Timeline Mongolia
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The
capital
city is Ulan Bator. Karakoram was the
ancient
Imperial capital. The region is 1.5 million sq. km. (3x the size of
France). Jul 11-13 marks the
National
Day celebration.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-1,10) (WSJ, 8/1/96 p.A11)
80Mil BC Bones from a velociraptor
in Mongolia’s Gobi desert indicated that the dinosaur had a wishbone.
The wishbone, fused collarbones, later provided attachment points for
muscles that allow birds to fly. Also found was a placental mammal with
epipubic bones, structures that had been only associated with
marsupials and monotremes. In 2007 scientists reported evidence of
feathers on the velociraptor uncovered in 1998.
(SFEC, 10/5/97, p.A20)(Reuters, 9/20/07)
80Mil BC The Ukhaa Tolgod basin of Mongolia had
fossils from the late Cretaceous. The site was first discovered by Roy
Chapman Andrews during his 1923 Gobi Desert expedition. The 25-foot
tall, 85-foot long Nurosaurus qaganesis was of this period.
(THM, 4/27/97, p.L4)
70Mil BC In 2006 scientists in Mongolia uncovered a
chunk of sandstone dating to this time, which contained the almost
complete skeleton of a Tarbosaurus dinosaur, related to the giant
carnivo-rous Tyrannosaurus.
(AP, 7/24/08)
75-71 Mil Fossils from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia,
of this period later provided the richest assem-blage of vertebrates in
the world.
(NH, 7/00, p.51)
c9-8,000 BC In Neolithic times Mongolia was the home
of small groups of hunters, reindeer breeders, and nomads.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1000BC Bronze age nomads erected mysterious megaliths
throughout regions of Mongolia and southern Siberia about this time.
Some scholars believed them to be the work of Iron Age peo-ples who
appeared by 700BC.
(Arch, 1/06, p.17)
400-300BC The Chinese began suffering from fierce
attacks of nomadic herdsmen, the Hsiung-nu, from the north and west.
They began to build parts of what came to be called the Great Wall for
protection.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.24)
300-200BC During the 3rd century BC Mongolia became
the center of the Hsiung-nu empire.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
c300-1000AD During the 4th-10th century AD, Orhon
Turks were prominent in Mongolia.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
500 Ancient Turks are believed to
have originated in Mongolia about this time.
(Arch, 1/06, p.17)
550-730 Ancient Turkic people flourished in Mongolia
during this period.
(Arch, 1/06, p.19)
745-840 The Uighur of eastern Turkestan formed an
empire in the north that was ended by an invasion of the Kyrgyz peoples.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
c1162 Genghis Khan (d.1227) was
born in the Hentiyn Nuruu mountains north of Ulan Bator [see 1167]. His
given name was Temujin, "the ironsmith." He later seized control over
much of the 5 million square miles that covered China, Iran, Iraq,
Burma, Vietnam, most of Korea and Russia. His efforts in Vietnam were
not successful. He was succeeded by his son Ogedai, who was succeeded
by Guyuk. Tim Severin later authored "In Search of Genghis Khan." [see
Ju-vaini, 1253-1260]
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-10)(WUD, 1994, p. 591)(WSJ,
1/11/99, p.R6)
1189 Temiijin (27) became the
acknowledged leader of the Mongols and was named Genghis Khan (King of
Everything).
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1206 Genghis Khan declared himself
"the ruler of those who live in felt tents."
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.27)
1206-1226 Genghis Khan unified the Mongols and over
the next twenty years conquered northern China and all of Asia west to
the Caucasus. The Mongols numbered about 2 million and his army about
130,000.
(V.D.-H.K.p.169)(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.27)
c1220 Genghis Khan made Karakorum
his capital.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1227 Aug 18, Genghis Khan
(Chinggis), Mongol conqueror, died in his sleep at his camp, dur-ing
his siege of Ningxia, the capital of the rebellious Chinese kingdom of
Xi Xia. Subotai was one of Genghis Khan's ablest lieutenants, and went
on to distinguish himself after the khan's death. In Khan's lifetime he
and his warriors had conquered the majority of the civilized world,
ruling an empire that stretched from Poland down to Iran in the west,
and from Russia's Arctic shores down to Vietnam in the east.
Russian archaeologist Peter Kozloff uncovered the tomb of Genghis Khan
in the Gobi Desert in 1927. In 2006 Zhu Yaoting, a Beijing academic,
au-thored a biography of Genghis Khan.
(AP, 8/18/97)(HN, 10/29/98)(Econ, 12/23/06, p.61)
1229-1241 Ugoodei (Ogedei), Genghis' successor,
reigned over this period.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1234 Ugoodei (Ogedei) attacked and
overcame the Chin (Juchen) dynasty of China.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1236 Queen Rusudani (41), the
daughter of Queen Tamara, fled Georgia as the unstoppable Mongol hordes
ravished the area. She had been proclaimed "King" at the death of her
brother.
(www.undelete.org/woa/woa01-18.html)
1237-1238 Batu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan,
invaded Russia.
(AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.28)
1237-1240 Mongols conquered Russian lands.
(DVD, Criterion, 1998)
1238 Feb 3, The Mongols took over
Vladimir, Russia.
(HN, 2/3/99)
1240 Dec 6, Mongols under Batu
Khan occupied and destroyed Kiev.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1240 A chronicle of the life of
Genghis Khan and his successors: “The Secret Life of the Mon-gols,” was
written about this time. A Chinese version was discovered by a Russian
diplomat in the early 1800s. In 1982 Francis Woodman Cleaves produced a
modern version.
(www.ezlink.com/~culturev/secret.html)(SSFC,
5/22/05, p.C3)
1241 Apr 9, In the Battle of
Liegnitz, Silesia, Mongol armies defeated the Poles and Germans. In
this year the Mongols defeated the Germans and invaded Poland and
Hungary. The death of their leader Ughetai (Ogedei) forced them to
withdraw from Europe.
(HN, 4/9/98)(TOH)
1241 A trumpeter in Krakow,
Poland, was shot through the throat by an archer as he warned the city
of a fast-approaching Mongol army.
(SSFC, 12/28/03, p.C6)
1241 The Great Khan Ogedei
(Ugoodei) died after completing the Mongol conquest of China and Korea.
In April the Mongols routed the armies of Poles, Germans, and
Hungarians, at Liegnitz and Mohi, within easy distance of Vienna. Only
the death of Ogedei stopped their ad-vance into Europe.
(V.D.-H.K.p.169)
1242 Batu, the grandson of Genghis
Khan, established his "Golden Horde" at Sarai on the Lower Volga.
(TOH)
1243 Jun 26, The Seljuk Turkish
army in Asia Minor was wiped out by the Mongols.
(HN, 6/26/98)
1245 John of Plano Carpini was a
Franciscan monk who set out on the instructions of Pope Innocent IV to
gather intelligence. He was met by Mongol horseman and was brought to
wit-ness the enthronement of Guyuk Khan. He experienced a sudden
hailstorm followed by a flash flood that killed 160 people.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-10)(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.22)
1253-1260 Ata-Malik Juvaini (b.1226) authored “The
History of the World Conqueror,” an account of the life of Genghis Khan
and his successors. Juvaini, in service to the Mongol governors, drew
on the recollections of his father and grandfather. In 1997 J.A. Boyle
published an English translation.
(www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2082/is_3_61/ai_55426809)
1256 Kublai-khan began his reign
as the sixth grand khan, ruler of the Tartars. [see 1259]
(TMPV, p.108)
1258 Feb 10, Huegu, a Mongol
leader, seized Baghdad, bringing and end to the Abbasid ca-liphate.
Mongol invaders from Central Asia took over Baghdad and ended the
Abbasid-Seljuk Empire.
(ATC, p.91)(AP, 2/10/99)
1259 Aug 11, Mongke, Mongol
great-khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, died.
(MC, 8/11/02)
1259-1294 The great Kublai Khan, a grandson of
Genghis, reigned.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1260 Mar 1, Hulagu Khan, grandson
of Genghis, conquered Damascus.
(SC, 3/1/02)
1260 Sep 3, Mamelukes under Sultan
Qutuz defeated Mongols and Crusaders at Ain Jalut.
(HN, 9/3/98)
1264 Kublai Khan, grandson of
Genghis Khan, moved his capital from Karakorum to what later became
Beijing. Karakorum was all but abandoned and eventually destroyed by
Manchu-rian invaders over the next century.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1264 According to Marco Polo,
Kublai Khan in this year sent a large body of troops to attack Japan,
then known as the island of Zipangu. The two officers in charge, named
Abbacatan and Vonsancin, failed to cooperate and the adventure failed.
[see 1274]
(TMPV, P.255)
1274 The first Mongol invasion of
Japan. [see 1264]
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)
1279-1368 The Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty in China
(1279-1368) was established by the great Kublai Khan (reigned 1259-94),
a grandson of Genghis.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1281 Aug 14, During the second
Mongol attempt to conquer Japan, Kublai Khan's invading fleet
disappeared in typhoon off of Japan. A Mongol army of 45,000 from Korea
had joined an armada with 120,000 men from southern China landing at
Hakozaki Bay. The typhoon de-stroyed their fleet leaving them to death
or slavery.
(Jap. Enc., BLDM, p. 214)(EWH, 4th ed., p.369)(MC,
8/14/02)
1294 Feb 12, Kublai Khan, the
conqueror of Asia, died at the age of 80.
(HN, 2/12/99)
1294 When Arghun died by probable
poisoning after six years of rule, he was succeeded by his uncle,
Ki-akato, who was able to seize power because the son of Arghun, Kasan,
was far away. After two years Ki-akato was poisoned and his uncle,
Baidu, a Christian, seized power. Kasan then assembled an army and
marched against Baidu. Kasan was victorious and gained control over the
Eastern Tartars.
(TMPV, pp. 334-336)
1336-1405 Timur (aka Timur Lang or Timur Lenk or
Tamerlane because of a lame leg) was a Tar-tar conqueror of a vast
empire from southern Russia to Mongolia and southward to India,
Per-sia, and Mesopotamia. After his death the empire fell apart. Prince
Timur is a national hero of Uzbekistan.
(V.D.-H.K.p.169)(WUD, 1994, p.1451)(WSJ, 7/3/97,
p.A4)
1347 Plague broke out among the
troops of the Kipchak Khan, who was besieging the Black Sea port of
Kaffa. He catapulted dead bodies over the city walls. When Italian
trading vessels in the harbor returned to Genoa, the carried the plague
to Europe.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.31)
1347-1350 Oct, The Black Death: A Genoese trading
post in the Crimea was besieged by an army of Kipchaks from Hungary and
Mongols from the East. The latter brought with them a new form of
plague. Infected dead bodies were catapulted into the Genoese town. One
Genoese ship managed to escape and brought the disease to Messina, in
Sicily. From this time forth the dis-ease became an epidemic. It moved
over the next few years to northern Italy, North Africa, France, Spain,
Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, the Low countries, England,
Scandi-navia and the Baltic. There were lesser outbreaks in many cities
for the next twenty years.
(V.D.-H.K.p.151) (NG, 5/88, p.678)
1368 Tamerlane lost control of
China as the Mings took over local power. [see 1369-1405]
(V.D.-H.K.p.172)
c1368-1600 For several centuries after 1368 the
Mongols were confined to their original homeland in the steppes, their
energies mostly absorbed by internal rivalries.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1369-1405 Timur (aka Timur Lang or Timur Lenk or
Tamerlane because of a lame leg) ruled from Samarkand.
(WUD, 1994, p.1451)
1380 Sep 8, Prince Dmitrii of
Moscow defeated the Mongols at Kulikovo Field. This marked the
beginning of the decline of Mongol control over Russian lands.
(DVD, Criterion,
1998)(http://fanaticus.org/dba/battles/Kulikovo/index.html)
1395 Tamerlane burnt Astrakhan to
the ground. Astrakhan is situated in the Volga Delta, a fertile area
that formerly contained the capitals of Khazaria and the Golden Horde.
Astrakhan it-self was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th
century as Xacitarxan.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan)
1395 The ikon of Our Lady of
Vladimir was brought to Moscow and placed in the Kremlin's Assumption
Cathedral for protection against the Mongol invaders under Tamerlane. A
monas-tery, know as Stretenskii, was built on the spot where the
Muscovites met the delegation from Vladimir.
(AM, Jul/Aug '97 p.38)
1399 Dec 17, Tamerlane's Mongols
destroyed the army of Mahmud Tughluk, Sultan of Delhi, at Panipat.
(HN, 12/17/98)
1401 Jul 9, Timur Lenk, Mongol
monarch, destroyed Baghdad.
(MC, 7/9/02)
1402 Jul 20, Tamerlane's Mongols
defeated Ottoman Turks at Angora.
(HN, 7/20/98)
1405 Feb 14, Timur, aka Tamerlane
(68), crippled Mongol monarch, died at 68.
(V.D.-H.K.p.172)(MC, 2/14/02)
1500-1600 The stones of Karakorum were used to build
the Buddhist monastery of Erdene Zu.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1500-1600 The Kalmyk people, descendants from the
Golden Horde of Genghis Khan, settled in the lowlands between the Volga
and Don rivers (Khazaria) with their livestock.
(SFC, 9/24/97, p.A12)
1540 May 17, Afghan chief Sher
Khan defeated Mongol Emperor Humayun at Kanauj.
(HN, 5/17/98)
1604-1634 Ligdan Khan (reigned 1604-34), the last
great Mongol leader, ruled. He united many Mongol tribes to defend
their homeland against the rising power of the Manchu.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
c1634 After Ligdan's death, the
Mongols were subdued by the Manchu and became part of the Ch'ing
(Manchu) dynasty of China.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1723 Zanabazar (b.1635),
Mongolia’s greatest sculptor, died.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
c1850 A Mongolian national
consciousness emerged in the mid-19th century.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1870's The Russian explorer,
Colonel Nicholas Prjevalski, traveled through Mongolia. The wild horses
of the Mongolian steppes are named after him.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-1)
1906 Feb 20, Russian troops seized
large portions of Mongolia.
(HN, 2/19/98)
1912 After the fall of the Manchu
dynasty, Mongol princes, supported by tsarist Russia, de-clared the
independence of Mongolia from China.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1917 Just after the Russian
Revolution, defeated anti-Communist forces under "Mad Baron"
Ungern-Sternberg took Ulan Bator, then called Urga. The mad Baron
undertook city-wide arson and mass executions.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.28)
1917 When the tsarist regime fell,
Mongolia reverted to Chinese control.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1920 During the Russian Civil War,
Mongolia was invaded by a White Russian force of 5,000 men. Freiherr
Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg hoped to use Mongolia as
a base to restore the Romanov regime. During his 130-day rule he
ordered that Commissars, Communists, and Jews, together with their
families, be exterminated. In 2009 James Palmer authored “The Bloody
White Baron: The Extraordinary Story of the Russian Nobleman Who Became
the Last Khan of Mongolia.”
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)(Econ, 2/14/09, p.96)
1921 Mar 13, Mongolia (formerly
Outer Mongolia) declared independence from China.
(HN, 3/13/98)(MC, 3/13/02)
1921 Jul 11, Mongolia gained
independence from China (National Day). The holiday of Naadam, which
originated in the time of Ghenghis Khan, was later fixed to July 11-13
to the anniversary of the Revolution.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F5)
1921 Urga was renamed Ulan Bator
(Red Hero) after Mongolian freedom fighters and D. Sukhbaatar sided
with Russian communists and defeated the Chinese warlords. The Mad
Baron, Ungern-Sternberg, was executed.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.28)
1921 Damdiny Sukhbaatar, supported
by the Bolshevik administration in Moscow, organized a force that, with
the help of Red Army troops, defeated the White Russians and drove off
the Chinese.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1922 Roy Chapman Andrews of the
American Museum of Natural History led an expedition to the Gobi desert
and discovered dinosaur bones. Later expeditions there turned up bones
and nests of Protoceratops, a small horned dinosaur. He led 6
expeditions to the Gobi between 1921 and 1930.
(T.E.-J.B. p.25)(AM, 7/97, p.80)
1923 Roy Chapman Andrews made his
Gobi Desert expedition and discovered the Ukhaa Tolgod basin of
Mongolia with fossils from the late Cretaceous, i.e. 80 Million ago.
(THM, 4/27/97, p.L4)
1924 Nov 26, The Mongolian
People's Republic was officially proclaimed. Close political,
eco-nomic, cultural, and ideological ties with the Soviet Union
continued thereafter.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1925 Mar 7, The Soviet Red Army
occupied Outer Mongolia.
(HN, 3/7/98)
1925 The People's Revolutionary
Party abolished clan names in an attempt to bury the feudal past.
(SFC, 5/10/00, p.A14)
1929-1932 The Communists forced collectivization on
the herders. The nomads slaughtered mil-lions of head of livestock
rather than turn them over.
(NG, 5/93, p.136)
1929-1979 Tsevegmidyn Gaitav was a Mongolian poet.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.28)
1930s Joseph Stalin destroyed the
Buddhist monastery of Erdene Zu as well as other Mongo-lian
monasteries. The monks were exiled or executed.
(SSFC, 3/27/05, p.F4)
1936 Mar 19, The USSR signed a
pact of assistance with Mongolia against Japan.
(HN, 3/19/98)
1936 Nov 22, 1,200 were killed in
a battle between Japanese and Mongolians in China.
(HN, 11/22/98)
1939 Aug 20, Russian offensive
under Gen. Zhukov against Jap invasion in Mongolia.
(MC, 8/20/02)
1939 Aug 31, Japanese invasion
army was driven out of Mongolia.
(MC, 8/31/01)
1940's Choibalsan was the
Stalinist dictator of Mongolia.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-11)
1952 Khorlooglin Choibalsan
(b.1895), head of Mongolia, died. His body was displayed in Ulan Bator
until 2005, when it was cremated.
(SFC, 9/10/08, p.A5)
1960s-1970s Mongolia's relations with China worsened
as Sino-Soviet relations deteriorated.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1961 Oct 27, Outer Mongolia and
Mauritania become the 102nd and 103rd members of UN.
(MC, 10/27/01)
1980s Tensions between Mongolia
and China eased.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1986 Diplomatic relations were
established between Mongolia and China.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1987 The book "Modern Mongolian
Poetry" was published.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.28)
1990 Jul 22, Voters in Mongolia
began casting ballots in their Communist-ruled nation's first
multiparty election ever.
(AP, 7/22/00)
1990 Demonstrations against
Russian rule began. The Mongolian Communist soon voted to dissolve
itself.
(SFEM, 10/12/97, p.29)
1990 Elbegdorj Tsahkia became the
first democratic Prime Minister of Mongolia.
(www.intellectualconservative.com/article3341.html)
1990-1991 Mongolia joined in the democratic
revolutions that swept eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. The country
subsequently underwent major political and economic reforms.
(www.gobiexpeditions.com)
1991 Jul 26, US Secretary of State
James A. Baker the Third addressed Mongolia’s first legis-lature chosen
in multiparty elections, applauding the rise of democracy and promising
millions of dollars in aid.
(AP, 7/26/01)
1991 The government began to
eliminate price controls and the cost of living zoomed.
(NG, 5/93, p.138)
1991 A group of young foreign
exchange traders gambled away half the national treasury, $82 mil.
(SFC, 6/28/96, p.A12)
1992 A new constitution was
adopted.
(SFC, 7/2/96, p.A12)
1992 Radical market reforms were
launched and the national herd of 24 million livestock was distributed
to herding households.
(WSJ, 5/3/00, p.A1,17)
1993 Punsalmaagiyn Ochirbat was
dumped by the governing party during presidential elec-tions. He ran as
an independent and won 57% of the vote.
(SFC, 6/30/96, B7)
1996 Jul 2, Results showed that
opposition democrats won 48 of the 76 parliamentary seats. Democrats
won 56 of the 76 seats in the Assembly. The Democratic Coalition
consisted of 4 parties: the Mongolian National Democratic Party, the
Mongolian Social Democratic Party, The Religious Democratic Party, and
the Greens.
(WSJ, 7/2/96, p.A1)(WSJ, 6/28/00, p.A14)
1996 Aug 14, In Mongolia officials
sealed off parts of Ulan Bator to halt an outbreak of chol-era.
(WSJ, 8/15/96, p.A1)
1996 Internet service first
arrived in Mongolia.
(SFEC, 7/23/00, p.B12)
1996 Mongolia’s population
numbered about 2.4 million people. The country also numbered some 5
million horses.
(SFC, 4/14/96, T-1,10) (WSJ, 8/1/96 p.A11)
1997 Jan 29, Mongolia joined the
World Trade Organization (WTO).
(www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/countries_e/mongolia_e.htm)
1997 May 18, Natsagiin Bagabandi
of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), the former
Communist Party, won elections with 60% support.
(SFC, 5/19/97, p.A14)
1997 The film "A Mongolian Tale"
by Xie Fei won best director and best artistic contribution for music
at the Montreal Film Festival.
(SFEC, 4/20/97, DB p.10)
1997 The Central Asia Regional
Economic Cooperation (CAREC) Program was initiated. The 8-member group
included Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Mongolia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.
(www.adb.org/CAREC/default.asp)
1998 Jan 1, Mongolia switched from
a 46 hour to 40 hour work week.
(MC, 1/1/02)
1998 May 27, In Mongolia a Yu-12
plane crash killed all 28 on board.
(WSJ, 5/28/98, p.A1)
1998 Jul, The government fell and
the prime minister and his Cabinet continued as caretak-ers.
(SFC, 10/6/98, p.A14)
1998 Oct 2, In Mongolia
Sanjaasurangiin Zorig (36), who helped oust the Communist regime in
1990, was assassinated. He was stabbed and hacked with a knife and an
ax. It was seen as a move to silence pro-democracy officials.
(WSJ, 10/5/98, p.A1)(SFC, 10/6/98, p.A14)(WSJ,
10/22/98, p.A17)
1999 Jan 1, New legislation
liberated the news media.
(SFC, 1/2/99, p.C12)
1999 Jan 22, The parliament
repealed its law authorizing casinos.
(WSJ, 1/25/99, p.A18)
1999 The Democratic Coalition fell
apart after one of its members was murdered.
(WSJ, 6/28/00, p.A14)
2000 Mar 13, In Mongolia the Red
Cross reported that winter blizzards had killed over 1 mil-lion head of
livestock and that some 300,000 people were short of food. The dead
animal num-ber was soon raised to 1.8 million, or 1 in every 15 in the
nation.
(SFC, 3/14/00, p.A10)(SFC, 3/27/00, p.A12)
2000 Jun, It was expected that the
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, led by Chairman Enkhbayar,
would win the elections. The former Communists embraced market
economics and democracy.
(WSJ, 6/28/00, p.A14)
2000 Jul 2, The People's
Revolutionary Party won 72 seats of the 76-member legislature.
(SFC, 7/3/00, p.A14)
2000 Jul 26, Nambaryn Enkhhbayar
was approved as prime minister by the Great Hural, Mongolia's
parliament.
(SFC, 7/27/00, p.C16)
2001 Jan 14, In Mongolia 9 people
were killed when a Russian-made MI-8 helicopter crashed. The dead
included 4 members of a UN disaster assessment team.
(SFC, 1/15/01, p.A15)
2001 Feb 5, It was reported that
severe cold and snowstorms threatened to wipe out a 5th of the nation's
livestock and threatened tens of thousands of herders with starvation.
(SFC, 2/5/01, p.A10)
2001 May 20, The 3rd presidential
elections were scheduled. Pres. Bagabandi was re-elected with 58% of
the vote.
(SFC, 5/17/01, p.C4)(SFC, 5/22/01, p.A11)
2001 Jul 13, It was reported that
record droughts persisted in Afghanistan northern China, North Korea,
Mongolia and Tajikistan.
(SFC, 7/13/01, p.D4)
2003 Jan, Heavy snowfall and low
temperatures killed at least 24,000 head of livestock. It was the 4th
consecutive "dzud," in which a winter disaster followed a summer
drought.
(SFC, 1/25/03, p.A20)
2003 Sep 2, In Inner Mongolia a
locust plague, Oedaleus decorus asiaticus, was reported to have
affected some 47 million acres of grasslands.
(WSJ, 9/2/03, p.A1)
2004 May 28, Andre Tolme of New
Hampshire began a trip golfing across Mongolia.
(SSFC, 7/4/04, p.A14)
2004 Jun 27, In Mongolia elections
the renamed Communists lost their majority to an opposi-tion block. The
left-leaning MPRP won 36 seats while the MDC took 34.
(WSJ, 6/29/04, p.A1)(Econ, 8/7/04, p.35)
2004 In Mongolia scientists and
American sport fishermen teamed with local Buddhist monks to help stamp
out habitat destruction and poaching of the Siberian salmon called
taimen.
(WSJ, 10/8/04, p.A1)
2005 May 22, In Mongolia Nambariin
Enkhbayar, a candidate from the former Communist Party, won the
presidency with 53% of the vote.
(AP, 5/23/05)
2005 Aug 10, A UN agency reported
the 1st avian flu appearance in Mongolia and said 80 mi-gratory birds
have died near the Siberian border.
(WSJ, 8/11/05, p.A1)
2005 Oct 22, Donald Rumsfeld, US
Defense Sec., wrapped up a 3-nation Asian tour with a stop in Mongolia.
Pres. Bush was scheduled to stop in Ulan Bator in November.
(WSJ, 10/24/05, p.A13)
2005 Nov 21, President Bush, the
first US chief executive to visit Mongolia, saluted Mongolia's
"fearless warriors" for helping his embattled effort to establish
democracy in the heart of the Middle East.
(AP, 11/21/05)
2006 Jan 11, The Mongolian
People’s Revolution Party (MPRP) pulled out of the government, accusing
the current leadership of failing to fight corruption and worsening
poverty in the former communist country. The move would leave the
government without the minimum number of seats required to stay in
power.
(AP, 1/12/06)
2006 Jan 12, Hundreds of
protesters stormed the headquarters of Mongolia's biggest political
party (MPRP), one day after it pulled out of the country's 15-month-old
ruling coalition.
(AP, 1/12/06)
2006 Jan 13, Mongolia’s Parliament
voted to dissolve the government of PM Tsakhilganiin Elbegdorj.
(AP, 1/14/06)
2006 Jan 16, In Mongolia some
2,000 people gathered in the main square of Ulan Bator, de-manding
their president resign.
(AP, 1/16/06)
2006 Jan 24, In Mongolia some
1,000 protesters gathered in Ulan Bator, calling for the resig-nation
of the president and an end to corruption.
(AP, 1/24/06)
2006 Jan 25, Mongolia's president
and parliament approved Mieagombo Enkhbold (41), the chairman of the
Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, as the new prime minister, a
major step toward rebuilding the former communist country's collapsed
government.
(AP, 1/25/06)
2006 Apr 18, In Mongolia thousands
of demonstrators marched outside government head-quarters, burning
effigies of the nation's leaders and demanding their resignations
because of alleged corruption and the mishandling of mineral wealth.
(AP, 4/18/06)
2006 Apr 23, In Mongolia some 200
demonstrators have ended their protests over alleged government
corruption and the mishandling of mineral wealth after the country's
leaders agreed to investigate their complaints.
(AP, 4/24/06)
2006 May, Mongolia imposed a
windfall tax on profits from gold and copper extraction when prices
reach specified levels.
(Econ, 12/23/06, p.62)
2006 Jul 11, With the release of
hundreds of prisoners, wrestling matches and hordes of war-riors on
horseback, Mongolia began a once-in-800-year party in honor of its
famed emperor Genghis Khan.
(AFP, 7/11/06)
2006 Aug 25, In Mongolia the Dalai
Lama elevated a group of monks into the Buddhist priest-hood's higher
ranks, bolstering the country's traditional faith as it struggles to
re-establish itself following decades of communist persecution.
(AP, 8/25/06)
2006 Oct 19, In Malaysia Altantuya
Shaariibuu (28), a Mongolian model, was kidnapped out-side the house of
Abdul Razak Baginda (46), who heads the Malaysian Strategic Research
Centre think-tank. Shaariibuu was allegedly extorting Baginda following
an affair that had begun in 2004. She was killed and her remains blown
up with military-grade C-4 explosives and later found in an isolated
area south of the capital Kuala Lumpur. In Nov. Malaysian PM Abdullah
Ahmad Badawi vowed there would be no cover-up over her murder. Abdul
Razak allegedly abetted two policemen, Azilah Hadri (30) and Sirul
Azhar Umar (35), to commit the murder. In 2008 a court acquitted Razak
of charges of abetting the murder of Shaariibuu. In 2009 a Ma-laysian
court sentenced two policemen to death on charges of murdering
Shaariibuu.
(AFP, 11/9/06)(AFP, 11/16/06)(WSJ, 3/29/07,
p.A1)(WSJ, 11/1/08, p.A8)(AP, 4/9/09)
2006 Mongolia began a tree
planting program, a “Green Wall,” to block the increasing dust storms
from the Gobi Desert. The 2,000 mile project was expected to take 30
years and cost some $150 million. A 30 million livestock population was
considered to be part of the problem.
(WSJ, 10/24/06, p.A1)
2006 Mongolia’s gross domestic
income per capita stood at $2,200.
(WSJ, 4/8/06, p.A10)
2007 Apr 22, The annual Goldman
Environmental Prizes were announced on Earth Day. The winners included
Julio Cusurichi of Peru for his work to fight illegal logging; Willie
Corduff of Ire-land for his work to halt an energy project that
disregarded local and environmental concerns; Sophia Rabliauskas of
Canada for her work to help protect the boreal forest in Manitoba; Orri
Vigfussen of Iceland for his work on the North Atlantic Salmon Fund;
Ts. Munkhbayar for his work against unregulated mining in Mongolia; and
Hammerskjoeld Simwinga for his work in or-ganizing microloan programs
in Zambia.
(SSFC, 4/22/07, p.E1)
2007 Jun 13, In Mongolia a
helicopter carrying firefighters and equipment crashed into a mountain
killing 14 of 22 aboard. The crash site was not discovered until June
16.
(AP, 6/18/07)
2008 Jan 1, In Mongolia a
government official said at least 11 people died and another 21 were
hospitalized for drinking tainted vodka during New Year's Eve
celebrations in Ulan Bator.
(AP, 1/1/08)
2008 Apr 18,
In Mongolia more than 20,000 people flooded the center of the
capital, Ulan Ba-tor, to demand that the government do something about
rising food prices that have nearly tri-pled in some cases.
(AP, 4/18/08)
2008 Jun 29, In Mongolia high
voter turnout capped a campaign between the two major par-ties for 76
seats in the Great Khural (Hural). The Democrats and the MPRP,
Mongolia's ruling party, won as many as 45 seats in the parliamentary
election contested over how to share more of the country's natural
wealth.
(AP, 6/30/08)(SFC, 6/30/08, p.A3)(Econ, 7/5/08, p.56)
2008 Jul 1, In Mongolia thousands
of people staged a violent protest in the capital as they voiced
outrage over what they claimed were rigged elections, forcing police to
fire gunshots.
(AP, 7/1/08)
2008 Jul 2, In Mongolia at least 5
people were killed and over 300 injured as police fought demonstrators
protesting the results of the June 29 parliamentary elections.
(Econ, 7/5/08, p.56)
2008 Jul 23, Opposition lawmakers
walked out of a Mongolian parliamentary session before they were to be
sworn in, saying they refused to participate because last month's
election was fraudulent.
(AP, 7/23/08)
2009 May 24, Voters in Mongolia
went to the polls to choose a new president less than a year after
allegations of vote-rigging in parliamentary elections triggered deadly
riots. The Democ-ratic Party candidate Elbegdorj Tsakhia won 51.24% of
the votes, while incumbent Enkbayar Nambar of the Mongolian People's
Revolutionary Party, the former communists, won 47.44%.
(AFP, 5/24/09)(AP, 5/25/09)
2009 Oct 6, Mongolia signed a
long-awaited deal with partners Rio Tinto and Canada’s Ivan-hoe Mines
to develop a $4 billion Oyu Tolgoi gold and copper mine after a heated
national de-bate over how to exploit the country's mineral wealth.
(AP, 10/29/09)(www.ivanhoemines.com/s/Home.asp)
2009 Oct 26, Mongolian PM Bayar
Sanjaa said he wanted to resign for health reasons, bring-ing new
political uncertainty to his impoverished but resource-rich nation.
(AP, 10/26/09)
2009 Oct 29, Mongolia's parliament
confirmed Batbold Sukhbaatar, one of the country's wealthiest men as
the new prime minister. The former foreign minister pledged to continue
the pro-business policies of his predecessor Bayar Sanjaa, who stepped
down as prime minister this week after seeking treatment for liver
problems. Batbold made his fortune between 1992 and 2000 as head of the
trading company Altai Trading Co. Ltd., which formed a gold mining
joint venture with Canadian Centerra Gold Inc.
(AP, 10/29/09)
2009 Mongolia’s popluation
numbered about 2.6 million people.
(WSJ, 4/20/09, p.A12)
2010 Mongolia planned to provide
telephone connectivity across the country.
(SFEC, 7/23/00, p.B12)
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Subject = Mongolia
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