Timeline Niger

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Africa Index: http://www.africaindex.africainfo.no/pages/Country_pages/Niger/
CIA Factbook: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ng.html
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TravelDocs: http://www.traveldocs.com/ne/index.htm

Niger is landlocked in north central Africa, south of Algeria and Libya and is twice the size of Texas. Some 2/3 of the country is covered by the Sahara Desert. As of 2002 nine major languages were spoken here.
    (WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A5)
  The Tuareg nomads compete with the Wodaabe over land and water.
 (SFEM, 10/11/98, p.59)
  The Wodaabe nomads number about 40-50,000 and move constantly across the Sahel between Niger, Mali and Northern Nigeria. They are of Fulani origin, a race scattered all over West Africa.
 (SFEM, 10/11/98, p.40)

135Mil BC    In 1999 scientists reported that they had assembled the fossils of the dinosaur named Jobaria tiguidensis, a 20-ton Sauropod with spoon-shaped teeth found in the Sahara Desert of Niger.
    (SFC, 11/12/99, p.A4)

110Mil BC    The giant Sarcosuchus imperator, “flesh-eating crocodile emperor,” lived about this time in what later became the Tenere Desert.
    (SFC, 10/26/01, p.D6)
110Mil BC    Univ. of Chicago paleontologist Paul Sereno unearthed Kryptops palaios, a short-snouted, hyena-like beast, and Eocarcharia dinops, a shark-toothed, bony-browed killer, during an expedition in the Niger Desert in 2000. The fish-eating, sail-backed Suchomimus or "crocodile mimic," was found in 1997. The animals originally lived in the southern landmass that was known as Gondwana.
    (Reuters, 2/13/08)(AP, 2/14/08)

95Mil BC    A dinosaur fossil named Rugops primus, unearthed in Niger in 2000, dated to this time. It belonged to a group of southern dinosaurs called abelisaurids, also found in South America, Madagascar and India and indicated the Africa was still connected to Gondwana at this time.
    (AP, 5/30/04)
95Mil BC    Fossils of Carcharodontosaurus iguidensis, a meat-eating dinosaur from this time, was first found in Morocco in the 1920s. Better fossils were found in Niger in 1997. The upright-walking creature grinned with a mouth full of banana-sized teeth, stood taller than a double-decker bus and weighed more than two standard-sized cars. "It seems that shallow seas divided Morocco and Niger, promoting evolutionary separation of the species living in the two regions."
    (www.livescience.com/animals/071211-big-dinosaur.html)

6000BC    In 2008 scientists reported that robust hunter-gathers, known as Kiffians, apparently abandoned the Gobero region of Niger during a long drought that dried up a lake about this time. The dried-up lake in the Sahara was found brimming with the skeletons of people, fish and crocodiles who thrived when the African desert was briefly green.
    (Reuters, 8/15/08)

5000BC-2500BC    Scientists in 2008 said a second group settled the Gobero region of Niger during this period. These were Tenerians, smaller, shorter people who hunted, herded and fished.
    (Reuters, 8/15/08)

1950s        In the 1950s when the French gave independence to their West African colonies, the Touareg people and their ancestral lands were parceled out among the newly created nations of Mali, Niger, Algeria, Libya, Mauritania and Chad.
    (www.jacneed.com/10Tinariwen.htm)

1958        France granted Niger complete autonomy.
    (EWH, 1st ed., p.1170)

1960        Aug 3, Niger gained independence from France. Hamani Diori was president.
    (SFC, 8/9/97, p.A12)(SC, 8/3/02)(EWH, 1st ed., p.1170)

1965        Niger's began planting trees for a green belt around its capital, Niamey, five years after the country proclaimed independence from France. Planting continued to 1993 as funding for the 4.5 million-euro (6.2 million-dollar) project came mainly from abroad. The belt began to decline as hundreds of rural people fled to the capital to escape the severe famine of 1984. By 2011 almost half of its original 2,000-hectare (nearly 5,000-acre) surface area had disappeared.
    (AFP, 11/1/11)

1968-1973    A severe famine hit the Sahel region of North Africa. Mauritania, Mali, Upper Volta (Burkina Faso) and Niger were most affected.
    (Econ, 8/20/05, p.57)

1975        May 25, ECOWAS Treaty1 was signed. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed in Nigeria with 15 members that included: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
    (www.sec.ecowas.int/sitecedeao/english/achievements.htm)

1985-1997    Some 60 million trees were planted over this period to stave off the encroaching Sahara Desert that expands by 500,000 acres each year. About half the trees have survived.
    (SFC, 8/9/97, p.A12)

1987        Nov 14, Ali Saibou  (1940-2011) began serving as the 3rd president of Niger succeeding the deceased Seyni Kountche. He continued to 1993 and brought multi-party politics to the west African country.
    (AFP, 11/1/11)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Saibou)

1989        Sep 19, A Paris-bound French DC-10, UTA Flight 772, was bombed over the Sahara desert of Niger and all 170 passengers died. French authorities placed the blame on Libya’s Abdallah Senoussi, brother-in-law of Moammar Khadafy and chief of foreign operations for the Libyan secret service. The six Libyan suspects were named by a French judge in 1998 and tried in absentia in 1999. The attack was in retaliation for French intervention on behalf of Chad in a war with Libya since the mid 1980s. In 2004 Libya signed a $170 million compensation accord with families of the people killed. In 2008 a federal judge in Washington ordered Libya and six of its officials to pay more than $6 billion in damages to the families of 7 Americans killed in the attack.
    (SFC, 5/7/97, p.C3)(SFEC,10/19/97, p.A26)(WSJ, 1/30/98, p.A1)(SFC, 6/13/98, p.A11)(SFC, 3/9/99, p.B10)(AP, 9/19/99)(AP, 1/9/04)(Reuters, 1/16/08)

1990        Foreign development aid in Niger was $270 million for the year.
    (WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A5)

1993        The first democratic government was elected.
    (WSJ, 1/29/96, p. A-1)

1996         Jan, 27 Coup leaders named the armed forces chief president after seizing power. Ten people died, political parties were outlawed and the constitution was suspended. Gen’l. Ibrahim Bare Mainassara seized power.
    (WSJ, 1/29/96, p. A-1)(WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)

1996        Jul 8, The military ruler suspended the Independent National electoral commission after early results showed him losing.
    (WSJ, 7/9/96, p.A1)(WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)

1996        Jul 10, In Niger Gen’l. Ibrahim Mainassara claimed electoral victory and immediately banned opposition parties and public meetings.
    (WSJ, 7/11/96, p.A10)

1997        May 10, It was reported that recent sandstorms caused the death of some 36 people when the driver of a truck lost his way.
    (SFC, 5/10/97, p.A8)

1997        Sep 20, It was reported that about 71,000 villagers were threatened by famine in the southwestern areas around Oualam.
    (SFC, 9/20/97, p.A19)

1997        The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS Net) published an inquiry into the world’s failure to respond to food shortages in Niger and the rest of the Sahel.
    (Econ, 8/20/05, p.10)

1999        Feb 27, It was reported that a mass grave containing 149 old men, women and children had been found in eastern Niger. The victims were Toubou refugees displaced by fighting several years ago.
    (SFC, 2/27/99, p.A16)

1999        Apr 7, The Supreme Court annulled voting results in some districts and called for a new round of balloting, a move that was rejected by a leading opposition coalition.
    (SFC, 4/10/99, p.C14)

1999        Apr 9, Pres. Ibrahim Bare Mainassara was shot to death by his bodyguards at Niamey Airport.
    (SFC, 4/10/99, p.C14)

1999        Apr 11, In Niger Daouda Malam Wanke, head of the guard unit that witnesses said assassinated Pres. Bare., was named president and head of the National Council for Reconciliation, which would run for a 9 month transition period. The Supreme Court and National Assembly were dissolved.
    (SFC, 4/12/99, p.A13)

1999        Jun 13, The military junta scheduled elections for October and November and a handover to civilian rule before the end of the year.
    (SFC, 6/14/99, p.A14)

1999        Oct 17, The 1st round of the presidential election was held.
    (WSJ, 10/18/99, p.A1)

1999        The 1st local radio station was established for broadcast in native languages.
    (WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A5)

2001        Foreign development aid was $190 million for the year.
    (WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A5)

2002        Feb, Joseph C. Wilson IV, former US diplomat and veteran of the diplomatic wars of Iraq and Africa, was sent on a secret mission to Niger to determine if Iraqis had tried to purchase yellowcake uranium from Africa to build nuclear weapons. Wilson spent a week in Niger chatting with locals about the allegation, coming to the conclusion that the yellowcake charges were probably unfounded. His wife, Valerie Plame, was a CIA operative. In 2006 it was reported that Plame was part of an operation tracking the proliferation of nuclear weapons material into Iran.
    (WP, 7/17/05)(WSJ, 7/18/05, p.A4)(AFP, 5/2/06)

2002        Mar, Radio Afalla went on the air.
    (WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A1)

2002        Jul 31,  In eastern Niger disgruntled soldiers began a mutiny in N'gourti to protest months of unpaid salaries, seizing senior officials in the region and taking control of a radio station.
    (AP, 8/2/02)

2002        Aug 5, In Niger a military revolt spread to the capital, with mutinous soldiers opening fire inside three garrisons in Niamey. Prime Minister Hama Amadou said the city was under control after hours of gunfire.
    (AP, 8/5/02)

2002         Niger’s population of about 11 million was 90% Muslim.
    (WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.A5)

2003        Jul 6, Joseph Wilson, former American ambassador, criticized the Bush administration for the way it used intelligence to justify the war in Iraq. He alleged that Pres. Bush had falsely accused Iraq of trying to buy uranium from Niger. Two White House officials soon called at least 6 Washington journalists and told them that Wilson’s wife, Valerie Plame, was an undercover CIA agent who had worked in Niger. A State Dept. memo was soon sent to Colin Powell on how Wilson got sent to Niger and the role of his wife.
    (Econ, 8/21/04, p.28)(SFC, 7/16/05, p.A4)

2003        Niger made slavery a crime with a penalty of up to 30 years in jail, but continued to turn a blind eye to the practice.
    (Econ, 11/1/08, p.57)

2004        May 12, The Paris Club of creditor nations agreed to cancel all $152 million owed by Niger to the club's 19 member countries.
    (AP, 5/12/04)

2004        May, In Niger a law came into force that threatened slave-owners with up to 30 years in jail. Anti-Slavery Int’l. estimated 43,000 slaves in Niger.
    (Econ, 3/12/05, p.49)

2004        Sep 15, Eight French speaking African countries began retiring over 1 billion in decaying currency with new CFA francs. Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo had until Dec 31 to turn in old bills for new ones.
    (SFC, 9/15/04, p.C8)

2004        US Special Forces began training local troops in Mauritania and Mali under a program called the Pan-Sahel Initiative. The program was renamed the Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Initiative and taken over by Marines, who extended the training to Chad and Niger.
    (SFC, 10/2/04, p.A8)

2005        May 8, In southeastern Niger a swarm of locusts has descended on a town, sparking fears that the West African nation, where millions of people face food shortages, could endure another invasion of the crop-munching insects.
    (AP, 5/9/05)

2005        Jun, The Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Initiative began operations. The US funded plan intended to provide military equipment and development aid to 9 north-east African countries considered fertile ground for Muslim militant groups. Participating countries included Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.
    (SFC, 12/27/05, p.A1)

2005        Jul 19, In Niger some 3.6 million people were in need of food, among them 800,000 malnourished children. About 150,000 could die unless food arrives quickly in the impoverished West African nation of 13 million.
    (AP, 7/19/05)

2005        Jul 21, The aid agency Oxfam said about 3.6 million people face starvation in Niger unless the international community responds urgently to the food crisis there.
    (AP, 7/21/05)

2005        Jul, Mali officials estimated that 4 million people faced starvation in Mali and Niger, due to drought and locusts from the previous year. 10% of the Mali’s population faced starvation.
    (Econ, 7/30/05, p.41)

2005        Aug 3, UN agencies increased their appeals to a total of $75 million to help 2.5 million people in desperate need of food in Niger.
    (AP, 8/4/05)

2005        Aug 5, The UN appealed for $80 million to fight a food crisis threatening the lives of hundreds of thousands in Niger.
    (AP, 8/5/05)

2005        Help for the famine in Niger was initially estimated at $ a head. The cost ended up at $23 a head.
    (Econ, 7/30/11, p.46)

2006        Feb 27, A lab official said Niger has become the second African country with confirmed cases of the deadly H5N1 bird flu strain.
    (AP, 2/27/06)

2006        Jul 6, A general strike in Niger demanding lower prices for basic goods paralyzed the capital of one of the world's poorest nations, following a similar attempt last month that was met with inaction from the government.
    (AP, 7/6/06)

2006        Aug 25, In Niger the UN food agency inaugurated a program to help feed hundreds of thousands of people as the impoverished West African nation struggles to recover from severe shortages.
    (AP, 8/25/06)

2006        Oct 14, Two Italian tourists, freed in Libya after being kidnapped in August in Niger, denounced their captors as bandits and said they were mistreated during their ordeal.
    (AP, 10/14/06)

2007        Jun 22, Rebels attacked an army base in Niger, killing 13 and wounding 30 soldiers, and taking at least 47 prisoners.
    (AP, 6/23/07)

2007        Jul 22, Niger's PM Seyni Oumarou and military chiefs met neighboring Algeria's President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to discuss cross-border cooperation against Tuareg-led rebels in Niger's desert north.
    (AP, 7/22/07)

2007        Aug 24, Niger’s Pres. Mamadou Tandja declared a state of alert in response to a growing rebellion by the Tuareg.
    (Econ, 9/15/07, p.62)

2007        Sep 15, Niger was described as the poorest country in the world. Northern Niger, rich in natural resources, produced some 3,500 tons of uranium per year.
    (Econ, 9/15/07, p.62)

2007        Sep 20, In Niger Moussa Kaka, a reporter for Radio France International and director of a private radio station that has reported heavily on the Tuareg rebellion, was taken into custody for "conniving with the enemy" in his conversations with members of the Tuareg rebel group, the Niger Movement for Justice.
    (AP, 9/22/07)

2007        Oct 25,     Niger's Tuareg-led rebels allegedly killed at least 12 soldiers and destroyed two army vehicles in the desert north of the central African country, but the military denied this.
    (Reuters, 10/27/07)

2008        Jan 16, Niger authorities formally charged two French journalists with threatening state security for attempting to report on rebel groups in Niger's volatile north, a crime punishable by death in the West African country.
    (AP, 1/16/08)

2008        Mar 16, Tuareg rebels (MNJ) in Niger killed a police officer and a republican guard in an attack 200 kilometers north of the capital Niamey.
    (AFP, 3/18/08)

2008        Apr 30, In Niger a summit of nine west African states convened in Niamey to consider a proposed 20-year, 5.5 billion euro (8.6 billion dollar) program to rescue the Niger River from extinction and guarantee the future of 110 million people.
    (AFP, 4/30/08)

2008        Jun 21, Four French nationals, all Niger-based employees of the nuclear company Areva, were abducted by rebels from the Movement for Justice in a part of Niger known for its uranium mines. They were freed on June 25.
    (AP, 6/25/08)

2008        Jun 27, Niger government troops clashed with ethnic Tuareg rebels, leaving at least 17 people dead.
    (AP, 6/27/08)

2008        Aug 18, Niger's Tuareg rebel leader Aghaly ag Alambo said his fighters would lay down their guns and, together with neighboring Mali's Tuareg rebellion, submit to mediation by Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
    (AP, 8/19/08)

2008        Aug 24, In Niger dozens of land mines accidentally exploded during a ceremony in which a group of former rebels were handing over arms, killing one person and wounding about 40 including the regional governor.
    (AP, 8/24/08)

2008        Oct 27, A West African court ordered Niger to pay compensation to Hadijatou Mani (24), who was sold into slavery at age 12 and held for a decade. She had been forced to work as a domestic servant and a sexual slave until 2005.
    (SFC, 10/28/08, p.A4)

2008        Dec 2, In Nigeria authorities in central Plateau state announced the arrest of 16 alleged "mercenaries" from neighbouring Niger. Isa Ibrahim, the Nigerien Ambassador to Nigeria, said that those arrested had been living in Jos for several years as water vendors.
    (AFP, 12/2/08)

2008        Dec 14, On the Niger-Mali border Tuareg rebels of the Front for the Forces of Redress (FFR) kidnapped Robert Fowler, a Canadian UN special envoy, and Louis Guay, a Canadian diplomat, along with their local driver. Days later the FFR made contradictory statements both claiming and condemning responsibility. On March, 2009, rebels released the driver. The Canadian diplomats were released in April, 2009.
    (AP, 12/16/08)(http://tinyurl.com/djsmd7)(AP, 4/23/09)

2009        Jan, Four tourists, two Swiss, a German and a Briton, were kidnapped on the Mali-Niger border. They were transferred to Al-Qaida's North Africa branch, which asked for a ransom and the release of a radical Islamist preacher held in Britain. A Swiss and a German tourist were released in April. Edwin Dyer of Britain, was killed by his captors on May 31. The 2nd Swiss citizen, Werner Greiner, was released in July.
    (AP, 4/23/09)(AP, 7/12/09)

2009        Feb 6, Nigeria’s government reported that 84 infants and children have died after swallowing My Pikin Baby Teething Mixture, a teething syrup laced with diethylene glycol. A failed bid to smuggle a bus filled with rice into Nigeria from Niger left seven people dead including two customs officers set ablaze with petrol.
    (SFC, 2/7/09, p.A2)(AFP, 2/8/09)

2009        Feb 27, The UN Children's Fund said 53 million children are being targeted by a mass immunization drive against polio in Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, and Togo. Some 844 polio cases were reported in the 8 countries in 2008, 95% of them in Nigeria.
    (AFP, 2/27/09)

2009        Mar 27, French President Nicolas Sarkozy wrapped up his mini-tour of three African countries, after meeting with Niger leader Mamadou Tandja. This followed visits to Kinshasa and Brazzaville.
    (AFP, 3/27/09)

2009        Apr 9, A Niger government minister said Tuareg rebels have agreed to lay down their arms and join a peace process in the desert West African nation.
    (AP, 4/9/09)

2009        May 3, In Niger Tuareg rebels fighting the government released their last hostage. Mamane Louali, who was captured in June 2007, was released at the airport in Agadez, a town in the country's far north and one of the traditional bases of the nomadic Tuaregs.
    (AP, 5/3/09)

2009        May 4, Niger’s Pres. Mamadou Tandja accompanied representatives of French energy giant Areva at a ceremony marking the beginning of a new uranium project in Imoraren. The site is expected to boost Niger's uranium production from 3,000 to 5,000 tons per year.
    (AP, 5/4/09)

2009        Jun 16, The US added six African countries to a blacklist of countries trafficking in people, and put US trading partner Malaysia back on the list. Chad, Eritrea, Niger, Mauritania, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe were added to the list in the annual report. Removed from the list were Qatar, Oman, Algeria, and Moldova.
    (AFP, 6/16/09)

2009        Jun 29, Niger’s Pres. Mamadou Tandja issued a decree dissolving a constitutional court, which had rejected his bid to hold a referendum to change the constitution so he could extend his time in office. The next day opposition leader Mahamadou Issoufou, expressed outrage over the president's disbanding of the court, calling the move equivalent to a coup.
    (AP, 6/30/09)

2009        Jul 3, Algeria, Niger and Nigeria signed an accord to build a 10-billion-dollar trans-Saharan gas pipeline linking vast reserves in Nigeria to Europe.
    (AFP, 7/3/09)

2009        Aug 4, In Niger clashes erupted as citizens voted in a constitutional referendum to extend President Mamadou Tandja's long rule amid low turnout after an opposition boycott in the uranium-rich African nation. On Aug 7 the Electoral Commission released provisional results saying that 92.5% of votes cast supported a new constitution that would allow President Mamadou Tandja to stay in power. About 68.3% of all registered voters participated.
    (AP, 8/4/09)(AP, 8/7/09)

2009        Sep 22, The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs announced that flash floods and lighting have claimed 187 lives and affected 635,273 people in west Africa since the rainy season started in June. This included 103 dead in Sierra Leone, followed by Ghana (24), Mali (20), Ivory Coast (19), Burkina Faso (8), Niger (7) and Senegal (6).
    (AFP, 9/22/09)

2009        Sep 27, In Venezuela Pres. Hugo Chavez proposed that South American and African nations unite to create a cross-continental mining corporation to keep control of their resources. Chavez made diplomatic inroads in Africa at a summit of South American and African leaders where he offered Venezuela's help in oil projects, mining and financial assistance. Venezuela signed agreements to work together on oil projects with South Africa, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan and Cape Verde.
    (Reuters, 9/27/09)(AP, 9/28/09)

2009        Oct 5, A UN agency said Norway enjoys the world's highest quality of life, while Niger suffers the lowest, as it released Human Development Index, a ranking that highlights the wide disparities in well-being between rich and poor countries.
    (AP, 10/5/09)(http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/)

2009        Oct 20, Niger held elections. On Oct 24 the electoral commission said the ruling party had won a majority of votes in parliamentary elections. The official results said President Mamadou Tandja's party received 76 out of 113 seats in the national assembly. The vote came just two months after a referendum passed allowing Tandja to extend his rule for years past the constitutional limit. The opposition protested the referendum, saying it granted Tandja near-totalitarian powers, and boycotted the elections.
    (AP, 10/25/09)

2009        Oct 21, ECOWAS suspended Niger following its failure to comply with the 17th October 2009 Decision of Heads of State and Government to postpone the legislative elections of Tuesday, 20th October 2009.  ECOWAS suspended Niger on account of bad behavior by President Mamadou Tandja (71).
    (http://news.ecowas.int/presseshow.php?nb=113&lang=en&annee=2009)(Econ, 2/27/10, p.56)

2009        Dec 23, The White House said President Obama has removed Madagascar, Guinea and Niger from a list of African countries receiving trade benefits, but reinstated Mauritania. The US froze most aid to Niger and imposed travel bans on some officials in response to President Mamadou Tandja's moves to extend his rule over the impoverished West African nation.
    (AFP, 12/23/09)(Reuters, 12/23/09)

2009        Dec 28, In Niger unidentified gunmen in the remote western desert shot dead 3 tourists from Saudi Arabia.
    (SFC, 12/29/09, p.A2)

2010        Feb 18, In Niger armed soldiers stormed the presidential palace and witnesses said the president's whereabouts were unknown after heavy gunfire. Pres. Mamadou Tandja (72) was deposed in a military coup after he stayed in office months beyond his legal mandate.
    (AP, 2/18/10)(AP, 1/17/11)

2010        Feb 19, In Niger a junta that seized power in a coup named a platoon commander as its leader, hours after soldiers announced on state TV that their group was in charge of the uranium-rich country.
    (AP, 2/19/10)

2010        Mar 1, Niger coup chief Maj. Salou Djibou signed a decree appointing 20 ministers. Five of the posts went to women and five to officers.
    (AP, 3/2/10)

2010        Mar 31, Niger's police director said police have arrested more than 600 people in an effort to crackdown on recent crime and insecurity in the capital.
    (AP, 3/31/10)

2010        Apr 21, The Algerian Defense Ministry said Algeria, Mauritania, Mali and Niger are opening a joint military headquarters in the Algerian city Tamanrasset, in a united effort to combat terrorism and kidnapping in northwestern Africa. The Committee of Joint Chiefs (CEMOC) was based in  Tamanrasset.
    (AP, 4/21/10)(AP, 12/20/11)

2010        Apr 22, Al-Qaida in North Africa kidnapped Frenchman Michel Germaneau (78) in northern Niger. On May 14 a militant Web site said it wanted to trade him for the group's prisoners in France and other nations. A day before the kidnapping, four Sahara Desert nations opened a joint military headquarters in the Algerian city of Tamanrasset to combat terrorism and trafficking. On July 25 al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb said it had killed the 78-year-old French hostage in retaliation for the killing of six al-Qaida members in a recent raid by Mauritanian forces aided by the French military.
    (AP, 5/14/10)(AP, 7/25/10)

2010        May 15, Niger government spokesman Mahamane Laouali Dan Dah said that more than 21,000 tons of food would be given to 1.5 million people in need.
    (AP, 5/15/10)

2010        May 21, Nigerian officials and residents said hundreds of Niger nationals, mostly women and children, have flooded into the country in search of food.
    (AFP, 5/22/10)

2010        Jul 2, The Geneva-based World Food Program declared its work in Niger an "emergency operation" after a survey found a sharp rise in malnutrition rates among young children. WFP spokeswoman Emilia Casella said 16.7 percent of children under 5 years old suffer from acute malnutrition in the African country.
    (AP, 7/2/10)

2010        Jul 9, Aid agency Oxfam warned that the food crisis gripping the Sahel region of Africa was reaching disastrous levels and called on governments and the international community to act now. The crisis stretched across the region taking in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Niger and northern Nigeria.
    (AFP, 7/9/10)

2010        Aug 14, Aid officials said Niger is now facing the worst hunger crisis in its history, with almost half the country's population in desperate need of food and up to one in six children suffering from acute malnutrition. Villagers described the situation as worse than in 2005, when aid organizations treated tens of thousands of children for malnutrition, and worse even than 1973, when thousands died.
    (AP, 8/14/10)

2010        Sep 16, In Niger armed assailants kidnapped 7 people, including 5 French nuclear experts, a person from Togo and a person from Madagascar, near the uranium mining town of Arlit, in the northern Sahara desert region. 3 of the hostages were released in February, 2011.
    (AP, 9/17/10)(SFC, 9/22/10, p.A2)(SFC, 2/26/11, p.A2)

2010        Sep 30, Algerian daily Al-Watan said spy chiefs from four north African countries (Algeria, Mauritania, Mali and Niger) have set up a center for joint operations against Al Qaeda in the Sahel region during a meeting in Algiers.
    (AFP, 9/30/10)

2010        Oct 21, In Niger a statement read on national radio and television said the removal of the junta's second-in-command, intelligence minister, head of the national guard and minister of equipment were related to a coup plot within the national armed forces.
    (AP, 10/22/10)

2010        Oct 31, Niger voters weighed in on a new constitution that would impose presidential term limits and pardon members of a military junta that seized power earlier this year. The country's new constitution passed with 90 percent of the vote.
    (AP, 10/31/10)(AP, 11/3/10)

2010        The population of Niger numbered about 15 million.
    (Econ, 2/27/10, p.56)

2011        Jan 7, In Niger two French citizens were kidnapped by four armed men while dining at a restaurant in the capital, Niamey.
    (www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jan/09/french-hostages-killed-niger)

2011        Jan 8, France’s Pres. Sarkozy said 2 French hostages, kidnapped a day earlier in the Niger capital Niamey, were killed by their captors despite a rescue attempt by French forces.
    (SSFC, 1/9/11, p.A5)

2011        Jan 18, The US Peace Corps said it has suspended its operations in Niger and evacuated all 98 of its volunteers from the west African nation due to security concerns following the kidnapping and murder of two French citizens claimed by an al-Qaida affiliate.
    (AP, 1/19/11)

2011        Jan 31, Niger, an impoverished country on the edge of the Sahara, took another stab at democracy as it voted for a new president and parliament that are expected to take over leadership from the military.
    (AP, 1/31/11)

2011        Mar 12, In Niger veteran opposition leader Mahamadou Issoufou won a presidential run-off election. Issoufou won nearly 58% of votes against rival candidate and ally of the ousted president, Seini Oumarou, who won 42%.
    (AP, 3/14/11)

2011        Jul 19, The European Commission resumed aid to Niger, releasing 25 million euros ($35 million) after the west African nation returned to democracy this year following a coup.
    (AFP, 7/19/11)

2011        Jul 27, Niger announced the creation of the High Authority to Combat Corruption to step up its fight against graft.
    (AFP, 7/27/11)

2011        Aug 1, Niger security forces broke up demonstrations by hundreds of people after weeks of electricity cuts, with several protesters wounded and arrested.
    (AFP, 8/1/11)

2011        Aug 2, Niger's President Mahamadou Issoufou announced that 10 people have been arrested for attempting a coup last month. He said they planned the coup to take place overnight from July 12 to 13.
    (AFP, 8/2/11)

2011        Aug 6, Niger's president Mahamadou Issoufou took part in a national collective prayer asking for rain. Niger depends heavily on its one annual rainy season (June to September) to cultivate crops.
    (AFP, 8/6/11)

2011        Aug 28, Security sources said hundreds of armed Tuaregs from Mali and Niger who fought for toppled Libyan leader Moamer Kadhafi have started to return to their home nations.
    (AFP, 8/28/11)

2011        Sep 5, In Libya rebels reportedly arrested Khalid Kaim, Gadhafi's deputy foreign minister in Tripoli. A large convoy of Gadhafi loyalists rolled into the central Niger town of Agadez. At the head of the convoy was Tuareg rebel leader Rissa ag Boula.
    (AP, 9/6/11)

2011        Sep 6, In Libya tribal elders from one of Moammar Gadhafi's last strongholds tried to persuade regime loyalists holed up there to lay down their arms. Mansour Dao, Gadhafi's security chief, was at the head of the first convoy to roll into Niamey, the capital of Niger. NATO made a number of airstrikes around Sirte, hitting six tanks, six armored fighting vehicles and an ammunition storage facility, among other targets. They also targeted the Gadhafi loyalist strongholds of Hun, Sabha and Waddan.
    (AP, 9/6/11)(AP, 9/7/11)

2011        Sep 9, Niger forces arrested Colonel Abdoulaye Badie, the former number two in the junta that relinquished power in April. Senior military officer, Hamadou Djibo, was arrested two days later. The arrests were connected with a pamphlet which criticizes the way the army is run and has been recently circulating in Niamey.
    (AFP, 9/14/11)
2011        Sep 9, In Libya revolutionary forces battled loyalists near the Gadhafi hometown of Sirte, but withdrew after heavy casualties. Gadhafi holdouts fired mortars and rockets from Bani Walid. Interpol said it has issued its top most-wanted alert for the arrest of Gadhafi, his son Seif al-Islam and the country's ex-chief of military intelligence, all sought by the International Criminal Court for alleged crimes against humanity. Niger Justice Minister Amadou Morou said that the Libyan chief of staff of the air force, his pilot and the commanders of two Libyan military regions have arrived in Niger.
    (AP, 9/9/11)(AP, 9/10/11)

2011        Sep 11, In Libya NATO warplanes struck several targets in areas still loyal to fugitive leader Moammar Gadhafi. At least 12 people were killed and 16 wounded when a brigade from Gharyan and Kikla came under fire at the western town of Asabah. Many people in Asabah were Kadhafi supporters. 20 of his fighters were reported captured during the fighting. Anti-Gadhafi forces in Tripoli captured the former head of the regime's external intelligence service, Abu Zayd Dourda. Rebel fighters pushed back into Bani Walid. A convoy carrying al-Saadi Gadhafi (37), son of ousted leader Moammar Gadhafi, crossed into neighboring Niger.
    (AP, 9/11/11)(AFP, 9/11/11)

2011        Sep 15, An army patrol in Niger attacked a four-car convoy carrying suspected al-Qaida-linked militants, killing three of them and leading to the liberation of more than four dozen youths that had been forcibly recruited by the extremist group. On Oct 1 officials said 59 suspected followers of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), arrested on Sep 16, were simply migrants, admitting a blunder by troops who killed their driver. The magazine Air-Info, published in Agadez, said there were two separate incidents.
    (AP, 9/15/11)(AFP, 10/1/11)

2011        Sep 29, Interpol placed another of ousted Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi's sons on the equivalent of its most-wanted list, placing pressure on the government of Niger to surrender a man accused of overseeing bloody repressions.
    (AP, 9/29/11)

2011        Oct 21, Niger said the end of the Libyan conflict would allow it to lift restrictions on senior Kadhafi loyalists who sought refuge there, except for deceased leader Moamer Kadhafi's son Saadi.
    (AFP, 10/21/11)

2011        Oct 31, Ali Saibou (71), former president of Niger (1987-1993) died in the capital Niamey. He brought multi-party politics to the west African country.
    (AFP, 11/1/11)

2011        Nov 6, Niger's army intercepted a convoy of cars traveling south from Libya toward Mali, and a cache of arms was seized in the ensuing clash. Libyan nationals and ethnic Tuaregs were in the convoy. One Nigerien soldier was killed and four wounded during the clash.
    (AP, 11/9/11)

2011        Nov 11, Niger President Mahamadou Issoufou, during a visit to South Africa, said his government has decided to grant Moamer Kadhafi's son Saadi asylum for humanitarian reasons, adding that his brother Seif al-Islam is not in the country. He also said Niger's army has clashed repeatedly with arms traffickers from neighboring Libya.
    (AFP, 11/11/11)(AP, 11/11/11)

2011        Nov 18, The European Commission said an extra 10 million euros ($13.5 million) in humanitarian funding will go on addressing "major shortfalls" in food in the Sahel region. The crisis is affecting 7 million people in Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger and Nigeria.
    (AFP, 11/19/11)

2011        Nov 21, In Mali army chiefs from Algeria, Mali, Mauritania and Niger, met in Bamako amid mounting concerns over the fallout from Libya's conflict on security in the troubled zone.
    (AFP, 11/21/11)

2011        Nov 28, Niger officially became an oil producer with the opening of a refinery run by the state and a Chinese company.
    (AFP, 11/28/11)

2011        Dec 6, In Niger 2 days of clashes began between demonstrators and police leaving two people dead in Zinder where opposition politician Aboubacar Mahamadou was on trial for "preparing protest demonstrations" on November 28 against President Mahamadou Issoufou. Mahamadou was acquitted on Dec 7. Six top police chiefs were sacked in the wake of clashes.
    (AFP, 12/10/11)

2011        Dec 8, The UN's World Food Program said meager rains and diminished harvests have left between five and seven million people in Africa's Sahel region facing food shortages. The countries of Niger, Mauritania, Mali and Chad were worst hit.
    (AFP, 12/9/11)

2011        The population of Niger numbered about 16 million.
    (AFP, 11/1/11)

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