Timeline Senegal

Timeline Senegal

Africa Index: http://www.africaindex.africainfo.no/pages/Country_pages/Senegal/
AfricaNet: http://www.africanet.com/africanet/country/senegal/home.htm#History
CIA Factbook: http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sg.html
Emulate: http://www.emulateme.com/senegal.htm
Travel Docs: http://www.traveldocs.com/sn/index.htm
World History KLMA: http://www.stabi.hs-bremerhaven.de/gbs2/whkmla/

West coast of Africa, south of Mauritania.
(WSJ, 1/2/98, p.8)

1471       The Portuguese arrived in Ghana as intermediaries, bringing slaves and other goods from Senegal and Benin in order to sell them to the Asante and other local people.
   (Econ, 2/24/07, p.73)

1680-1786   It was estimated that over 2 million slaves passed through Goree Island on their way to the American colonies.
   (SFC, 4/3/98, p.B3)

1700s       In Senegal female slave traders, called signare, prospered by conducting business with European men.
   (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R25)

1776       The Dutch built a slave house on Goree Island off the coast of Senegal.
   (SFC, 7/9/03, p.A10)

1891       Sep 20, Lamine Gueye, Senegalese political leader, was born.
   (HN, 9/20/98)

1895       In Senegal French authorities, fearing his growing influence, exiled religious leader Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba to their other colonial holdings in West Africa.
   (AP, 4/22/03)

1902       Senegalese religious leader Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba, Islamic mystic and poet, returned to Touba and launched one of Senegal's main Muslim brotherhoods, the Mourides. The brotherhood went onto an informal, yet highly effective, global trading system based entirely on trust.
   (AP, 4/22/03)(Econ, 9/13/08, p.92)

1927        In Senegal Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba (Cheikh Amadou Bamba), Muslim brotherhood religious leader and founder of the holy center of Touba, died. He inspired the Sufi Muslim movement called the Mourides, the 2nd of two big movements. The other older Muslim group was known as the Tidjanes.
   (AP, 4/22/03)(Econ, 12/23/06, p.91)(AP, 12/29/07)

c1939       Belgium feared a Nazi invasion and shipped $2.5 billion of gold to France, which in turn shipped it to the port city of Dakar, its West African colony now known as Senegal. The Nazis discovered the shipment after their occupation of France and had the gold transferred to their account in Switzerland.
   (WSJ, 4/28/97, p.A17)

1946       Leopold Sedar Senghor was elected as the French deputy from Senegal and served until 1958.
   (SFC, 12/21/01, p.A34)

1946        Cheikh Anta Diop, a Senegalese humanist and scientist, began his research into African history. He later published The African Origin of Civilization: Myth or Reality, Civilization or Barbarism: An Authentic Anthropology, and The Cultural Unity of Negro Africa.
   (Civilization, July-Aug, 1995, p. 34)

1948       Leopold Sedar Senghor, French deputy from Senegal, published his 1st volume of poetry, “Chants d’ombres” (Songs of Shadows).
   (SFC, 12/21/01, p.A34)

1960       Aug 20, Senegal broke from Mali federation and declared independence.
   (MC, 8/20/02)

1960       Sep 5, Senegal became independent from France. Leopold Sedar Senghor (d.2001 at 95), poet and politician, was elected president of Senegal, Africa.
   (PC, 1992, p.973)(HN, 9/5/98)(SFC, 12/21/01, p.A34)

1962       Leopold Sedar Senghor crushed an attempted coup by prime minister Mamadou Dia.
   (SFC, 12/21/01, p.A34)

1963       Mar 3, Senegal adopted a constitution.
   (SC, 3/3/02)

1970s       Ibrahim Bah fought with the Casamance separatist movement. Bah later trained in Libya and fought in Afghanistan. In 2001 he was reported to be an organizer of diamond dealers for the al Qaeda network.
   (SFC, 11/2/01, p.A8)

1972       Jacques Hymans (d.2000 at 62), an American doctoral student from the Univ. of Paris, published his dissertation as a book on Pres. Leopold Sedar Senghor.
   (SFC, 1/5/00, p.C3)

1975       May 25, ECOWAS Treaty1 was signed. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was formed in Nigeria with 15 members that included: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.
   (www.sec.ecowas.int/sitecedeao/english/achievements.htm)

1977       The film "Ceddo" from Senegal was directed by Ousmane Sembene
   (SFEC, 4/13/97, DB p.44)

1981       Jul 30, Senegalese troops aborted an attempt to overthrow the government of Gambia by a paramilitary field force. Pres. Jawara was restored to power.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gambia_Confederation)

1981       Leopold Sedar Senghor ended his term as president. Abdou Diouf became president.
   (SFC, 1/5/00, p.C3)(SFC, 3/21/00, p.A12)

1983       In Senegal rebel fighters with the Movement of the Democratic Forces (MFDC) began a low level insurgency against the government.
   (SFC, 5/9/08, p.A19)

1990       Dec 1, Hissene Habre (b.1942), dictator of Chad, was deposed by Idriss Deby and fled to Senegal with $11 million.
   (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9)(WSJ, 5/31/00, p.A26)

1992       Feb 9, An Air Senegal flight chartered by Club Med crashed and 30 people were killed. In 2000 a French court convicted Club Med founder Gilbert Trigano and his son, Serge, for involuntary manslaughter.
   (SFC, 7/7/00, p.D6)(http://aviation-safety.net/database/country/country.php?id=6V)

1992       Pierre Sane of Senegal became the secretary-general of Amnesty Int’l.
   (SFC, 10/21/98, p.A10)

1992       Hissene Habre, an autocrat from Chad, fled to Senegal with $11 million in loot.
   (WSJ, 5/31/00, p.A26)

1994       Jul 23, Gambian soldiers proclaimed military government in Dakar, Senegal.
   (AP, 7/23/97)

1997       Feb 1, An Air Senegal plane crashed and at least 23 people died after liftoff from a wildlife refuge at Tambacounda.
   (SFC, 2/3/97, p.C3)

1997       Apr 30, The Senegalese film "Tableau Ferraille" by Moussa Sene Absa was shown at the SF Film Festival.
   (SFC, 4/23/97, p.D3)

1998       Apr 1-2, Pres. Clinton visited Senegal. He traveled through the capital, Dakar, and spoke on the future of African-US relations on Goree Island.
   (SFC, 3/21/98, p.A13)(WSJ, 4/2/98, p.A1)

1998       May 26, Mohammed Ndao was reported to be the new face of Senegalese wrestling. The national sport was being transformed to a new style that included punching and prize money.
   (SFC, 5/26/98, p.A6)

1998       Jun 9, Senegal and Guinea sent troops to aid Pres. Vieira in Guinea-Bissau. Rebels led by Ansumane Mane had just staged a coup to end the 18-year rule of Pres. Vieira, who was accused of corruption.
   (SFC, 6/10/98, p.A9)

1998       Jun 16, Senegal fired artillery into Guinea-Bissau to support Pres. Vieira.
   (WSJ, 6/17/98, p.A1)

1998       Nov 20, It was reported that land mines had made 80% of Casamance province unusable. The mines, laid by separatist rebels, had killed or wounded close to 500 people in the 1st 8 months of this year.
   (SFC, 11/21/98, p.A15)

1999       Jan 18, The UN reported that the Parliament of Senegal banned the tradition of female genital mutilation.
   (SFC, 1/18/99, p.A14)

1999       Aug 26, In Senegal the army reported 29 dead fisherman from recent storms and that another 100 were missing.
   (SFC, 8/27/99, p.D3)

1999       Nov 13, Jacque Diouf of Senegal won a 2nd 6-year term as director-general for the UN Food and Agricultural Organization.
   (SFEC, 11/14/99, p.A27)

2000       Jan 25, A complaint was submitted in Dakar, Senegal, against former Chad dictator Hissene Habre. It detailed 97 allegations of political killings, 142 cases of torture and 100 disappearances. Habre was indicted on Feb 3.
   (SFC, 1/27/00, p.C2)(SFC, 2/4/00, p.D8)

2000       Feb 20, In Senegal guerrillas ambushed 2 tour buses and killed 2 soldiers and 2 tour guides and injured about 20 European tourists at Kaliane village near Ziguinchor in the Casamance region.
   (SFC, 2/22/00, p.A10)

2000       Feb, A Senegalese court indicted Hissene Habre, the former autocrat of Chad.
   (WSJ, 5/31/00, p.A26)

2000       Mar 3, In Senegal Pres. Abdou Diouf failed to get over 50% of the ballots and a runoff was scheduled with rival Abdoulaye Wade later in the month.
   (SFC, 3/4/00, p.C1)

2000       Mar 20, Pres. Abdou Diouf conceded defeat to rival Abdoulaye Wade. The elections ended 40 years of Socialist Party rule.
   (SFC, 3/21/00, p.A12)

2000       Apr 10, Dancers of the Ballet d’Afrique Noire from Senegal failed to show up to continue their tour after a performance at UC in Berkeley. 17 members were expected to seek asylum.
   (SFC, 4/13/00, p.A1)

2000       Oct 23, Senegal struck the 1st cut-rate deal for AIDS drugs with discounts as much as 90% from US retail prices.
   (WSJ, 10/24/00, p.A1)

2001       Mar 20, Senegal’s highest court said that it has no authority to prosecute Hissene Habre, Chad’s former president, on charges of torture.
   (SFC, 3/21/01, p.A14)

2001       Apr 28, In Senegal legislative elections were held and a soldier and 4 others were killed in the Casamance region.
   (WSJ, 4/30/01, p.A1)

2001       May 3, A political coalition led by Pres. Wade was reported to have won a landslide victory in parliamentary elections.
   (WSJ, 5/3/01, p.A1)

2001       Dec 20, Leopold Sedar Senghor (b.1906), poet and former president of Senegal (1960-1980), died in France at age 95.
   (SFC, 12/21/01, p.A34)(NW, 12/31/01, p.108)

2002       May 31, The World Cup soccer tournament opened in Japan and South Korea for the first time with a match between Senegal and defending champion France in South Korea. Senegal upset France, 1-0.
   (SFC, 6/1/02, p.A1)(AP, 5/31/03)

2002       Jul, Customs inspectors in Belgium noted irregularities in medical shipments from Senegal. It was determined that some 3 million doses of Glaxo HIV drugs worth $18 million had been diverted from Africa back to Europe for sale.
   (SFC, 10/3/02, p.A10)

2002       Sep 25-2002 Sep 26, Over 800 passengers and crew were believed to have perished when the Senegal’s crowded MS Joola, a state-run ferry, heaved to its side shortly before midnight in a fierce storm off the coast of Gambia. There were only 62 known survivors. The toll was later raised to 1,863 dead. The ship had been pushed into service while still needing vital repairs.
   (WSJ, 9/30/02, p.A1)(AP, 2/3/03)(SFC, 3/24/06, p.A12)(Econ, 2/24/07, p.58)

2002       Nov 4, Senegal Pres. Abdoulaye Wade dismissed his prime minister and the rest of the Cabinet in a shake up widely anticipated since the deadly capsizing of a state-run ferry.
   (AP, 11/4/02)

2002       Dec 23, More than 100 Gabonese students took over their embassy in Senegal, trapping three diplomats overnight to protest unpaid scholarships.
   (AP, 12/24/02)

2003       Apr 22, In Senegal nearly a million people traveled to Touba, the hometown of 19th-century religious leader Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba. Fearing his growing influence, the French exiled Bamba in 1895 to their other colonial holdings in West Africa. Bamba returned to Touba in 1902 to launch and guide one of Senegal's main Muslim brotherhoods, the Mourides, until his death in 1927.
   (AP, 4/22/03)

2003       Aug 27, Senegal announced its 5th government in three years under President Abdoulaye Wade, in a Cabinet overhaul that followed criticism of Wade's administration and its handling of recent flooding.
   (AP, 8/27/03)

2003       Dec 3, In northern Senegal a passenger bus and a cement truck collided, killing 22 people and injuring 35 others.
   (AP, 12/3/03)

2004       Jul 12, Newspapers in Senegal and the Central African Republic suspended publication to protest the jailings of leading journalists.
   (AP, 7/12/04)

2004       Sep 15, Eight French speaking African countries began retiring over 1 billion in decaying currency with new CFA francs. Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo had until Dec 31 to turn in old bills for new ones.
   (SFC, 9/15/04, p.C8)

2004       Nonesuch Records released a widely acclaimed album by Youssou N’Dour that celebrates Islam and Sufism in Senegal.
   (SFC, 7/17/04, p.E1)

2005       Feb 2, French Pres. Jacques Chirac planned to visit Senegal for the first time in a decade, hoping to boost ties with a former West African colony at a time when the US is raising its military profile in the region.
   (AP, 2/1/05)

2005       Jun, The Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Initiative began operations. The US funded plan intended to provide military equipment and development aid to 9 north-east African countries considered fertile ground for Muslim militant groups. Participating countries included Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.
   (SFC, 12/27/05, p.A1)

2005       Jul 19, In Senegal ministers, entrepreneurs and trade experts from 35 African countries and the US began to plot ways to give African goods a better shot at US markets and find means to boost non-oil exports from the poorest continent. Senegal was one of 37 African countries eligible to participate in the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), signed in 2000 by US president Bill Clinton that gives African exports duty-free status on the US market.
   (AFP, 7/19/05)

2005       Oct 10, Morocco began deporting would-be immigrants, with a flight carrying 140 Senegalese taking off for Dakar after hundreds of Africans stormed razor-wire border fences in recent weeks.
   (AP, 10/10/05)

2005       Nov 12, Africa Union leaders from Algeria, Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and Senegal met in Abuja for a 2-day summit titled: "Africa and the challenges of the global order: Desirability of union government," with the leaders discussing the broad principles of integration.
   (AFP, 11/12/05)

2005       Nov 25, Hissene Habre, Chad's former dictator, was freed after a Senegalese court said it had no jurisdiction to rule on his extradition to Belgium to stand trial for war crimes.
   (AP, 11/25/05)

2005       Nov 27, Senegal's foreign minister said the African Union will decide the fate of Chad's former dictator, wanted in Belgium for trial on human-rights abuses allegedly committed during his regime.
   (AP, 11/28/05)

2006       Jan 12, Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing gave four million US dollars to Dakar within hours of his arrival in Senegal, the latest west African country to have recently ditched Taiwan in favor of mighty Beijing.
   (AP, 1/12/06)

2006       Apr 30, A fisherman off Barbados found a boat with the bodies of 11 men from Senegal. The boat had left Senegal Christmas eve with 52 migrant people and was apparently bound for the Canary Islands.
   (AP, 6/1/06)

2006       Jun 6, The Ford Foundation launched an independent, African-led nonprofit that aims to give Africans greater opportunity to solve the continent's problems themselves. The Foundation committed $30 million to fund TrustAfrica, which has been developed over the past five years. It will now be based in Senegal's capital of Dakar and governed solely by Africans.
   (AP, 6/6/06)

2006       Jul 2, Senegal's President Abdoulaye Wade said his country would try Chad's former leader Hissene Habre, wanted by Belgium for trial on charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
   (AFP, 7/2/06)

2006       Nov 2, Senegal moved closer to bringing Hissene Habre, a former Chadian dictator accused of war crimes, to justice after the government announced that local laws would be revised and a special commission formed to organize and oversee his trial.
   (AP, 11/3/06)

2006       Nov 13, Senegal’s President Abdoulaye Wade received a letter from Sudan President Omar al-Bashir that accepted some sort of UN intervention.
   (AP, 11/14/06)

2006       Dec 17, Scores of migrants who spent days at sea were missing and feared dead after their boat wrecked off Senegal's coast.
   (AP, 12/17/06)

2006       The Mourides, Sufi Muslim movement, made up about 40% of Senegal’s population. The movement, dating back to Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba (d.1927), was based on teachings of self-reliance and member solidarity.
   (Econ, 12/23/06, p.92)

2007       Feb 25, Senegal held elections. President Abdoulaye Wade, seeking another five years in office, declared he was confident of winning the election outright and would avoid a runoff in the ballot to decide who will lead one of Africa's most stable democracies.
   (AP, 2/25/07)

2007       Mar 1, Senegal officials said President Abdoulaye Wade received 56 percent of the vote to avoid a runoff and easily win re-election in this West African nation.
   (AP, 3/1/07)

2007       May 30, Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade, host of the Islamic Development Bank’s annual meeting, spoke on behalf of the bank’s launch of a $10 billion fund to combat poverty in developing Muslim nations in Africa and other parts of the world. Saudi Arabia pledged to contribute $1 billion, Kuwait $300 million, Iran $100 million and Senegal $10 million.
   (AP, 5/30/07)

2007       Jun 4, Senegal defended the low poll turnout used by critics to put a question mark on the legitimacy of weekend legislative elections, saying the west African nation had never had enthusiastic voters. A 17-party opposition grouping had called for an unprecedented boycott of the ballot, which looked set to be won by President Abdoulaye Wade's ruling party.
   (AP, 6/4/07)
2007       Jun 4, The Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA) said a study of mortality patterns in South Africa, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Tanzania and Senegal indicated Africa's HIV/AIDS crisis was reaching deep into elected governments.
   (Reuters, 6/4/07)

2007       Oct-2008 Nov, In Senegal lead poisoning killed 18 children in Thiaroye Sur Mer. For years, the town's blacksmiths had extracted lead from car batteries and remolded it into weights for fishing nets. The work left the dirt of Thiaroye dense with small lead particles. As the price of lead climbed local people had begun to sift the dirt to extract the lead.
   (AP, 1/3/09)

2007       Jun 9, Ousmane Sembene (84), Senegalese writer and film maker, died. He was often called the “Father of African Cinema.” His 1st novel was “Le Docker Noir” (1956). His first feature film was “Le Noire de …” (Black Girl), made in 1966.
   (WSJ, 6/19/07, p.D5)

2007       Nov 6, A Mauritanian patrol boat found a drifting boat from Senegal with some 100 people aboard as well as 2 dead bodies. The migrants had spent nearly 3 weeks at sea and thrown 43 dead bodies overboard.
   (SFC, 11/7/07, p.A3)

2007       Nov 21, In Senegal street vendors protesting an attempt to clear them from the center of Dakar clashed with police, throwing rocks at officers who fired tear gas to disperse the crowd. Last week, Senegal's security forces began clearing the capital's intersections of hawkers and beggars under a presidential decree aimed at bringing some order to Dakar's clogged streets.
   (AP, 11/22/07)

2007       Nov 28, Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade said he will propose the creation of a committee of African heads of state to mend broken relations between Zimbabwe and former colonial power Britain.
   (AFP, 11/28/07)

2007       Dec 28, Serigne Saliou Mbacke (92), Senegal's spiritual leader, died. Mbacke was the leader of the Mourides, the most powerful Muslim brotherhood in Senegal, and his image was ever-present in the homes of his millions of followers.
   (AP, 12/29/07)

2008       Jan 4, The annual 5,760 Dakar Rally was canceled on the eve of the race across the Sahara Desert because of terror threats and the recent Christmas Eve killings of a French family in Mauritania blamed on al-Qaida-linked militants. The race, organized by the France-based Amaury Sport Organization (ASO), had been due to start in Lisbon, Portugal, and finish in Dakar, Senegal, on Jan. 20.
   (AP, 1/4/08)(WSJ, 1/5/08, p.A1)

2008       Mar 14, In Senegal members of the 57-member Organization of the Islamic Conference moved to create a battle plan, including legal action, to defend Islam from political cartoonists and bigots.
   (AP, 3/14/08)

2008       May 4, Senegal’s Pres. Abdoulaye Wade called the UN’s Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) a “bottomless pit of money largely spent on its own functioning.”
   (Econ, 5/10/08, p.69)

2008       May 7, In Senegal a group of armed men attacked some 20 villagers and sliced off their left ears in an effort to keep them from harvesting cashews. Victims said the assailants were rebel fighters with the Movement of the Democratic Forces (MFDC).
   (SFC, 5/9/08, p.A19)

2008       May 21, The interior ministers of Senegal and Spain signed an agreement extending cooperation between the west African nation and the EU border control agency Frontex to combat illegal immigration by one year.
   (AFP, 5/21/08)

2008       Jul 18, Senegal’s President Abdoulaye Wade said Sudan President Omar al-Beshir has agreed to restore relations with Chad, more than two months after Khartoum severed ties accusing Ndjamena of backing Darfur rebels.
   (AFP, 7/18/08)

2008       Aug 3, In Senegal former US president Bill Clinton wound up a four-nation Africa tour aimed at combating HIV/AIDS in Dakar, praising France for its financial support through the agency Unitaid.
   (AP, 8/4/08)

2008       Oct 5, Iba Ndiaye (b.1928), Senegalese modernist painter, died in Paris.
   (SSFC, 10/19/08, p.B6)

2008       Dec 27, Guinea's coup leader said he would allow the opposition and union leaders to help choose a prime minister. The military junta was boosted by the endorsement of neighboring Senegal as it attempted to garner international backing, and, after meeting political parties, promised to stamp out the burgeoning drugs trade.
   (AP, 12/27/08)(Reuters, 12/27/08)

2009       Jan 6, In Senegal 9 men, including a prominent activist, were convicted of homosexual acts and sentenced to eight years in prison. Senegal, a primarily Muslim nation in West Africa, is one of 38 countries on the continent that criminalize homosexual acts.
   (AP, 1/8/09)

2009       Jan 28, Five African and international human rights groups called on the African Union to press Senegal to move forward with the trial of former Chadian dictator Hissene Habre.
   (AP, 1/28/09)

2009       Feb 14, China's Pres. Hu Jintao toured the site of a new, Chinese-financed national theater in Senegal, a day after signing a bilateral agreement promising the West African nation over $90 million in gifts and loans.
   (AP, 2/14/09)

2009       Feb 19, Belgium took Senegal to the International Court of Justice over the African nation's failure to prosecute a former Chad president for crimes against humanity and torture.
   (AP, 2/20/09)

2009       Apr 6, Belgium began World Court proceedings against Senegal in an effort to bring former Chad President Hissene Habre on trial for alleged widespread human rights abuses during his eight-year reign. A Chadian commission of inquiry has concluded that Habre's regime killed at least 3,780 political opponents, but added that the figure likely represents only 10 percent of his victims.
   (AP, 4/6/09)

2009       May 28, In Senegal UN, African Union, EU and Arab League representatives met with Mauritian political parties in Dakar to discuss upcoming polls and a political stalemate since a coup.
   (AFP, 5/28/09)

2009       Sep 22, The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs announced that flash floods and lighting have claimed 187 lives and affected 635,273 people in west Africa since the rainy season started in June. This included 103 dead in Sierra Leone, followed by Ghana (24), Mali (20), Ivory Coast (19), Burkina Faso (8), Niger (7) and Senegal (6).
   (AFP, 9/22/09)

2009       Oct 2, Six Senegalese soldiers were killed and three wounded in an attack near the border of Senegal and Guinea-Bissau. The soldiers were in a vehicle returning to their base in the southern Casamance region east of its capital Ziguinchor when their vehicle was hit by a rocket-propelled grenade.
   (AP, 10/3/09)

2009       Oct 12, In Senegal cyclist Frank Vandenbroucke (34) was on holiday when he was found dead in his room. Belgian cycling officials said his death was caused by a lung embolism. Vandenbroucke won the weeklong Paris-Nice spring race in 1998 and the Liege-Bastogne-Liege classic a year later before his career was marred by a doping scandal.
   (AP, 10/14/09)

2009       Nov 18, In Uganda a new 12 million dollar family planning drive was launched in Kampala highlighting how Obama administration funding has revamped a contraception drive in Africa and developing states. Uganda, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Kenya will share in the 12-million dollar funding, but international organizations still have to persuade certain African governments that it is in their interest to curb population growth.
   (AFP, 11/18/09)

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