Timeline Guyana

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CIA Factbook: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/gy.html
Lanic: http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/sa/guyana/
USLC: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/gytoc.html

1595        Sir Walter Raleigh explored the South American coast from the Orinoco River to the mouth of the Amazon, an area that he called "Guiana."
    (WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)

1616        Mar 20, Walter Raleigh was released from Tower of London to seek gold in Guyana.
    (MC, 3/20/02)

1616        The Dutch became the first to establish colonies in Guyana with Essequibo. Berbice followed in 1627, and then Demerara  in 1752.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana)

1769        Oct 1, Isabel Godin, the wife of French surveyor Jean Godin, departed Riobamba, Ecuador, with an escort of 31 Indians in an effort to reach her husband in French Guiana.
    (ON, 5/05, p.2)

1770        Jul 18, Isabel Godin, having traveled from Ecuador the length of the Amazon, reunited with her husband Jean Godin in French Guiana.
    (ON, 5/05, p.4)

1834        Slavery was abolished in Guyana and people from India were brought in to work on sugar plantations.
    (SFC, 3/19/01, p.A8)

1856        A one-cent British Guiana stamp was purchased in 1980 for $935,000 by chemicals heir John E. DuPont.
    (WSJ, 4/7/00, p.W9)

1899        Oct, An int'l. tribunal in Paris ruled on a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (Guyana). Britain received most of the claim for the Essequibo region, close to 111,000 square miles. Venezuela was represented by 2 US judges and the chairman of the panel was Russian jurist Frederic de Martens. Venezuela rejected this decision in the 1960s.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)(Econ, 9/29/07, p.44)

1901        Nov 17, Dr. Aubre De Lambert Maynard (d.1999 at 97) was born in Georgetown. In 1958 he performed a successful operation on Martin Luther King who was attacked and had a knife embedded in his sternum. Maynard authored "Surgeons to the Poor: The Harlem Hospital Story" in 1978.
    (SFC, 3/25/99, p.C3)

1934        Evelyn Waugh (1903-1966), English writer, authored “Ninety-Two Days.” It was based on his 1932 travels in Brazil and British Guiana.
    {Britain, Writer, Brazil}
    (WSJ, 11/24/07, p.W8)

1947        Feb 23, Shakira Caine, actress (Man Who be King), Miss Guyana (1967), was born in Guyana.
    (MC, 2/23/02)

1949        A memorandum by Severo Mallet-Prevost was published posthumously. He had acted as junior counsel in 1899 land dispute with British Guiana and asserted that Venezuela was pressured to accept the deal or give up territory to the mouth of the Orinoco.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)

1950        In British Guyana Dr. Cheddi B. Jagan, a dentist, founded the People’s Progressive Party, the first modern political organization in the colony.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)

1953        Apr, Dr. Cheddi B. Jagan was elected chief minister.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)

1953        Oct 9, British troops in Guyana deposed Dr. Jagan and charged that he and his party "were under the complete control of a communist clique." Dr. Jagan responded with a civil disobedience campaign and was quickly jailed for 6 months. In 2011 declassified documents revealed that the UK under PM Winston Churchill overthrew the elected government of British Guiana, later Guyana, because he feared its left-wing leader, Cheddi Jagan, and his American wife, Janet Jagan, were leading the British colony into the arms of the Soviet Union.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)(AP, 8/25/11)

1957        The People’s Progressive Party won elections and Dr. Jagan and his wife won cabinet posts.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)

1961        The People’s Progressive Party again won elections and Dr. Jagan was sworn in as prime minister. He vowed to achieve independence and install a socialist regime. The US CIA undertook a destabilization campaign with organized labor unrest, sabotage and disinformation that led to race riots between East Indians and blacks that left nearly 100 dead.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)(SFC, 5/29/97, p.A4)

1964        The People’s Progressive Party led the vote in elections but two opposition parties formed a coalition government.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)

1964        Riots erupted after mostly black laborers were brought in to replace striking Indian plantation workers. 176 people were killed.
    (SFC, 3/19/01, p.A8)

1966        Guyana became independent under a Geneva Agreement.
    (SFC, 4/1/97, p.A17)(SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)

1969        A group opposed to the government of Pres. Forbes Burnham staged an uprising in the Essequibo region. It was asserted that Venezuela had trained and armed the militants.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)

1970        Feb 23, Guyana became a republic.
    (HFA, '96, p.22)

1978        Jul 3, The Amazon Pact was established. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela signed the Amazon Pact, a Brazilian initiative designed to coordinate the joint development of the Amazon Basin.
    (http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Amazon+Pact)

1978        Nov 18, In Jonestown, Guyana, California Rep. Leo J. Ryan and four other people, investigating the Jim Jones cult, were killed by members of the Peoples Temple. Greg Robinson, a SF Examiner photographer, Don Harris, NBC correspondent, Bob Brown, NBC cameraman, and Patricia Parks, a temple defector, were shot dead. Congressional aide Jackie Speier survived 5 bullets. The killings were followed by a night of mass murder and suicide. 918 people died at Jonestown, including 260 children. In 1982 John Jacobs and Tim Reiterman authored "Raven: The Untold Story of the Rev. Jim Jones and His People." In 2010 Laura Johnston Kohl authored “Jonestown Survivor: An Insider’s Look.” In 2011 survivors unveiled a memorial at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland, Ca., with the names of all the dead.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Jones)(SFEM, 11/17/96, p.22)(AP, 11/18/97)(SFEC, 11/8/98, p.A18)(SFC, 5/25/00, p.C2)(SSFC, 11/16/03, p.D1)(http://tinyurl.com/4ync97m)(SFC, 5/30/11, p.C1)

1980        May 22, Larry Layton, former member of the People’s Temple, was acquitted of 2 charges of attempted murder by a jury in Georgetown, Guyana.
    (SFC, 5/20/05, p.F2)

1980        Oct 6, Linden Forbes Burnham (19231985) began serving as president of Guyana.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Burnham)

1982        Dec 10, The UN Law of the Sea treaty opened for signature. It extended internationally recognized territorial waters to 200 miles offshore. The convention came into force on November 16, 1994, one year after the sixtieth state, Guyana, signed it. The treaty gave countries the power to restrict fishing within 231 miles of their coasts. The convention created the International Seabed authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea.
    (http://tinyurl.com/2wsq9p)(WSJ, 1/18/07, p.A13)(Econ, 8/18/07, p.51)

1985        Aug 6, Linden Forbes Burnham (b.1923), president of Guyana, died.
    (SFC, 9/10/08, p.A5)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Burnham)

1985        Desmond Hoyte took office as president. He lowered import barriers, freed the exchange rate and welcomed foreign investors. He led the Afro-Guyanese People’s National Congress.
    (WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A18)(SFEC,12/14/97, p.A22)

1992        Fair and free elections were introduced in Guyana. Cheddi Jagan was elected president. The People’s Progressive Party-Civic (PPP-C), supported by the Indo-Guyanese, gained power following 28 years of rule by the rival People’s National Congress Reform (PNC-R), supported by most blacks.
    (WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A18)(Econ, 4/29/06, p.42)

1994        Nov 16, The UN Law of the Sea, ratified in 1993, took effect. Arvid Pardo (d.1999 at 85), Maltese delegate to the UN, proposed in 1967 that the bounty of the sea should be considered "the common heritage of mankind" and asked that some of the sea's wealth be used to bankroll a fund to help close the gap between rich and poor nations. The International Seabed Authority came into existence as the law took effect. The first Secretary-General of the Authority, Satya Nandan (Fiji) was elected in March 1996, and the Authority became fully operational as an autonomous international organization in June 1996, when it took over the premises and facilities in Kingston, Jamaica. The UN Law of the Sea treaty, which extended internationally recognized territorial waters to 200 miles offshore, came into force one year after the sixtieth state, Guyana, signed it.
    (http://tinyurl.com/2wsq9p)(SFC, 7/19/99, p.A22)

1996        Guyana’s population was about 780,000.
    (WSJ, 9/25/96, p.A18)

1997        Mar 6, Dr. Cheddi Jagan died. His widow, Janet Jagan, became prime minister under Pres. Samuel Hinds.
    (SFC, 3/7/96, p.A24)(SFEC,12/14/97, p.A22)

1997        Dec 15, In Guyana Janet Jagan (77) won the elections for president.
    (SFEC,12/14/97, p.A22)(SFC,12/18/97, p.C14)

1998        Jul 2, With the country in turmoil Pres. Jagan met with former pres. Hoyte in St. Lucia to make a deal that provided the opposition more say.
    (SFC, 7/3/98, p.A14)

1998        Jul 2, Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Jamaica reported plans to establish the Caribbean Court of Justice in 1999 and planned to change their constitutions to free themselves of the British Privy Council. The effort was pushed to establish the death penalty.
    (SFC, 7/4/98, p.A10)

1998        Oct 22, In Guyana police and US anti-drug agents seized 3 tons of cocaine aboard a cargo ship bound for Europe. It was a record bust for Guyana.
    (SFC, 10/23/98, p.A19)

1999        Aug 8, Pres. Janet Jagan (78) announced that she was resigning due to ill health and that Bharat Jagdeo (35), her finance minister, would succeed her.
    (SFC, 8/9/99, p.A9)

2001        Mar 19, In Guyana elections were held for the presidency and 65-seat National Assembly. Bharrat Jagdeo (37) and the People’s Progressive Party won  a 3rd consecutive term against Desmond Hoyte (72) of the People’s National Congress. Some black voters raised accusation of fraud.
    (SFC, 3/19/01, p.A8)(SFC, 3/20/01, p.A11)(SFC, 3/24/01, p.A12)

2001        Jun, Brazil signed a trade agreement with Guyana.
    (Econ, 1/13/07, p.36)

2002        Jul 3, In Georgetown, Guyana, police opened fire on demonstrators who broke into the presidential compound, killing two people and wounding six others during a protest timed to coincide with the start of a Caribbean summit.
    (AP, 7/4/02)

2002        Jul 5, In Guyana the Caribbean Community trading bloc wrapped up a summit that was marred early on by violence and admitted Haiti as its 15th member.
    (AP, 7/5/02)

2002        Sep 26, In Guyana gunmen opened fire at a bar popular with some ruling party members, killing three people and injuring seven others, including the country's chief prosecutor who was involved in a high-profile treason trial.
    (AP, 9/26/02)

2002        Dec 22, In Guyana Desmond Hoyte (b.1929), former President (1985-1992) died.
    (AP, 12/30/02)

2003        Sep 2, Ptolemy Alexander Reid (85), former Guyanese Prime Minister, died after suffering a stroke. Reid was named prime minister under President Forbes Burnham, and held the post from 1980 to 1984.
    (AP, 9/5/03)

2003        Oct 10, Former Guyana vice president and first lady Viola Burnham (72) died after a prolonged battle with cancer. She served as vice president and deputy PM from 1985-1991.
    (AP, 10/11/03)

2004        Feb 3, The US government revoked Guyana's Home Affairs Minister Ronald Gajraj's travel visa. He has been accused of organizing a hit squad blamed in the deaths of more than 40 suspected criminals last year.
    (AP, 2/5/04)(Econ, 5/22/04, p.34)

2004        Mar 20, In Guyana thousands marched through Georgetown, demanding the government order an independent investigation into claims of a state-sponsored hit squad blamed for more than 40 killings in the past year.
    (AP, 3/20/04)

2004        Jun 24, George Bacchus (51), a Guyana cattle farmer who prompted an inquiry into an alleged government hit squad, was assassinated.
    (AP, 6/24/04)

2004        Guyana's government gave the indigenous Wai Wai control of 2,400 square miles of tropical forest and savanna, nearly half the size of Connecticut.
    (AP, 10/5/07)

2005        Jan 19, The US State Department issued a warning asking Americans to defer travel to Guyana because of flooding that has killed at least two people there over the past week.
    (AP, 1/19/05)

2005        Mar 31, Guyana police found American missionaries Richard Hicks (42) and his wife Charlene Hicks (58) slain at a farm they rented in southwestern Guyana near the border with Brazil. In 2008 Guyana police issued arrest warrants for two Brazilians accused of the killings. Peter Marare and Aleiman Cassiano Eligenio, who were ranch hands on the couple's farm, faced one count of murder each.
    (AP, 4/1/05)(AP, 8/6/08)

2005        Jun 21, President Bharrat Jagdeo said Guyana will hire 600 new police officers and loosen rules on wiretapping and asset seizures as part of a strategy to fight increasing drug trafficking.
    (AP, 6/21/05)

2005        Sep 6, Nine countries: Antigua, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Dominica, Suriname, St. Kitts, St. Vincent and the Dominican Republic, signed oil deals with Venezuela in Jamaica. Cuba and Jamaica had previously signed. Chavez urged Caribbean governments to consider Cuba-style socialism as an alternative to capitalism.
    (AP, 9/11/05)

2005        Sep 20, A Guyana jury convicted Patricia Alves (43) of manslaughter for killing a friend during an exorcism ritual. Alves was found guilty of killing Kamille Seenauth (34) on Feb. 15, 2002. She allegedly beat Seenauth in an attempt to drive evil spirits out of her. On Sep 28 Alves was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
    (AP, 9/21/05)(AP, 9/29/05)

2005        Oct 28, Guyanese lawmakers voted to raise the age of female sexual consent from 13 years old to 16, despite months of lobbying from groups who said the age should have been 18.
    (AP, 10/29/05)

2005        Dec 10, In, Georgetown, Guyana, the body of Hubert Daniel Thompson (55), an American consultant for the US government's overseas aid agency, was found in his hotel room. Police said they suspect homicide.
    (AP, 12/12/05)

2005        In Guyana the failure of a dam during the worst rains in a century flooded dozens of villages and parts of the capital killing 35 people.
    (AP, 1/22/06)

2006        Jan 21, Guyana's government deployed soldiers to protect flood control gates and reservoirs after saboteurs set fire to drainage systems in coastal areas threatened by recent flooding. Since December, flooding has covered thousands of acres in waist-deep water and displaced more than 5,000 people.
    (AP, 1/21/06)

2006        Feb 26, In Guyana gunmen on a rampage left 8 people dead and a dozen bystanders wounded on the outskirts of Georgetown. About 15 gunmen armed with rifles tried to rob a gas station when security guards responded. They escaped with about $40.
    (AP, 2/27/06)

2006        Apr 22, Gunmen burst into the home of Satyadeo Sawh (50), Guyana's agriculture minister, and fatally shot him along with two relatives and a security guard.
    (AP, 4/22/06)(Econ, 4/29/06, p.42)

2006        Jun 20, A US Embassy spokesman said the United States has asked Suriname to extradite a Guyanese man wanted on drug charges in New York. Shaheed Khan was arrested June 15 by authorities in Suriname.
    (AP, 6/21/06)

2006        Aug 8, Gunmen with automatic weapons stormed Kaieteur News, Guyana's largest newspaper, killing at least six people and wounding three in an attack that may have been connected to a simultaneous protest at the nation's main prison.
    (AP, 8/9/06)

2006        Aug 28, Guyana held elections. Critics accused Guyana's government of turning a blind eye to the cocaine flowing Guyana to the US and Europe. President Bharrat Jagdeo's party appeared headed to victory in Guyana's election, according to vote results.
    (AP, 8/28/06)(AP, 8/30/06)

2006        Aug 31, Guyana’s elections commission said President Bharrat Jagdeo won re-election and his ruling People's Progressive Party increased its majority in Guyana's parliament. The PPP received 183,887 votes, or about 55%, and increased its seats in parliament by two to 36.
    (AP, 9/1/06)

2006        Dec 28, Guyana police said they had shot and killed Neil Bovell (37), the country's most wanted fugitive after he refused to surrender when they tracked him to his father's house in Georgetown.
    (AP, 12/29/06)

2006        Dec, Brazil’s government agreed to spend $3 million on a bridge to Guyana over the Takutu River. An attempt 5 years earlier had failed over financial irregularities.
    (Econ, 1/13/07, p.36)

2006        Drug trafficking accounted for up to 20% of Guyana’s GDP, according to the US State Dept.
    (Econ, 9/2/06, p.38)

2007        Jan 25, Guyana's president hired former New York City Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik as a state security adviser despite criticism in this South American country over his record of alleged ethics violations.
    (AP, 1/26/07)

2007        Mar 16, The Inter-American Development Bank announced it would forgive $4.4 billion in debt owed by five of the poorest countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The bank excused the foreign debts of Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Haiti and Guyana in an announcement ahead of its annual meeting.
    (AP, 3/16/07)

2007        Apr 11, Guyana's Pres. Bharrat Jagdeo said former NYC police commissioner Bernard Kerik has withdrawn from contracts to advise two Caribbean governments on security because of unresolved legal troubles in the United States.
    (AP, 4/12/07)

2007        Apr 28, Guyana police found the remains of a an elderly woman who was lynched by a crowd of villagers. She had been accused of being an “Old Higue,” an evil spirit who drinks the blood of human babies.
    (AP, 4/30/07)

2007        Aug 16, A conservation group said mercury used by gold miners has seeped into rivers and streams and sickened scores of Indian villagers in rural Guyana.
    (AP, 8/16/07)

2007        Sep 7, Guyana officials said pirate attacks along its rivers and Atlantic coast have prompted the South American country to set up an emergency radio network for boaters and place special markings on engines to track stolen equipment.
    (AP, 9/8/07)

2007        Sep 20, A UN decision awarded Guyana, rather than Suriname, most of a disputed area of coastal Atlantic Ocean, which may hold a large amount of undiscovered oil.
    (Econ, 9/29/07, p.44)

2007        Oct 4, The Wai Wai, an indigenous group in Guyana, backed by government decree and a US-based conservation organization, said it has banned miners and loggers from its section of the Amazon jungle and pledged to pursue an economic strategy based on ecotourism, research and traditional crafts.
    (AP, 10/5/07)

2007        Nov 16, Guyana rushed troops and police to its western border a day after Venezuelan soldiers allegedly blew up two Guyanese gold-mining dredges on a river near the frontier.
    (AP, 11/16/07)

2007        Dec 7, The Caribbean Community (Caricom) meeting in Guyana, agreed to open up its markets to certain European goods, on the condition that entertainment workers from the region are allowed free access to Europe.
    (AP, 12/8/07)

2007        Guyana’s Pres. Bharrat Jagdeo said that under the right circumstances he would cede his country’s entire forest to stewardship by outsiders.
    (Econ, 3/29/08, p.80)

2008        Jan 26, In Guyana gunmen stormed into Lusignan, a coastal village, and shot dead 11 people with 5 children among the dead. Police and government officials suspected a gang led by Rondell Rawlins, a former Guyanese soldier, is behind the violence. Rawlins has accused security forces of kidnapping his pregnant 18-year-old girlfriend days ago and police say he threatened to carry out attacks until she is found.
    (AP, 1/26/08)

2008        Feb 17, Gunmen in Guyana killed 12 people, including three police officers, in an assault on Bartica, a small town on the Essequibo River. They invaded a police station and made off with ammunition and weapons It was the second major attack blamed on gangs in recent weeks.
    (AP, 2/18/08)

2008        Jun 16, Guyanese authorities banned imports of pit bulls into the South American nation following a spate of maulings by the breed.
    (AP, 6/16/08)

2008        Nov 2, In Guyana American pilots James Barker and Chris Paris and Canadian technician Patrick Murphy were doing uranium survey work for Prometheus Resources Guyana Inc., a subsidiary of U308 Corporation of Toronto, Canada, when the plane went missing.
    (AP, 11/18/08)

2009        Feb 2, Guyana banned nighttime flights because of a strike by air traffic controllers. The strike began the night of Jan 30 over union demands for salary increases of 5 percent. The government says it cannot grant the pay hikes because it needs to upgrade airport safety equipment.
    (AP, 2/2/09)

2009        Mar 28, In Guyana Janet Jagan (88), a Chicago native who became Guyana's first white and first female president (1997), died.
    (AP, 3/28/09)

2009        Sep 14, The leaders of Brazil and Guyana met to inaugurate the $5 million Takutu River Bridge, that is expected to boost trade between Brazil and the Caribbean. Traffic began crossing the bridge nearly two months ago but today’s ceremony was billed as its formal commissioning.
    (AP, 9/15/09)

2009        Nov 6, Guyanese President Bharrat Jagdeo alleged that recent arson attacks and shootings in his nation are the work of a mastermind living in the US. 3 attackers dressed as police officers firebombed a wooden, colonial-era courthouse and a nearby school on Nov 4, and later shot at two police stations, wounding one officer in the jaw and another in the ankle.
    (AP, 11/7/09)

2009        Nov 18, Guyana unveiled a simple, white stone plaque with little fanfare at the jungle clearing where more than 900 members of the cult led by the American preacher Jim Jones died in a night of mass murder and suicide on Nov. 18, 1978.
    (AP, 11/19/09)

2010        Mar 28, In Guyana Sangeeta Persaud (15) died after neighbors and a local pastor tried to treat her convulsions with an exorcism at a church.
    (AP, 4/3/10)

2010        Jul 16, In Guyana the publisher of Kaieteur News vowed to fight a libel lawsuit filed by President Bharrat Jagdeo for a column that accused the president of racism and of hiring people to disrupt an academic conference. A June 28 column accused Jagdeo and his party, which is dominated by people of East Indian descent, of hiring "goons" to noisily disrupt a conference two days earlier.
    (AP, 7/17/10)

2010        Sep 24, In Guyana a teenager (16) was reported missing. Police found her body Oct. 3 inside a suitcase that had been weighted down with dumbbells and tossed in a creek in the capital of Georgetown. On Oct 8 police charge the girl’s mother Bibi Sharmina Gopaul and her lover Jarvis Small with murder.
    (AP, 10/8/10)

2011        Jan 5, In Guyana a grenade that exploded at a bus depot in Georgetown while still in the hands of the man carrying it. He was the only person killed and was described as a Guyana native who had been released from a US prison and deported back to his home country a few years ago. 19 people were wounded by shrapnel in the explosion, including a 4-year-old boy and his 76-year-old grandmother.
    (AP, 1/6/11)

2011        Jan 13, Guyana recognized Palestinian statehood, joining a string of other South American nations in a push for Palestinians and Israelis to negotiate a peace deal.
    (AP, 1/13/11)

2011        Mar 9, Guyana police Sgt. Dexter Clemenston was accused of raping and sodomizing a 19-year-old recruit after beating him unconscious at the national force's headquarters.
    (AP, 3/10/11)

2011        Mar 11, Guyana police said they have arrested a man (22) who had taken over a high school in a rural community, where he beat students with a cane and leather belts and arbitrarily changed school hours. The man, posing as a government official, pulled off his ruse for two weeks until suspicious teachers finally called the Ministry of Education.
    (AP, 3/11/11)

2011        May 19, Guyana police detained Akbar Muhammad, a visiting US Muslim cleric and longtime aide to Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, on suspicion of ties to drugs and terrorism. Muhammad was released by Guyanese authorities the next day and demanded an official apology from the government.
    (AP, 5/20/11)(AP, 5/20/11)

2011        Jul 30, A Caribbean Airlines jet coming from New York crashed and broke in two while landing in Guyana with 163 people aboard, causing several injuries but no deaths.
    (AP, 7/30/11)

2011        Oct 1, Guyana’s Pres. Bharrat Jagdeo banned an opposition television station from broadcasting for four months for airing a slanderous comment about Bishop Juan Edghill, a close presidential associate.
    (SSFC, 10/2/11, p.A4)

2011        Nov 28, Guyana held elections. The East Indian-dominated People's Progressive Party led by economist Donald Ramotar (61) won the most seats but fell short of an absolute majority. Opposition parties could control the 65-seat parliament if they are able to work together.
    (AP, 12/1/11)

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