian
artist, produced illuminated manuscripts of the bible. Color picture
"Souls Ascending the Heavenly Ladder to Christ," featured in:
( SF Chronicle, 5/12/1994, p. E-1)
1720 Handel composed his opera
"Radamisto." It dealt with the tyrant Tiridate, King of Armenia, and
his insatiable pursuit of a woman who is not his wife.
(LGC-HCS, p.41)(WSJ, 7/5/00, p.A20)
1828 Russia conquered the
Armenian provinces of Persia, and this brought within her frontier
the Monastery of Etchmiadzin, in the Khanate of Erivan, which was
the seat of the Katholikos of All the Armenians.
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
1868 Tigran Tcukhatjian
(Tchukhadjian) composed "Arshak II," a pseudo-European grand opera.
(WSJ, 1/25/00, p.A18)(WSJ, 10/9/01, p.A20)
1869-1955 Calouste Gulbenkian, Armenian oil
merchant. By 1907 he combined Royal Dutch Oil and Shell Oil and
emerged with a large block of stock in the combined company. He
later brokered all the oil sold in Iran to the West for a 5%
commission and earned the nickname Mr. Five percent. He collected
old master paintings, Turkish carpets, illuminated manuscripts and
left a fortune valued at $1 billion.
(WSJ, 1/11/98, p.R18)
1877 Nov 17, Russians launched
a surprise night attack that overran Turkish forces at Kars,
Armenia.
(HN, 11/17/98)
1887 The Marxist Hunchakian
Revolutionary Party, called the Hunchaks, was founded in Geneva,
Switzerland by Armenians from Russia.
(http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~dwilson/Armenia/justin.html)
1890 The Marxist Armenian
Revolutionary Federation, called the Dashnaks, was founded in the
Russian Empire, in Tiflis.
(http://homepages.cae.wisc.edu/~dwilson/Armenia/justin.html)
1894 Nov 16, 6,000 Armenians
were massacred by Turks in Kurdistan.
(MC, 11/16/01)
1894-1896 Thousands of Armenians were massacred by
the Turks after attempts for autonomy and self-defense failed. This
issue was then referred to as the "Armenian Question."
(Compuserve Online Enc. / Armenia)
1904 Apr 15, Arshile Gorky
(d.1948), artist, was born as Vostanig Adoian of Armenian parents in
Eastern Turkey. (The actual year was between 1902 and 1905). He came
to the US in 1920 and assumed a new name in admiration of Russian
writer Maxim Gorky.
(WSJ, 5/12/99,
p.A20)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshile_Gorky)
1909 The Adana massacre
occurred in Adana Province, in the Ottoman Empire. A
religious-ethnic clash in the city of Adana amidst governmental
upheaval resulted in a series of anti-Armenian pogroms throughout
the district. Reports estimated that the massacres in Adana Province
resulted in 15,000 to 30,000 deaths.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_massacre)
1912 Arshile Gorky’s 1926
painting, "The Artist and His Mother," was based on a photograph
taken in Armenia in 1912, not long before his mother died of
starvation. The work took ten years to complete.
(WSJ, 4/9/98, p.A21)
1914 Fall, Armenian volunteer
bands organized themselves and fought against the Turks. "The
Protestant missionaries distributed... propaganda in favor of
England and stirred the Armenians to desire autonomy under British
protection."
(History of Armenia, Horen Ashikian)
1914 A Dashnaktsutiun Party
Congress was held in Erzurum, which the Dashnaks regarded as the
capital of a future "Greater Armenia."
(www.ataa.org/ataa/ref/myth/lastchance.html)
1915 Apr 11, The Armenians of
Van began a general revolt, massacring all the Turks in the vicinity
so as to make possible its quick and easy conquest by the Russians.
(http://www.atmg.org/ArmenianFAQ.html#q6)
1915 Apr 20, The Turks fired
the first shot at Van; the first Armenians were deported from
Zeitoun on the 8th April, and there is a record of their arrival in
Syria as early as the l9th.
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
1915 Apr 24-May 14, Turkey said
Armenians had sided with Russia and issued a deportation order for
the mass deportation of Armenians. Armenian organizations in
Istanbul were closed and 235 members were arrested for treason.
Turkish police arrested some 800 of the most prominent Armenians in
Constantinople, took them into the hinterlands and shot them. With
that the terror spread through "Turkish Armenia" spearheaded by the
"Special Organization" of soldiers of the Turkish leader Enver. In
2006 Taner Akcam authored “A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and
the Question of Turkish Responsibility.”
(AP, 4/24/97)(SFC, 4/27/99, p.A10)(HNQ,
5/30/99)(Econ, 10/21/06, p.95)(AP, 4/24/10)
1915 May 12, Croatians
plundered Armenia and killed 250.
(MC, 5/12/02)
1915 Jun 1, A forced exodus [of
Armenians] from Baibourt [Turkey] took place. All the villages, as
well as three-fourths of the town, had already been evacuated. A 3rd
convoy included from 4,000 to 5,000 people. Within six or seven days
from the start, all males down to below fifteen years of age had
been murdered.
(http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce.htm)
1915 Nov 6, An order from
Constantinople reached the local authorities, at any rate in the
Cilician plain, directing them to refrain from further [Armenian]
deportations.
(http://raven.cc.ukans.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce2.htm)
1915 In 2003 Peter Balakian,
Prof. at Colgate Univ., authored "The Burning Tigris: The Armenian
Genocide and America's Response," a one-sided account of the 1915
Armenian genocide and the Turkish massacres of Armenians in the
1890s.
(SSFC, 10/11/03, p.M4)
1915 Kurdish tribes took part
in the mass slaughter by the Ottomans of around 1 million Armenians.
(Econ, 12/4/10, p.64)
1915-1917 Of the 1.75 million Armenians in Turkey
at the outset of World War I, 250,000 fled into Russia. Some 600,000
starved to death in the Mesopotamian desert. Henry Morgenthau, US
ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, alerted Pres. Wilson of a massacre
of Armenians by the Turks. Evidence and photographs of the camps
were provided to Morgenthau by Armin Wegner, German Red Cross
official and Johannes Lepsius, a German missionary. British diplomat
Lord Bryce hired Arnold Toynbee to document the slaughter. In 2004
Turkey's Culture Ministry allowed the film "Ararat" by Atom Egoyan,
which recalled the plight of Armenians in Ottoman Turkey during this
time, to be shown in Turkey with one rape scene cut. In 2004
Armenian descendants of some of the dead, who held 2,400 insurance
policies, reached a $20 million settlement with New York Life
Insurance Co.
(AP, 4/24/97)(HN, 4/24/98)(SFC, 4/27/99,
p.A10)(HNQ, 5/30/99)(PC, 1992, p.711)(SFC, 1/2/04, p.D15)(SFC,
1/29/04, p.A3)
1916 Feb 16, Russian troops
conquered Erzurum, Armenia.
(MC, 2/16/02)
1916 C.F. Dixon-Johnson
authored "The Armenians," with the aim of "presenting the public an
opportunity of judging whether or not 'the Armenian Question' has
another side than that which has been recently so assiduously
promulgated throughout the Western World."
(www.mfa.gov.tr/grupe/eh/eh08/06.htm)
1916 Arnold Toynbee edited a
document titled: "The Treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman
Empire: 1915-1916."
(http://www.ku.edu/~kansite/ww_one/docs/bryce.htm)
1918 Mar, The Bolshevik
government in Baku was established. In that period, the
Bolshevik-Dashnak coalition came to power on the backs of thousands
of corpses of innocent Turko-Moslems.
(www.khazar.org/jas/text/history.html)
1918 Dec 2, Armenia proclaimed
independence from Turkey. An independent Republic of Armenia was
established in Russian Armenia under Dashnak administration.
(HN, 12/2/98)(Compuserve Online Enc. / Armenia)
1919 May 28, Armenia declared
it's Independence. [see Dec 2, 1918]
(MC, 5/28/02)
1920 Jan 15, The United States
approved a $150 million loan to Poland, Austria and Armenia to aid
in their war with the Russian communists.
(HN, 1/15/99)
1920 Aug 10, The Ottoman
sultanate at Constantinople signed the Treaty of Sevres with the
Allies and associated powers. It promised a homeland for the Kurds,
but the nationalist government in Ankara did not sign the treaty. It
set the borders of Turkey recognized Armenia as an independent
state.
(SFC, 2/17/99, p.A10)(EWH, 4th ed,
p.1086)(www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/versa/sevres1.html)
1921 Oct 13, In the Treaty of
Kars Turkey formally recognized the Armenian Soviet Republic.
(EWH, 4th ed, p.1086)
1921 The borders of the region
were gerrymandered when the Caucasus territories were made part of
the Soviet Union. This made the area of Nagorno-Karabakh, a
mountainous enclave of mostly Armenians surrounded by Azerbaijan
dependent on Moscow. The site of Ani, former capital of Armenia, was
ceded to Turkey.
(SFC, 2/4/98, p.C2)(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A18)(Econ,
6/17/06, p.59)
1922 May 29, Jevgeni B.
Vachtangov (39), Armenian-Russian actor, director, died.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1923 Jul 24, The Treaty of
Lausanne, which settled the boundaries of modern Greece and Turkey,
was concluded in Switzerland. It replaced the Treaty of Sevres and
divided the lands inhabited by the Kurds between Turkey, Iraq and
Syria. Article 39 allowed Turkish nationals to use any language they
wished in commerce, public and private meetings, and publications.
The treaty specifically protected the rights of the Armenian, Greek
and Jewish communities. The former provinces of Baghdad, Basra and
Mosul were lumped together to form Iraq. Both countries agreed to a
massive exchange of religious minorities. Christians were deported
from Turkey to Greece and Muslims from Greece to Turkey. A Muslim
community of at least 100,000 was allowed in northern Greece. In
2006 Bruce Clark authored “Twice a Stranger: The Mass Expulsions
that Forged Modern Greece and Turkey.”
(WSJ, 3/20/97, p.A17)(AP, 7/24/97)(SSFC,
12/22/02, p.A14)(Econ, 3/19/05, Survey p.9)(Econ, 10/14/06,
p.50)(Econ, 12/9/06, p.92)(Econ, 10/16/10, p.72)
1924 Jul 25, Greece announced
the deportation of 50,000 Armenians.
(HN, 7/25/98)
1924 Sep 6, Forty teenagers
from Armenia, who had escaped from the Armenian genocide in Turkey,
arrived in Addis Ababa. They along with their bandleader Kevork
Nalbandian became the first official orchestra of Ethiopia.
Nalbandian composed the music for Ethiopia’s Imperial National
Anthem, Marsh Teferi (words by Yoftahé Negusé),
official from 1930 to 1974.
(www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Arba_Lijoch)
1928 Jul 4, Cathy Berberian, US
singer, was born in Armenia.
(MC, 7/4/02)
1933 Franz Werfel
(1890-1945), Czech-born Austrian writer, authored "The Forty Days of
Musa Dagh," an account of the 1915 Armenian resistance to Turkey.
The author's friend, Rabbi Albert Amateau, testified in 1989 that
Werfel was ashamed for having written the book, learning that he had
extensively relied on the forgeries of Aram Andonian, which provides
the only "evidence" of extermination orders.
(http://www.tallarmeniantale.com/musa-dagh.htm)
1936 Dec 5, Armenian SSR,
Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR & Kirghiz SSR became
constituent republics of Soviet Union.
(MC, 12/5/01)
1949 Oct 29, George Ivanovich
Gurdjieff (b.~1866), a Greek-Armenian mystic and spiritual teacher,
died in France. His books included “Meetings with Remarkable Men,”
the 2nd volume of his “All and Everything” trilogy.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff)
1976 In Armenia the Metzamor
nuclear power plant opened. It featured two VVER nuclear reactors, a
design that continues to be used throughout the former Soviet Union
and eastern Europe. The plant was shut down in 1988 following the
Spitak earthquake, which killed 25,000 people and caused widespread
devastation. But Armenian authorities restarted one reactor unit at
the plant in 1993 following energy shortages that were causing heavy
deforestation.
(AP, 10/4/10)
1978 May 1, Aram Khachaturian
(b.1903), Georgia-born Armenian composer, died in Moscow.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram_Khachaturian)
1981 Sep 24, Four Armenian
gunmen seized the Turkish consulate in Paris, holding 60 hostages
for 15 hours before surrendering.
(AP 9/24/01)
1988 Feb 28, Ethnic unrest
broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis in the city of Sumgait.
There was an anti-Armenian pogrom in the town of Sumgait. A national
awakening occurred in Azerbaijan when conflict erupted over the
Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, included by the Soviets in the
Republic of Azerbaijan. The Armenian population in Nagorno-Karabakh
began fighting for independence.
(WSJ, 8/7/96, p.A15)(AP, 2/28/98)(SFC, 11/27/96,
p.A13)(WSJ, 5/14/97, p.A22)
1988 May 21, The Soviet news
agency Tass reported that the Communist Party leaders of Armenia and
Azerbaijan had been dismissed after fresh outbreaks of ethnic
tensions in the two southern Soviet republics.
(AP, 5/21/98)
1988 Jul 7, The European
Parliament adopted a resolution condemning brutalities against
Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh.
(www.armeniaforeignministry.com/pr_04/040227sumgait.html)
1988 Jul 14, The Soviet press
agency Tass reported that Azerbaijan has rejected an attempt by
Nagorno-Karabakh, a predominantly Armenian enclave, to secede and
join Armenia. Some 200,000 demonstrated in Soviet Armenia for the
incorporation of Nagorno-Karabakh.
(http://tinyurl.com/n6dfc)
1988 Dec 7, A magnitude 6.9-8.0
earthquake devastated Spitak in northern Armenia; an estimated
25,000-55,000 people died with some $14 billion in losses.
(AP, 12/7/97)(AP,
6/22/02)(www.who.int/archives/inf-pr-1997/en/pr97-08.html)
1988 Dec 9, In the wake of the
Armenian earthquake that claimed tens of thousands of lives,
countries around the world began sending emergency supplies and
offering pledges of relief funds.
(AP, 12/9/98)
1988 Dec 10, Soviet President
Mikhail Gorbachev visited the republic of Armenia, the scene of a
devastating earthquake that had killed an estimated 25,000 people.
(AP, 12/10/98)
1988 Dec 11, A Soviet military
transport plane crashed, killing nearly 80 people involved in
Armenian earthquake relief efforts.
(AP, 12/11/98)
1988 Dec 14, Sixty more
survivors were pulled from rubble of earthquake that rocked Armenia.
(AP, 12/14/02)
1990 Jan 15, Soviet leader
Gorbachev and the Soviet Presidium declared a state of emergency in
parts of Azerbaijan and Armenia in the wake of escalating ethnic
violence.
(AP, 1/15/00)
1990 Jan 16, The Soviet Union
sent more than 11,000 reinforcements to the Caucasus to halt a civil
war between Armenians and Azerbaijanis.
(AP, 1/16/00)
1990 Jan 20, The Soviets
attacked Baku, leaving dozens dead and wounded. Gen’l. Lebed led
Russian forces in Baku to crush the nationalist Azeri Popular Front.
62 civilians were killed and more than 200 wounded when the Soviet
army stormed into the city of Baku to end what Soviet leader Mikhail
Gorbachev called fratricidal killing between Muslim Azerbaijanis and
Christian Armenians.
(WSJ, 12/18/96, p.A21)(CO, Grolier’s Amer. Acad.
Enc./ Azerbaijan)(WSJ, 8/7/96, p.A15)(AP, 1/20/00)
1990 Aug 4, In Armenia Levon
Ter-Petrosyan (52) was elected Chairman of the Armenian Supreme
Soviet.
(www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Levon_Ter_Petrosian)
1990 Aug 23, Armenia declared
independence.
(www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Soviet_Armenian_History)
1991 Armenia gained
independence and was immediately involved in a territorial dispute
with Azerbaijan over the Nagorny Karabakh region.
(COE / Armenia)(WSJ, 5/2/97, p.A15)
1992 Feb 11, US Secretary of
State James A. Baker III, on a tour of six former Soviet republics,
visited Armenia, where he heard an appeal from the republic's
president for U.S. help in resolving a bloody feud with neighboring
Azerbaijan.
(AP, 2/11/02)
1992 Feb 26, According to
Azerbaijani authorities 613 Azerbaijanis were killed when Armenian
troops rushed into the village of Khodzhaly.
(AP, 2/26/12)
1992 The Azerbaijanis under a
new nationalist government tried to reconquer Nagorno-Karabakh, but
were soon repulsed.
(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A18)
1993 The film "Calendar" was
directed by Canadian Atom Egoyan. It was shot in Armenia with funds
won from the Moscow Prize for "The Adjustor." It was a memory piece
of himself as a photographer.
(SFC,12/26/97, p.C18)
1993 Turkey sealed its land
frontier with Armenia after it seized the province of
Nagorno-Karabakh from their Azeri cousins. Direct air travel was
still allowed.
(Econ, 6/17/06, p.59)(Econ, 11/18/06, p.53)
1994 May, A cease-fire was
declared between Armenia and Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan Pres. Geidar
Aliyev negotiated a cease-fire with Armenian forces in the conflict
over Nagorno-Karabakh. More than 35,000 people had died in 6 years
of fighting.
(WSJ, 5/14/97, p.A22)(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A18)(SFC,
12/13/03, p.A20)
1994 Pres. Levon Ter-Petrossian
outlawed the Dashnaksitun political party.
(SFC, 12/11/96, p.C1)
1994-1996 Russia’s Defense Minister, Pavel
Grachev, approved the transfer of more than $1 billion worth of
weaponry to Armenia.
(WSJ, 5/14/97, p.A22)
1995 Apr, Patriarch Catholicos
Garegin I (born as Nshan Sarkisian in Kassab Syria), was
elected leader of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He succeeded Vazgen
I who held the post for 40 years.
(SFC, 6/30/99, p.C2)
1996 Sep 23, Pres. Levon
Ter-Petrossian claimed victory in elections as did his opponent
former Prime Minister Vazgen Manukian. The next day the Pres.
claimed victory and the PM claimed fraud. Int’l. observers claimed
serious irregularities.
(SFC, 9/24/96, p.A14)(WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A1)
1996 Sep 26, Tanks were called
in after 59 people were injured in protests over the re-election of
the president.
(SFC, 9/27/96, p.A12)
1996 Dec 10, The Supreme Court
sentenced 3 members of the outlawed Dashnaksitun political party to
death on terrorism charges.
(SFC, 12/11/96, p.C1)
1996 Dec, The Lisbon Summit of
Organization of Security and Cooperation in Europe chose
Azerbaijan’s argument for territorial integrity over Armenia’s
argument for self-determination in Nagorno-Karabakh.
(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A18)
1997 Mar 31, Pres. Levon
Ter-Petrossian chose war-hero Robert Kocharian as the new prime
minister.
(WSJ, 3/31/97, p.A10)
1997 Sep 2, Ethnic Armenians in
Nagorno-Karabakh elected Arkady Gukasian as president with an 89%
vote. Azerbaijan called the vote invalid.
(SFC, 9/3/97, p.C3)
1997 The book "The History of
the Armenia Genocide" appeared in Turkey, but copies were
confiscated and the publisher Aysenur Zarakolu was arrested and
fined.
(SFC, 3/6/98, p.A12)
1997 In Armenia the game of
Bingo was introduced and became a big hit.
(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.A25)
1997 Armenia’s population was
about 3 mil. The enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan had
150,000 Armenians.
(WSJ, 3/31/97, p.A10)
1998 Feb 3, Armenia Pres. Levon
Ter-Petrosyan (52) resigned after 7 years of leadership. His support
for a compromise settlement over the Nagorno-Karabakh caused backers
to defect to the opposition.
(SFC, 2/4/98, p.C2)
1998 Feb 26, Azerbaijan accused
Armenia of launching fresh attacks over the disputed
Nagorno-Karabakh.
(WSJ, 2/27/98, p.A1)
1998 Mar 16, In Armenia
elections for president were held and the voting was marred by
fraud. Prime Minister Robert Kocharian led the vote over former
Communist boss Karen Demirchian, but failed to get a majority and a
runoff was planned for Mar 30.
(SFC, 3/17/98, p.B3)(WSJ, 3/18/98, p.A1)
1998 Mar 30, Prime Minister
Robert Kocharian won the runoff vote with 59%.
(SFC, 3/31/98, p.B5)(WSJ, 4/1/98, p.A1)(SFC,
4/2/98, p.C2)
1998 Dec 9, Vagram Khorkhoruni,
deputy defense minister, was shot dead outside his home in Yerevan.
(SFC, 12/10/98, p.C7)
1999 Jun 29, Patriarch
Catholicos Garegin I, leader of the Armenian Apostolic Church, died
at age 66.
(SFC, 6/30/99, p.C2)
1999 Jun, Pres. Robert
Kocharian appointed Vazgen Sarkisian as Prime Minister after Armen
Darbinian resigned.
(SFC, 10/28/99, p.A14)
1999 Oct 27, In Armenia gunmen
burst into the parliament and killed Prime Minister Vazgen Sarkisian
and 7 other officials. They then took a number of hostages and
declared their intent to topple the government.
(SFC, 10/28/99, p.A1)
1999 Oct 27, Garegin Nersesian
(48) was elected as the new spiritual leader, Catholicos Garegin II,
of the Armenian Apostolic Church.
(SFC, 11/5/99, p.A17)
1999 Oct 28, In Armenia the
assassins of the prime minister surrendered following negotiations
with Pres. Robert Kocharian. Nairi Unanian, his younger brother
Karen, their uncle Vram Galstian were 3 of the 5 arrested.
(SFC, 10/28/99, p.A1)(SFC, 10/29/99, p.A14)
2000 Mar 22, Gunmen ambushed
Arkady Gukasyan, the president of Nagorno-Karabakh, an Armenian
enclave in Azerbaijan. 28 suspects were arrested.
(SFC, 3/23/00, p.D2)
2000 May 2, Pres. Robert
Kocharian fired Prime Minister Aram Sarkisian and his government for
allowing the economy to deteriorate and for ignoring discord in the
military. Police security was tightened around government buildings.
(SFC, 5/3/00, p.A14)
2000 Jun 30, Vahe Oshagan,
poet, died at age 78 in Philadelphia. His work included 8 volumes of
poetry and 6 volumes of fiction along with short stories, plays and
commentaries.
(SFC, 7/11/00, p.A23)
2000 California passed a law
allowing heirs of victims of the Armenian genocide to sue in state
courts for unpaid insurance benefits. In 2012 the Ninth US Circuit
Court of Appeals ruled the law invalid.
(SFC, 2/24/12, p.C5)
2001 Mar 22, Sabiha Gokcen,
Turkey's 1st woman pilot and the adopted daughter of Ataturk, died.
Armenians held that she was Armenian by birth.
(Econ, 3/27/04, p.52)
2001 Apr 5, Presidents Robert
Kocharian of Armenia and Heydar Aliyev of Azerbaijan met in Key
West, Fla., for negotiations on Nagorno-Karabakh.
(SFC, 4/4/01, p.A10)
2001 Jul 6, Armenia reported
that almost 25% of the 3.4 million population had left the country.
A census was scheduled for October.
(WSJ, 7/6/01, p.A6)
2001 Sep 25, Pope John Paul cut
short a speech in Armenia due to symptoms of his Parkinson’s
disease. His visit coincided with celebrations marking the 1,700
anniversary of Christianity as the state’s religion.
(SFC, 9/26/01, p.C2)
2002 Oct 9, In Armenia Aram
Petrosian and Akop Khachatrian were sentenced to death for leading
an armed band that terrorized Vanadzor, killing 5 people, robbing
homes and racketeering. The government prepared to ask parliament to
abolish the moratorium on the death penalty.
(AP, 10/9/02)
2002 Oct, Mark Grigorian,
deputy head of the Caucasus Institute for Mass Media, suffered lung
and head injuries in a grenade attack.
(AP, 12/29/02)
2002 Nov 23, Azerbaijan Pres.
Geidar Aliev said that he and Armenian Pres. Robert Kocharian have
agreed to seek a peaceful settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh
conflict.
(AP, 11/23/02)
2002 Dec 28, In Yerevan,
Armenia, Tigran Nagdalian, chief of the leading TV station was shot
and killed.
(AP, 12/29/02)
2003 Feb 19, Armenia
held national elections. Pres. Kocharian was being challenged by 8
contenders who criticized his failure to secure a final deal with
Azerbaijan over the Armenian-populated enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.
He also faced accusations over about 30 unresolved political
killings in recent years and the widening gap between rich and poor
in this nation of 3.3 million people. Kocharian failed to win the
necessary 50 % of votes for re-election, forcing a runoff in
balloting that the opposition complained was rigged.
(AP, 2/19/03)(AP, 2/20/03)
2003 Mar 5, In Armenia
Pres. Robert Kocharian won Armenia’s presidential runoff. The
opposition claimed he was trying to fix the outcome. Kocharian had
67.5 percent and challenger Stepan Demirchian had 32.5 percent,
(AP, 3/6/03)
2003 May 25, Armenians went to
the polls to select a parliament.
(AP, 5/25/03)
2004 Dec 24, Armenia’s
parliament voted to send 46 noncombat troops to Iraq.
(SFC, 12/25/04, p.A10)
2005 Jun 15, Armenia said
Azerbaijan was stockpiling more arms than permitted by treaty.
(WSJ, 6/16/05, p.A1)
2005 Sep 24, Turkish scholars
at a twice-canceled conference on the massacre of Armenians in the
early 20th century cautiously discussed the politically charged
topic, avoiding inflammatory language as protesters denounced the
gathering as traitorous.
(AP, 9/24/05)
2005 Oct 10, Election officials
said Armen Keshishian, the mayor of Nor-Achin a small Armenian town
jailed on murder charges, was re-elected to his post. Keshishian has
been charged in the Sept. 24 shooting death of Ashot Mkhitarian, the
head of a local electric utility. The pistol that allegedly killed
the utility chief had been presented to Keshishian by PM Andranik
Markarian. Keshishian will govern his town from behind bars pending
trial.
(AP, 10/10/05)
2006 Jan 22, Explosions hit
pipelines running through southern Russia, cutting the natural gas
supply to Georgia and Armenia during a cold snap.
(AP, 1/22/06)
2006 Feb 10, The presidents of
Armenia and Azerbaijan negotiated one-on-one on ways to end the
18-year conflict over the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh, but reached
no conclusion and planned more talks.
(AP, 2/10/06)
2006 Feb 11, The presidents of
Armenia and Azerbaijan failed to reach agreement after two days of
talks on how to end the bloody conflict over the enclave of
Nagorno-Karabakh.
(AP, 2/11/06)
2006 Mar 6-2006 Mar 7, Armenian
and Azerbaijani forces exchanged heavy gunfire and mortars at
several points along their border in the most serious fighting in
months.
(AP, 3/7/06)
2006 May 3, An Armenian Airbus
A-320 crashed in stormy weather off Russia's Black Sea coast while
readying to land at the Sochi resort, killing all 113 people on
board, most of them Armenians.
(AP, 5/3/06)(WSJ, 5/3/06, p.A1)
2006 Jun 14, Azerbaijan and
Armenia promised to continue talks over Nagorno-Karabakh despite two
failed efforts this year by the Caucasus nations' presidents to
resolve the status of the disputed enclave.
(AP, 6/14/06)
2006 Oct 3, Russia suspended
all transport and postal links with Georgia until further notice,
sharply escalating their dispute. The blockade caused economic
problems for Armenia, Georgia's landlocked southern neighbor, since
Russia is its main trading partner.
(AP, 10/3/06)(AP, 10/7/06)
2006 Oct 12, French lawmakers
approved a bill making it a crime to deny that the 1915-1919 mass
killings of Armenians in Turkey amounted to genocide. It was thought
unlikely that Jacques Chirac’s government would forward the bill to
the Senate.
(AP, 10/12/06)(SFC, 10/13/06, p.A21)
2006 Nov 10, Asian nations
reached their first international agreement to implement what has
been dubbed the "Iron Silk Road." Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia,
China, Indonesia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Laos, Russia, South Korea,
Turkey and seven other nations agreed to meet at least every two
years to identify vital rail routes, coordinate standards and
financing and plan upgrades and expansions, among other measures.
The UN first conceived the Trans-Asian Railway Network in 1960.
(AP, 11/10/06)
2006 Dec 7, In Armenia 3
teenagers and their grandmother set themselves on fire in Yerevan to
protest what they said was authorities' inaction on investigating a
relative's death, a family member said. Two of them were injured.
They argued that the case was not being investigated because of
discrimination against the Yazidi, a Kurdish ethnic group. About
50,000 Yazidi live in Armenia.
(AP, 12/8/06)
2007 Jan 19, Hrant Dink (53), a
Turkish citizen of Armenian descent, was shot to death at the
entrance to his newspaper's offices. The journalist had faced
constant threats and legal proceedings as one of the most prominent
voices of Turkey's shrinking Armenian community. Dink had called the
1915 massacre of Armenians by Ottoman Turks a genocide. In 2012
Yasin Hayal was sentenced to life in prison for masterminding the
killing, while another 19 were acquitted of charges of acting under
a terrorist organization's orders.
(AP, 1/19/07)(AP, 1/19/12)(Econ, 1/21/12, p.58)
2007 Jan 20, Istanbul police
arrested Ogun Samast, a teenage boy (16-17) and nationalist
hardliner, for the Jan 19 fatal shooting of Hrant Dink, an ethnic
Armenian journalist. Samast confessed to the murder. In July, 2011,
a juvenile court sentenced Samast to nearly 23 years in prison for
killing Dink. A prosecutor demanded life imprisonment for 7 other
men accused of involvement in the killing. 19 other people were on
trial, accused of instigating the killing.
(AP, 1/20/07)(AP, 9/19/11)
2007 Mar 25, Armenia’s PM
Andranik Margarian (55) died of heart failure. Serzh Sarkisian,
defense minister, was appointed prime minister.
(AP,
3/25/07)(www.eurasianet.org/armenia/parties/serzh.html)
2007 May 12, Armenia held a
general election. Acting PM Serzh Sarkisian was elected prime
minister.
(Econ, 5/19/07, p.58)
2007 Jul 19, The
Armenian-controlled breakaway region of Nagorno-Karabakh held a
presidential election amid a rumbling dispute with Azerbaijan over
the mountainous enclave's unrecognized independence.
(AP, 7/19/07)
2007 Jul 20, An election
committee said Bako Saakian, Nagorno-Karabakh's former security
chief, won the presidency of the Armenian-controlled breakaway
region with 85% of the vote.
(AP, 7/20/07)
2007 Sep 4, A skirmish near the
disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh killed two Azerbaijani
soldiers and three Armenian troops.
(AP, 9/5/07)
2007 Sep 7, Bako Saakian, the
former security chief of Nagorno-Karabakh, was sworn as the new
president of the Armenian-controlled breakaway region.
(AP, 9/7/07)
2007 Oct 10, The US House
Foreign Affairs Committee voted 27-21 to label as genocide the
deaths of Armenians a century ago at the end of the Ottoman Empire.
The Bush administration planned to pressure Democratic leaders not
to schedule a vote, though it is expected to pass.
(AP, 10/11/07)
2007 Oct 11, Turkey swiftly
condemned a US House panel's approval of a bill describing the World
War I-era mass killings of Armenians as genocide, and newspapers
blasted the measure on their front pages. Turkey also recalled its
ambassador to Washington and warned of serious repercussions if
Congress labels the killing of Armenians by Turks a century ago as
genocide.
(AP, 10/11/07)(AP, 10/12/07)
2007 Nov 29, Armenia approved a
plan to shut down its lone nuclear power plant, following years of
pressure from foreign nations concerned about its Soviet-era design
and safety.
(AP, 11/30/07)
2008 Feb 19, Armenians voted
for a new president. PM Serzh Sarkisian (Sargsyan), given credit for
rising living standards, won with 53% of the vote, enough to avert a
runoff with rival Levon Ter-Petrosian (21%).
(Reuters, 2/19/08)(Econ, 2/23/08, p.70)(Econ,
10/18/08, p.38)
2008 Feb 20, In Armenia
thousands of opposition supporters marched through the capital after
an election official said complete results showed that the prime
minister had won the presidential election. On Jan 19, 2010, a court
sentenced Nikola Pashinian, editor of the Armenian Times opposition
newspaper, to seven years in prison for organizing mass unrest in
the wake of the 2008 presidential elections.
(AP, 2/20/08)(AP, 1/19/10)
2008 Mar 1, Armenian police
forcefully dispersed a demonstration by several hundred opposition
supporters who had camped out in the capital for more than a week to
protest the results of presidential elections. The violent protests
left eight dead and more than 100 injured and prompted Armenian
President Robert Kocharian to declare a sweeping, 20-day state of
emergency.
(AP, 3/1/08)(AP, 3/2/08)
2008 Mar 4, Ethnic Armenian and
Azerbaijani forces exchanged fire for hours near the disputed
territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijan warned it could try to
reclaim the disputed region. Soldiers were killed and wounded on
both sides. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty said in a statement that
its two Armenian affiliates halted the broadcasts to comply with an
emergency decree that allows media to only report news that is
sanctioned by the government.
(AP, 3/5/08)(WSJ, 3/5/08, p.A1)
2008 Mar 14, The UN General
Assembly adopted a resolution demanding the "immediate, complete and
unconditional" withdrawal of all Armenian forces from Azerbaijan's
territory in a vote in which more than 100 countries abstained.
(AFP, 3/15/08)
2008 Mar 15, Azerbaijan warned
it would review relations with France, Russia and the US after they
voted against a UN resolution calling on Armenia to pull out of
Azerbaijani territory.
(AFP, 3/15/08)
2008 Sep 6, Thousands of
Armenians lined the streets of the Yerevan to protest the first-ever
visit by a Turkish leader and to demand that Turkey acknowledge the
World War I massacres of Armenian civilians as genocide.
(www.interfax.com/3/425662/news.aspx)
2008 Nov 2, The leaders of
Armenia and Azerbaijan agreed to intensify talks to end a 20-year
conflict over the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh.
(AP, 11/2/08)
2008 Nov 25 Armenia won its
second straight gold medal at the Chess Olympiad in Germany by
defeating China 2.5-1.5 in the 11th and final round.
(AP, 11/26/08)
2008 Dec 15, A group of about
200 Turkish intellectuals issued an apology on the Internet for the
World War I-era massacres of Armenians in Turkey.
(AP, 12/16/08)
2009 Feb 4, Russia sought to
bolster its security alliance with six other ex-Soviet nations
(Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and
Uzbekistan) by forming a joint rapid reaction force in a continuing
effort to curb US influence in energy-rich Central Asia.
(AP, 2/4/09)
2009 Apr 22, The Turkish
Foreign Ministry said Turkey and Armenia have agreed on a roadmap
for normalizing relations and reaching reconciliation, but it wasn't
immediately clear how they would tackle their bitter dispute over
Ottoman-era killings of ethnic Armenians.
(AP, 4/22/09)
2009 May 7, The European Union
extended its hand to former Soviet republics, holding a summit to
draw them closer into the EU orbit despite Russia's deep misgivings.
Presidents, premiers and their deputies from 33 nations signed an
agreement meant to extend the EU's political and economic ties. The
six ex-Soviet republics to whom the partnership would apply are
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine.
(AP, 5/7/09)
2009 Jul 15, In Iran a
Russian-made Caspian Airlines TU-154 jet plane carrying nearly 170
people crashed shortly after takeoff from Tehran's Imam Khomeini
International Airport. It was headed to the Armenian capital
Yerevan. All on board were killed.
{Iran, Air Crash, Armenia}
(AP, 7/15/09)
2009 Oct 2, In France Armenia's
President Serge Sarkisian started his tour of Armenian communities
worldwide amid violent protests from members of a diaspora angry
over plans to establish ties with Turkey.
(AP, 10/2/09)
2009 Oct 10, Armenia and Turkey
signed a deal in Switzerland to establish diplomatic ties ending a
century of enmity. To take effect, the agreements must be ratified
by the Turkish and Armenian parliaments, but it faced stiff
opposition in both countries.
(AP, 10/11/09)
2009 Oct 11, Turkish PM Erdogan
called on Armenia to withdraw from the disputed enclave of
Nagorno-Karabakh, saying that a deal to establish diplomatic ties,
signed a day earlier, cannot come into force until that happens.
(AP, 10/11/09)
2009 Oct 14, Armenian President
Serzh Sarkisian arrived in Turkey to attend a World Cup football
game as the two nations pressed ahead with painstaking efforts to
overcome a bloody history.
(AFP, 10/14/09)
2010 Mar 4, A US congressional
panel voted to label as "genocide" the World War One-era massacre of
Armenians by Ottoman Turkish forces, prompting Turkey to recall its
ambassador from Washington.
(Reuters, 3/4/10)
2010 Mar 11, Sweden's
parliament narrowly approved a resolution recognizing the 1915 mass
killing of Armenians in Turkey as genocide, prompting the Turkish
government to recall its ambassador in protest.
(AP, 3/11/10)
2010 Apr 22, Armenia suspended
ratification of peace accords with Turkey, setting back to square
one US-backed efforts to bury a century of hostility between the
neighbors.
(Reuters, 4/22/10)
2010 Jun 18-2010 Jun 19, A
firefight between Armenia and Azerbaijan left 5 people dead in
northern Karabakh.
(Econ, 7/10/10,
p.54)(www.eurasianet.org/node/61373)
2010 Aug 20, Russia secured a
long-term foothold in the energy-rich and unstable Caucasus region
by signing a deal with Armenia that allows a Russian military base
to operate until 2044 in exchange for a promise of new weaponry and
fresh security guarantees.
(AP, 8/20/10)
2010 Oct 13, US authorities
said a vast network of Armenian gangsters and their associates used
phantom health care clinics and other means to try to cheat Medicare
out of $163 million, the largest fraud by one criminal enterprise in
the program's history. Federal prosecutors in New York and elsewhere
charged 73 people. The reputed boss, Armen Kazarian (46), was in
custody in Los Angeles.
(AP, 10/13/10)
2010 Oct 16, Armenia's
president has opened an aerial tramway that the country claims is
the world's longest. The tramway across the Vorotan River gorge in
the country's south spans 5.7 km (3.5 miles), longer than the 4.5 km
(2.8 mile) Sandia Peak Tramway in New Mexico, known as the world's
longest passenger tramway. The $45 million tramway links the highway
from the capital of Yerevan with the 9th century Tatev Monastery.
(AP, 10/16/10)
2010 Oct 26, Armenian police
arrested Georg Avanesov (27). He allegedly operated the “Bredolab”
botnet of nearly 30 million PCs. Investigators alleged that Avanesov
made up to US$139,000 each month renting the botnet to criminals who
used it for sending spam and for installing password-stealing
malicious software.
(www.securelist.com/en/analysis/204792148/Spam_report_October_2010)
2010 Thomas de Waal authored
“The Caucasus: An Introduction.”
(Econ, 10/23/10, p.102)
2011 Jan 9, In Turkey PM
Erdogan visited Kars and called for the destruction of a local
monument near the Armenian border. The monument featured a divided
human figure, with one half extending a hand to the other half. It
was meant to symbolize the pain of division and the hope of
reconciliation, and was sculpted from stone by Mehmet Aksoy, a
prominent Turkish artist. Local authorities halted its construction
on grounds that it was built on a historic military site, Timur
Pasha emplacement, used to defend the city in the 16th century.
(AP, 1/10/11)(Econ, 1/15/11,
p.56)(http://tinyurl.com/4g4kpya)
2011 Jan 11, It was reported
that the earliest known winery, dating back some 6,000 years, has
been discovered in Armenia.
(SFC, 1/11/11, p.A2)
2011 Apr 26, Turkey began to
demolish the 100-foot "Peace and Brotherhood" monument near its
eastern border dedicated to friendship with Armenia after PM Erdogan
called it a "monstrosity" on Jan 9. The statue was commissioned in
2006 to highlight friendship between Turkey and Armenia, two
countries with a history of enmity and suspicion.
(AFP, 4/26/11)
2011 Jun 24, The presidents of
Armenia and Azerbaijan failed to approve a set of basic principles
for a peaceful settlement to their long-standing dispute over the
breakaway territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, despite US and Russian
efforts to mediate the conflict in the strategic Caucasus region.
(AP, 6/24/11)
2011 Sep 3, In Tajikistan
leaders from eight former Soviet states (Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan)
gathered to celebrate enduring cooperation over the two decades
since their nations collectively gained independence, but mutual
acrimony and recriminations cast a shadow over the event.
(AP, 9/3/11)
2011 Nov 19, Azeri snipers
fired into the disputed breakaway enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh
killing one Armenian soldier. A 2nd soldier was killed the next day.
(AP, 11/21/11)
2011 Nov 21, Armenia said it
will retaliate for the weekend killings of two ethnic Armenian
soldiers by Azeri snipers who fired into a disputed breakaway
enclave.
(AP, 11/21/11)
2011 Dec 23, Iranian President
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad made a visit to Armenia that saw the Islamic
republic and its small Christian neighbor sign a series of
agreements to boost ties.
(AFP, 12/23/11)
2012 Jan 23, Turkey threatened
more sanctions for France if the Senate in Paris votes later today
to make it a crime to deny the 20th-century killing of Armenians by
Ottoman Turks constitutes a genocide. France's parliament approved
the bill later in the day.
(AP, 1/23/12)(AP, 1/24/12)
2012 Jan 24, Turkey warned the
French president against signing a law that makes it a crime to deny
that the killings of Armenians by Ottoman Turks nearly a century ago
constituted genocide, saying such a move would deal a heavy blow to
the relations between the two countries.
(AP, 1/24/12)
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End of file.