Timeline Luxembourg

Timeline Luxembourg

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CIA Factbook: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/lu.html
Emulate: http://www.emulateme.com/luxembourg.htm
Facts & Links: http://www.eskimo.com/~lisanne/lux.htm
LonelyPlanet: http://www.lonelyplanet.lycos.com/europe/luxembourg/history.html
TravelDocs: http://www.traveldocs.com/lu/index.htm
World History KLMA: http://www.stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/gbs2/whkmla/

400,000 citizens are ruled by a Grand Duke and speak Letzebuergesch, a German dialect laced with French and claimed to be the language of Charlemagne. The capital is Luxembourg City.
(SFC, 9/1/96, T3)

c600-700    St. Willibrord, an Irish missionary, spread Christianity in the region.
    (SFC, 9/1/96, T3)

1296        Aug 10, John the Blind, King of Bohemia, Count of Luxembourg, was born.
    (MC, 8/10/02)

1316        May 14, Charles IV (d.1378), later King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, was born in the House of Luxembourg.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_emperor_Charles_IV)

1346        Nov 26, Charles of Luxembourg was crowned German king. He succeeded his father John of Luxemburg as King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg.
    (PC, 1992 ed, p.128)

1378        Nov 29, Charles IV (b.1316), King of Bohemia and Holy Roman Emperor, died.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_emperor_Charles_IV)

1429        Jan 23, At the Congress of Luck Emp. Sigismund of Luxembourg offered to crown Vytautas as King of Lithuania.
    (LHC, 1/23/03)

1582        Oct 15, The Gregorian (or New World) calendar was adopted in Italy, France, Luxembourg, Spain, and Portugal; and the preceding ten days were lost to history. This day followed Oct 4 to bring the calendar into sync. by order of the Council of Trent. Oct 5-14 were dropped.
    (K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(HN, 10/15/98)(SFEC, 10/3/99, Par p.27)

1867        Sep 9, Luxembourg gained independence.
    (MC, 9/9/01)

1884        Aug 16, Hugo Gernsback (d.1967), sci-fi writer, publisher (1960 Hugo), was born in Luxembourg.
    (www.nndb.com/people/381/000045246/)

1890        Nov 23, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands.
    (AP, 11/23/02)

1904        Hugo Gernsback (1884-1967), budding inventor and writer, moved to the US, where he patented a new kind of electrical battery.
    (ON, 11/05, p.10)

1914        July 27, Germany informed Belgium and Luxembourg of its intention to pass its troops through their countries. German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg reportedly called the 1839 London Treaty, in which all the European powers had guaranteed Belgian neutrality, "a scrap of paper" not worth fighting over. Bethmann-Hollweg was trying to persuade Britain not to declare war based on the treaty. Unsuccessful in his efforts, Britain and Belgium declared war when German troops entered Belgium on August 4.
    (HNQ, 7/24/98)

1914        Aug 2, Germany invaded Luxembourg.
    (HN, 8/2/98)

1920        May 1, Belgian-Luxembourg toll tunnel opened.
    (MC, 5/1/02)

1940        May 10, German forces began a blitzkrieg of the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, skirting France's "impenetrable" Maginot Line. Belgium was invaded by Germany and maintained resistance for 18 days.
    (WSJ, 8/1/95, p.A-8)(WSJ, 4/29/96, p.C-1)(HN, 5/10/02)

1944        Sep 11, American troops entered Luxembourg.
    (HN, 9/11/98)

1944        Dec 26, In the World War II Battle of the Bulge, the embattled U.S. 101st Airborne Division was relieved by units of the 4th Armored Division. The Battle of the Bulge was the final major German counter-offensive of the war and thrust deep into allied territory in N & E Belgium and Luxembourg. US Gen Patton's tanks repulsed the Germans.
    (WUD, 1994, p.195)(SFC, 9/1/96, T3)(AP, 12/26/97)(MC, 12/26/01)

1944-1945    The Battle of the Bulge raged across the country.
    (SFC, 9/1/96, T3)

1948        Mar 18, France, Great Britain and Benelux signed the Treaty of Brussels.
    (MC, 3/18/02)

1949        Perle Mesta, a Washington socialite, was appointed US ambassador. Her flamboyant ways and gala parties inspired the Broadway musical “Call Me Madam.”
    (SFC, 10/22/96, p.A18)

1952        Sep 10, Germany and Israel signed the Luxembourg Agreement, an accord about recovery payments. West Germany agreed to pay Israel a sum of 3 billion marks over the next fourteen years. It was signed by West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, Israeli Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett and World Jewish Congress President Nahum Goldmann.
    (http://tinyurl.com/etznn)(http://tinyurl.com/h6n7m)

1959-1974    Pierre Werner (d.2002) served as Prime Minister. He served again from 1979-1984.
    (SFC, 6/25/02, p.A20)

1964        Grand Duke Jean began his rule.
    (SFC, 12/25/99, p.A14)

1973        Ruth Lewis Farkas (1907-1996), was appointed ambassador to Luxembourg by Pres. Nixon after she and her husband, founder of Alexander’s department stores, contributed $300,000 to Nixon’s re-election campaign.
    (SFC, 10/22/96, p.A18)

1979-1984    Pierre Werner (d.2002) served a 2nd period as Prime Minister.
    (SFC, 6/25/02, p.A20)

1980s        Late, Friendly regulation and low taxes spurred a banking boom in the Grand duchy.
    (WSJ, 6/14/96, p.A10)

1986        Feb 17, The Single European Act modifying the Treaty of Rome was signed a 1st time in Luxembourg. [see Feb 28] The single European Act was passed to end trade restricting regulations and create a true single European market by 1992.
    (Econ, 9/25/04, Survey p.9)(http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/1986/index_en.htm)

1991        French frigates were sold to Taiwan. In 2004 a fake list of French public figures (including later president Nicolas Sarkozy), who allegedly held accounts at a Luxembourg-based clearing house (Clearstream Banking S.A.), was leaked to a French judge. This came to be known as the 2nd Clearstream affair.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearstream)(Econ, 12/6/08, p.70)

1992        Jul 2, Luxembourg ratifies the Treaty on the European Union.
    (http://europa.eu.int/abc/history/1992/index_en.htm)

1992        Radio Luxembourg went off the air as it lost listeners due to deregulation and commercial rivals. In 2008 it hoped to make a comeback using digital broadcasts.
    (Econ, 3/8/08, TQ p.8)

1993        Germany passed a 30% withholding tax on investment income. It caused billions of marks to flow out of Germany and into Luxembourg.
    (WSJ, 6/14/96, p.A10)

1996        Jun 9, The latest unemployment rate was 3%.
    (SFC, 6/9/96, Parade, p.9)

1996        Jun, The nation’s managers ran some $325 billion in assets.
    (WSJ, 6/14/96, p.A10)

1999        Jan 1, Luxembourg along with 10 other European Union nations made the transition to the new Euro monetary system.
    (SFC, 1/1/99, p.A8)

1999        Jan 14, The EU voted against censure after EU Pres. Jacques Santer of Luxembourg pledged to impose a reform program to prevent fraud.
    (SFC, 1/15/99, p.A15)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Santer)

2000        May 31, In Luxembourg Neji Bejaoui, an unemployed Tunisian immigrant, took 37 children and 3 teachers hostage in Wasserbillig. Police posing as journalists shot and wounded the hostage-taker after a 30-hour standoff. No one else was injured.
    (SFC, 6/1/00, p.A17)(SFC, 6/2/00, p.A14)(SFC, 6/3/00, p.A14)

2000        Sep, Grand Duke Jean planned to abdicate in favor of his eldest son Prince Henri.
    (SFC, 12/25/99, p.A14)

2002        Jun 24, Pierre Werner (88), Luxembourg Prime Minister from 1959-1974 and 1979-1984, died. He was hailed as the “father of the euro” for his 1970 plan for a common European currency.
    (SFC, 6/25/02, p.A20)

2002        Nov 6, In Luxembourg a twin-engine Fokker-50 plane crashed in fog as it approached Findel Airport, killing 17 people and seriously injuring five others.
    (AP, 11/6/02)(WSJ, 11/7/02, p.A1)

2003        Apr 29, The leaders of France, Germany, Belgium and Luxembourg, all critics of the U.S.-led war on Iraq, agreed to beef up their military cooperation in an effort to make Europe's defense less reliant on the US.
    (AP, 4/29/03)

2004        Sep 10, European finance ministers chose Luxembourg PM Jean-Claude Juncker to represent the group of 12 European Union countries that share the euro currency.
    (AP, 9/10/04)

2005        Jul 7, Luxembourg PM Jean-Claude Juncker asked his citizens to pass a referendum in favor of the EU Constitution.
    (WSJ, 7/8/05, p.A5)

2005        Jul 10, Luxembourg voters ratified the EU’s proposed constitution referendum.
    (AP, 7/10/05)

2005        Luxembourg’s gross domestic product (GDP) for this year was $69,800, making it the richest country in the world by this measure.
    (SSFC, 12/17/06, p.G5)

2006        Jun 25, Arcelor, based in Luxembourg, accepted Mittal Steel's 27-billion-euro ($34 billion) partnership offer. The new group, would be owned 50.6% by Arcelor shareholders and 49.4% by those of Mittal, of which 43% would be controlled by the Mittal family of India.
    (AP, 6/26/06)(Econ, 7/1/06, p.56)

2008        Sep 28, The governments of Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg took partial control of struggling bank Fortis NV.
    (AP, 9/29/08)

2008        Dec 4, The Luxembourg-based European Court of First Instance said EU governments "violated the rights of defense" of the People's Mujahedeen Organization of Iran (PMOI), and that the EU nations have not provided sufficient proof to blacklist the group.
    (AP, 12/4/08)

2009        Jan 15, A Luxembourg court ordered Swiss bank UBS AG to pay French financial company Oddo & Cie euro30 million ($40 million) it had invested in a fund linked to the alleged fraud perpetrated by US financier Bernard Madoff.
    (AP, 1/15/09)

2009        Oct 19, The EU agreed to give the dairy sector an extra $420 million in special aid in an effort to quell a season of unrest in agriculture. Meanwhile angry farmer pelted riot police with eggs and buckets of milk in Luxembourg.
    (SFC, 10/20/09, p.A2)

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