Timeline Slovenia
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Ljubljana originated as a Roman settlement
called
Emona.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C6)
Slovenia's area in 2004 was 20,000 square km. (7,700 sq. miles).
(Econ, 1/31/04, p.52)
43,000BC A flutelike instrument made
of bear bone was found by archeologist Janez Dirjec at the Divje Babe
site in the valley of the Idrijca River in Slovenia. It was believed to
be about 45,000 years old.
(SFC, 10/31/96, p.A12)
745AD Some 200,000 Slovenians,
settled in a pocket of the eastern slopes of the Alps, were threatened
by the Avars and the Bavarians. For safety they adopted Christianity
and accepted the protection of the Frankish emperor
(SFC, 5/26/96, T-5)
c1300-1400 In the early 14th century the Gottscheers
settled in the Carniola region of what later became Slovenia. The
Germanic people were sent there to till the land and pay taxes to the
Carinthian counts of Ortenburg and to serve as a forward guard for the
Holy Roman Empire.
(SFC, 6/16/99, p.A12)
c1500-1600 The Predjama Castle was built at the mouth
of a huge cave at Postojna, Slovenia. It was later used by the highway
robber Erasmus Luegger.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7)
1580 In Slovenia 6 stallions were
brought from Spain to the stable at Lipica (Lipizza) by a Hapsburg
duke. The breed mixed with the Karst horse, native to the region since
Roman times, and with others horses to forge the Lipizzaners.
(WSJ, 12/22/98, p.A16)
1800 France Presern (d.1849),
author, painter, poet, musician, mathematician and architect, was born
in Slovenia. His image was later featured on Slovenia’s 1,000-tolar
bills.
(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C6)
1809 Jul 5-1809 Jul 6, Napoleon
beat Austria’s archduke Charles at the Battle of Wagram. He annexed the
Illyrian Provinces (now part of Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro), and abolished the Papal States.
(http://tinyurl.com/vx8dk)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram)
1901 In Ljubljana, Slovenia, the
Dragon Bridge was built on the site of the former wooden “Butcher’s
Bridge.”
(SSFC, 5/23/04, p.D9)
1915 May 23, Italy declared war on
Austria-Hungary. Italy entered World War I and came up against the
Austro-Hungarian forces including many Slovenians in the Julian Alps
near Trieste. Over 29 months 12 major battles were fought along the
Soca River.
(AP, 5/23/97)(HN, 5/23/98)(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)
1915-1917 As many as 1 million lives were lost along
the Isonza Front in northern Slovenia.
(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)
1917 Jul 20, The Pact of
Corfu was signed between the Serbs, Croats & Slovenes to form
Yugoslavia. [see Dec 1, 1918]
(www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1917yugoslavia1.html)
1917 Oct 24, The Austro-German
army routed the Italian army at Caporetto, Italy. In what came to be
known as the 1st blitzkrieg German and Austro-Hungarian forces took at
least 250,000 Italian soldiers as prisoners on the Isonzo Front.
(HN, 10/24/98)(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)
1918 Oct 29-1918 Oct 31, The
Kingdom of Greater Serbia was proclaimed at Sarajevo in Bosnia bringing
that state into what was later called Yugoslavia. [see Dec 1]
(BWH, 1988)
1918 Nov 7, The Yugoslav
National Conference at Geneva decided on the union of Croatia and
Slovenia with Serbia and Montenegro. [see Dec 1]
(BWH, 1988)
1918 Nov 24, Another proclamation
took place of the United Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
[see Dec 1]
(BWH, 1988)
1918 Nov 26, Montenegro deposed
its king who opposed union and voted to join the new Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes. [see Dec 1]
(BWH, 1988)
1918 Dec 1, The Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes [later in 1929 to be called Yugoslavia] was
proclaimed by Alexander Karadjordjevic, the son of King Peter of
Serbia. It included the previously independent kingdoms of Serbia and
Macedonia, the Hungarian-controlled regions of Croatia and Slovenia,
the Austrian province of Dalmatia, Carniola and parts of Styria,
Carinthia and Istria. King Alexander I renamed the Balkan state called
the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes to Yugoslavia in 1929.
(AP, 10/3/97)(HNQ,
3/26/99)(http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/map/yugoslavia/1900/)
1920 Jun 4, The Treaty of
Trianon, signed at Versailles, was forced upon Hungary by the
victorious Allies after WWII and resulted in Hungary giving up nearly
three-fourths of its territory to Romania, Czechoslovakia and the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croat and Slovenes. Hungary lost more than half its
population, including some 3 million Hungarians. Hungary ceded the
hills of Transylvania to Romania.
(HNQ, 7/5/98)(WSJ, 1/2/97,
p.1)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon)
1920 Oct 10, The Carinthian
Plebiscite determined the border between Austria and the newly
formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthian_Plebiscite)
1929 Oct 3, The Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes formally changed its name to the Kingdom of
Yugoslavia. King Alexander I renamed the Balkan state called the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Yugoslavia. The Kingdom had
been formed on December 1, 1918 and was ruled by the Serbian
Karageorgevic dynasty. It included the previously independent kingdoms
of Serbia and Macedonia, the Hungarian-controlled regions of Croatia
and Slovenia, the Austrian province of Dalmatia, Carniola and parts of
Styria, Carinthia and Istria.
(AP, 10/3/97)(HN, 10/3/98)(HNQ, 3/26/99)
1929 Joze Plecnik, architect,
added two foot bridges (Tromostovje) at the heart of the Slovenia’s
capital, Ljubljana. He designed the city for pedestrians and put in
colonnades, market places and loggias insisting that everyday
enterprises deserved monumental surroundings.
(SFC, 5/26/96, T-5,7)(SSFC, 8/18/02, p.C7)
1941-1942 Some 97% of the Gottscheers were moved
north within Slovenia from the area of Kocevje to Rann (later Brezice).
Their peak population numbered some 25,000. They were driven out of
their new homes by Yugoslav partisans after which they wound up in
Austria and then dispersed around the world.
(SFC, 6/16/99, p.A12)
1945 May-Jun, The graves of some
1,000 Croatian soldiers killed at this time were found in 1999 near
Maribor in eastern Slovenia. Another 6-7,000 bodies were believed to be
buried in the area.
(SFC, 6/17/99, p.C3)
1945 Some 40,000 anti-Soviet
Cossacks, who had surrendered to the British in Austria, were turned
over to the Red Army. Some 30,000 Yugoslavs were handed over to Tito
under the pretense that they were being sent to Italy. The Yugoslavs
were locked into trains and taken to Slovenia, where they were shot and
buried in mass graves.
(WSJ, 3/17/98, p.A16)
1957 Joze Plecnik, Ljubljana
architect, died at age 85. His work included the promenade of Tivoli
Park, the colonnade of the central market, a reworking of the Triple
Bridge and numerous other buildings.
(SFEC, 7/9/00, p.T14)
1989 Feb, The Slovenes formed an
opposition party to Communist rule.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1989-1990 Janez Drnovsek served as the Communist
president.
(SFC, 11/11/96, p.A11)
1990 Apr, A pro-independence
coalition won in Slovenia.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1990 Dec 23, Slovenians voted
overwhelmingly in favor of independence and their republic’s secession
from Yugoslavia.
(AP, 12/23/00)(www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3407.htm)
1991 Jun 24, Croatia and Slovenia
voted to declare independence unless some new agreement was reached
among the Yugoslav republics.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1991 Jun 25, Slovenia proclaimed
independence from Yugoslavia.
(www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3407.htm)
1991 Jun 25, The civil war in
Yugoslavia began when Croatia and Slovenia proclaimed independence from
Yugoslavia. Following months of unsuccessful talks among Yugoslavia’s
six republics about the future of the federation, the western republics
of Croatia and Slovenia declared their independence. Entities of
Yugoslavia began to split off leaving Serbia and Montenegro.
(HFA, '96, p.32)(SFC, 10/18/96, A16)(SFC,10/16/97,
p.A12)(AP, 6/25/01)
1991 Jun 26, Slovenian crowds
gathered to declare their independence. They blockaded the barracks of
the Yugoslav army and their Territorial Defense Force attacked border
crossings and armored columns.
(SFC, 5/26/96, T-5)
1991 Jun 27, Yugoslav army tanks
and helicopters attacked Slovenia. Fighting broke out between Serbian
and Croatian militias. The Slovene militia trapped an armored column
and captured 2,000 soldiers. The prisoners were released and an
agreement was reached for Slovenia to control its own borders after a
90 day period of int’l. observation.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)(SFC,10/16/97, p.A12)
1991 Jul 2, A European
Community-brokered truce between Yugoslavia and the breakaway republic
of Slovenia was shattered as the federal army battled Slovene militias.
(AP, 7/2/01)
1991 Aug 5, The Yugoslav army
called off its intervention to Slovenia’s independence.
(SFC, 5/26/96, T-5)
1991 Oct 8, Slovenia and Croatia
began operating independently from Yugoslavia. Slovenia took over its
own borders and began printing its own money.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_modern_Croatia)(http://tinyurl.com/p5rhu)(SFC,
5/26/96, T-5)
1991 Dec, Germany gave diplomatic
recognition to Slovenia and Croatia. The EU said it would recognize
Croatia and Slovenia as independent states.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)(SFC, 10/6/00, p.A19)
1991 In Ljubljana, Slovenia, the
countercultural center of Metelkova began at an abandoned Yugoslavian
army garrison following independence.
(SSFC, 5/23/04, p.D9)
1992 Jan 15, The Yugoslav
federation, founded in 1918, effectively collapsed as the European
Community recognized the republics of Croatia and Slovenia.
(AP, 1/15/98)
1992 Jan, A cease fire was
arranged by US Sec. of State Cyrus Vance. The EC recognized the
independence of Croatia and Slovenia. The UN approved deployment of a
peace keeping force in Yugoslavia.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1992 May, Bosnia, Croatia and
Slovenia joined the UN.
(SFC, 6/11/96, p.A14)
1992 Dec, In the first democratic
elections Milan Kucan was elected president and Janez Drnovsek became
prime minister.
(SFC, 4/14/97, p.A10)
1994 Istria was the first region
of the former Yugoslavia to be officially designated as a "Region of
Europe". The Istria of 2005, alternatively called Istra and Istrija, is
politically divided into three separate countries: Croatia, Slovenia
and Italy.
(www.istrians.com/istria/maps/)
1996 May 18, The pope arrived at
Ljubljana’s Brnik airport. He was greeted by Pres. Milan Kucan and
other dignitaries.
(SFC, 5/18/96, p.A-10)
1996 May 29, The property claims
dispute with Italy has stalled Slovenia’s entry into the EC. A new
offer has been made by Slovenia to open its property market fully
within four years of signing an EC association agreement, thus allowing
Italian claimants to buy back lost property.
(WSJ, 5/29/96, p.A6)
1996 Nov 10, Premier Janez
Drnovsek won parliamentary elections but failed to win a majority of
seats.
(SFC, 11/11/96, p.A11)
1999 Jun 21, Pres. Clinton visited
Slovenia, met with Pres. Milan Kucan, and praised the country for
standing up to Milosevic and declaring independence.
(SFC, 6/22/99, p.A12)
2000 Dec 10, Slovenia
re-established diplomatic ties with Yugoslavia.
(WSJ, 12/11/00, p.A1)
2002 Sep 10, Martin Strel of
Slovenia finished swimming the 2,360-mile length of the Mississippi. He
began July 4 and covered 11-12 miles per day.
(WSJ, 9/11/02, p.A1)
2002 Oct 9, The European Union's
executive Commission declared Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Cyprus,
Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovenia,
and Slovakia nearly ready for EU membership and recommended they be
invited to join in 2004. Romania and Bulgaria likely will be delayed
until 2007 because of weak economies, the Commission said, adding
Turkey was the weakest link among candidates.
(AP, 10/9/02)
2002 Nov 10, In Slovenia PM Janez
Drnovsek, who has pushed to align the tiny alpine nation closer with
Western Europe, finished 1st in presidential elections but will have to
face a runoff.
(AP, 11/11/02)
2002 Nov 21, The Baltic nations of
Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania joined former communist states Bulgaria,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia as the next wave of NATO states.
(AP, 11/21/02)
2002 Dec 1, PM Janez Drnovsek (52)
won Slovenia's presidential election and promised to keep the former
Yugoslav republic on a pro-Western course. In 1999 he had a cancerous
kidney removed, and in 2005 revealed that doctors had diagnosed
"formations" on his lungs and liver in 2001.
(AP, 12/2/02)(SSFC, 12/2/02, p.a10)(AP, 9/29/06)
2002 Dec 13, The EU reached
agreement to accept 10 new countries in 2004. These included Czech
Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
Slovakia, and Slovenia.
(SFC, 12/14/02, p.A3)
2003 Mar 23, Slovenes endorsed
membership in NATO and the European Union.
(AP, 3/23/03)(AP, 3/24/03)
2004 Mar 29, Pres. Bush hosted a
White House ceremony to welcome Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia into the NATO alliance.
(WSJ, 3/30/04, p.A1)
2004 Apr 2, In Brussels an
official ceremony welcomed Bulgaria, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia,
Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia into the NATO alliance.
(SFC, 4/3/04, p.A11)
2004 Apr 4, In Slovenia some 95
percent of referendum voters opposed reinstating permanent residency
and other rights to more than 18,000 people, mostly Bosnians, Croats
and Serbs, whose names were stricken from state records following
independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991.
(AP, 4/5/04)
2004 Apr 27, Russian Foreign
Minister Sergey Lavrov and EU officials signed an accord extending the
EU-Russia partnership accord to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Cyprus and Malta,
which join May 1.
(AP, 4/27/04)
2004 May 1, Revelers across
ex-communist eastern Europe celebrated their historic entry to the
European Union. 10 new members (Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia)
joined. Malta joined with 70 exemptions to EU rules. Poland had 43
exemptions. Latvia had 32. The Turkish occupied area of Cyprus was
suspended from entry.
(AP, 5/1/04)(Econ, 2/28/04, p.50)(Econ, 4/16/05,
p.16)
2004 Oct 3, Slovenians voted in
parliamentary elections. Janez Jansa’s right-leaning party won weekend
elections and promised to maintain Slovenia's pro-Western course after
taking power from the Liberal Democrats.
(AP, 10/4/04)(WSJ, 10/4/04, p.A1)
2004 Nov 9, In Slovenia Janez
Jansa (b.1956) took office as prime minister. He continued in office
until 2008.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a)
2005 Jan 1, Slovenia was forecast
for 3.7% annual GDP growth with a population at 2 million and GDP per
head at $17,700.
(Econ, 1/8/05, p.89)
2005 Jan 22, Donald Trump married
Slovenian model Melania Knauss with all the glamour, glitz and gold
that money and star power can buy.
(AP, 1/23/05)
2005 Apr 23, Prof. Slavoj Zizek,
Slovenian philosopher and cultural theorist of the Univ. of Ljubljana,
attended the world premier of the documentary film “Zizek” in San
Francisco, Ca. His books included “Welcome to the Desert of the Real:
Five Essays on September 11 and Related Dates” (2002).
(SSFC, 4/24/05, p.A1)
2005 May 24, In Slovenia police
said Mitja Ribicic (86), a former Yugoslav secret service leader, has
been charged in connection with the revenge killing of thousands of
Slovenes following World War II, the first such charge in this
ex-Yugoslav republic.
(AP, 5/24/05)
2005 Jul, Italian police arrested
two Slovenians who allegedly mailed steroids and other
performance-enhancing drugs to U.S. soldiers in Iraq and other
customers around the world.
(AP, 8/1/05)
2006 Feb 16, A government
spokesman said a swan found in Slovenia this month died of the lethal
H5N1 avian flu virus strain, according to laboratory tests performed in
Italy.
(Reuters, 2/16/06)
2006 Jun 16, EU leaders gave
Slovenia a green light to join the eurozone next year, launching a new
wave of expansion for the currently 12-nation single currency club. EU
leaders also gave their backing to the assessment of the EU's executive
arm that Lithuania would not be ready to join the eurozone next year
because inflation had overshot the limit required to join.
(AFP, 6/16/06)
2006 Jul 11, EU finance ministers
made Slovenia the 13th member of the euro zone. This gave Slovenia 5
months to print and mint euro notes to replace the tolar on January 1.
(WSJ, 7/12/06, p.A10)
2007 Jan 1, Slovenia adopted the
euro, becoming the 13th EU nation to use the single European currency.
The transition to the euro included a 14-day period for dual use of the
euro and Slovene tolar.
(WSJ, 12/30/06, p.A4)(AP, 1/1/07)
2007 Mar 1, In Brazil Slovenian
Martin Strel approached the halfway point of his attempt to swim the
entire length of the Amazon river, trying to avoid severe burns,
alligators and the dreaded bloodsucking toothpick fish.
(AP, 3/1/07)
2007 Apr 7, In Brazil Martin
Strel, a 52-year-old Slovenian, completed a 3,272 swim down the Amazon
River that could set a world record for distance. In 2000, he completed
an 1,866-mile swim along the Danube. He broke that record two years
later after swimming 2,360 miles down the Mississippi. In 2004 he broke
it again by swimming 2,487 miles along the Yangtze river in China.
(AP, 4/8/07)
2007 Oct 21, Lojze Peterle, a
conservative former prime minister, won the most votes in Slovenia's
tight presidential elections, but fell far short of the majority needed
to avoid a runoff.
(AP, 10/21/07)
2007 Nov 17, Slovenian trade
unions, students and pensioners staged the largest rally in the country
since independence in 1991, blocking traffic in the centre of Ljubljana
for several hours.
(AP, 11/17/07)
2007 Dec 20, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech
Republic halted land and sea border controls at midnight in a wave of
new members of Europe's passport-free Schengen zone. They all joined
the EU on May 1, 2004.
(AFP, 12/20/07)(WSJ, 12/21/07, p.A1)
2008 Jan 1, Slovenia became the
first of 12 newcomers to take over the rotating presidency of the EU
Union, a big psychological boost to a nation that gained independence
from the ruins of the former Yugoslavia 16 years ago.
(AP, 1/1/08)
2008 Feb 23, Janez Drnovsek (57),
former president of Slovenia, died. He helped lead Slovenia to
independence from Yugoslavia and later enthralled many of his
countrymen by adopting a New Age lifestyle.
(AP, 2/23/08)
2008 Jun 10, President Bush,
speaking in Slovenia at his final EU-US summit, said the United States
and Europe must rally to keep Iran from developing a nuclear weapon,
calling the threat an incredible danger to world peace.
(AP, 6/10/08)
2008 Jul 3, In southeastern
Slovenia two canoes were crushed running over a dam. The next day
divers pulled seven bodies out of the Sava River and fought strong
currents to search for five other people still missing.
(AP, 7/4/08)
2008 Sep 1, Some three weeks
before the Slovenian parliamentary elections, allegations were made in
Finnish TV in a documentary broadcast by the Finnish national
broadcasting company YLE that Slovenia’s PM Jansa had received bribes
from the Finnish defense company Patria (73.2% of which is the property
of the Finnish government) in the so-called Patria case. Jansa rejected
all accusations as a media conspiracy concocted by left-wing Slovenian
journalists, and asked YLE to provide evidence or to retract the story.
Jansa's naming of individual journalists, including some of those
behind the 2007 Petition Against Political Pressure on Slovenian
Journalists, and the perceived use of diplomatic channels in an attempt
to coerce the Finnish government into interfering with YLE editorial
policy, drew criticism from media freedom organizations such as the
International Press Institute.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a)
2009 Nov 14, Tomaz Humar (40), a
veteran Slovenian climber, was found dead on Langtang Lirung in the
Nepalese Himalayas days after he was injured and stranded on the
23,710-foot (7,227m) mountain.
(AP, 11/14/09)
2008 Nov, In Slovenia the
Slovenian Democratic Party lost to the left wing coalition. PM Janez
Jansa was replaced by the Social Democrat leader Borut Pahor.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a)
2008 Slavoj Zizek, Slovenian
writer, authored “Violence.” It was a smaller offspring of his larger
book “In Defense of Lost Causes,” also published this year.
(SSFC, 9/28/08, Books p.7)
2009 Jul, Slovenian prosecutors
charged a Finnish journalist who had quoted unnamed sources alleging
that former PM Janez Jansa (2004-2008) had taken bribes.
(Econ, 10/24/09,
p.62)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a)
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