Timeline Spain thru 1899
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Spain is about 2 times the size of Oregon.
(SSFC, 10/9/05, Par p.27)
The Euskera language in 2000 was spoken by about 30% of the Basque
people.
(WSJ, 12/4/00, p.A20)
Spain has 17 “autonomous regions.”
(Econ, 2/14/04, p.45)
The Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla are located on the northern
coast of Morocco.
(Econ, 6/26/04, Survey p.7)
1.2Mil BC In 2007 Spanish
researchers said they had unearthed a human tooth more than one million
years old, which they estimated to be the oldest human fossil remain
ever discovered in western Europe.
(AFP, 6/29/07)
41000BC In 2006 archeologists reported evidence of
cannibalism about this time from Neanderthal bones at the El Sidron
cave in the Asturias region of Spain.
(SFC, 12/11/06, p.A1)
28000BC Neanderthals persisted to about this time at
the site of Zafarraya in Andalucia, Spain.
(Arch, 9/00, p.53)
12500BC The Altamira Cave in Spain and its wall
paintings dated to this time. The cave was rediscovered in 1879 by
Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola, a lawyer and amateur archeologist.
(WSJ, 9/18/01, p.A20)
500-500BC The Greeks established settlements in NE
Spain that included Emporio.
(SFEC, 5/21/00, p.T5)
218BC Emporio was called by the
Romans Emporiae. It later came to be called Empuries.
(SFEC, 5/21/00, p.T5)
4BC Lucius Annaeus Seneca (d.65)
(aka Seneca the younger), Roman intellectual, was born in Spain.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger)
39CE Nov 3, Lucan, Latin poet
(Bellum Civile), was born in Cordova, Spain.
(MC, 11/3/01)
53CE Sep 18, Marcus Trajanus
(d.117), 13th Roman emperor (Trajan's Arch) (98-117), was born at
Italica near Seville, Spain.
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Trajan)
258 A red agate cup with gold
handles, the Santo Caliz, was sent to Spain by Pope Sixtus II and St.
Laurence as Rome went under siege by the Persians. In 1437 the church
moved it to the Cathedral of Valencia.
(SSFC, 5/27/06, p.G3)
346 Theodosius was born in Spain.
He served as emperor East Roman Republic 379-395.
(WUD, 1994 p.1471)(SSFC, 3/21/04, p.M6)
633 In Spain the 4th Synod of
Toledo took on the right to confirm elected kings. Jews were obliged to
be baptized. The vernacular language, of Latin origin, prevailed over
that of the Visigoths.
(www.sispain.org/english/history/visigoth.html)
694 Nov 9, Spanish King Egica
accused Jews of aiding Moslems and sentenced them to slavery.
(MC, 11/9/01)
711 Jul 19, The Muslim troops
crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigoth king Rodrigo
at the battle of Guadalete. Berbers under Tarik-ibn Ziyad occupied
Northern Spain. The Umayyads with the help of the Berbers in North
Africa moved across the Strait of Gibraltar and began the conquest of
Spain and Portugal. The word Gibraltar comes from the term
Jabal-al-Tarik, which means the hill of Tarik. Gebel-al-Tarik means
"Rock of Tarik."
(ATC, p.79)(SFEC, 9/29/96, Z1
p.2)(www.sispain.org/english/history/visigoth.html)
712 Muza ben-Nosair completed the
Muslim conquest of Spain. The Visigothic period ended.
(www.sispain.org/english/history/visigoth.html)
756AD May 15, Abd-al-Rahman was
proclaimed the emir of Cordoba, Spain. Abd al Rahman united the Umayyad
forces in Spain and made the ancient Roman city of Cordoba his new
capital.
(ATC, p.95)(HN, 5/15/98)
778 Aug 15, At the Battle at
Roncesvalles the Basques beat Charlemagne.
(PC, 1992, p.67)
c813 Pelayo to Santiago, a Spanish
hermit, was guided, according to legend, by strange lights in the sky
to discover the long-forgotten tomb of the apostle St. James (San
Tiago). This led others to make pilgrimages across northern Spain to
the city of Santiago de Compostela. [see 1130]
(SFC, 3/11/04, p.F9)
842 Mar 20, Alfonso II the Chaste,
king of Asturia (791-842), died. Asturias was a kingdom in NW Spain.
(MC, 3/20/02)(WUD, 1994 p.92)
938-1002 Al-Mansur (the Conqueror), Moorish leader.
He was born Abu'Amir al-Ma'asiri and rose to power by wooing the
caliph's favorite concubine. He raided Christian Spain and hauled his
booty back to Cordoba and built a palace called Madinat al-Zahira, the
Shining City.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4,6)
962 Abd-Er Rahman III (891-961),
Muslim governor of Spain, was succeeded by his son Al-Hakim. Rahman III
is famed for his quote: "I have now reigned above fifty years in
victory and peace, beloved by my subjects, dreaded by my enemies, and
respected by my allies. Riches and honors, power and pleasure, have
waited on my call, nor does any earthly blessing appear to be wanting
for my felicity. In this situation, I have diligently numbered the days
of pure and genuine happiness which have fallen to my lot: they amount
to fourteen.”
(www.newadvent.org/cathen/04359b.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/985jj)
976 Oct 1, Al-Hakam II, the caliph
of Cordoba, died.
(MC, 10/1/01)
976AD The Great Mosque of Cordoba
(Spain) was completed and served as a religious, social and educational
center. The largest of the 70 libraries in Cordoba contained 500,000
volumes. 70,000 books a year were hand-copied to satisfy the citizen’s
literary appetites.
(ATC, p.95,98)
994 Nov 7, Muhammad ibn Hazm,
historian, jurist, author of Islamic Spain, was born.
(MC, 11/7/01)
1064 Jun 9, Coimbra, Portugal,
fell to Ferdinand, the King of Castile.
(HN 6/9/98)
1072 Oct 6, Sancho II, king of
Castilia (1065-72), was murdered.
(MC, 10/6/01)
1073 Dec 20, Domingo, Spanish
monastery founder, abbot, saint, died.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1075 The 3rd Cathedral at Santiago
de Compostela in Spain was built on the site of the tomb of St. James.
There had been a Cathedral on the site since the 9th century.
(SFC, 9/22/96, p.T5)
1085 May 25, Alfonso VI, Spanish
Christian ruler, took Toledo, Spain, from the Moslems.
(ATC, p.100)(HN, 5/25/99)
1094 Jun 15, Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
[El Cid] occupied Valencia on the Moren.
(MC, 6/15/02)
c1100 The town of Santo Domingo de
la Calzada was founded by a man known as St. Dominic of the Walkway.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T5)
c1100-1200 San Isidro, a farmer, later became the
patron saint of Madrid.
(WSJ, 11/18/97, p.A20)
1118 Dec 18, Afonso the Battler,
the Christian King of Aragon captured Saragossa, Spain, a major blow to
Muslim Spain.
(HN, 12/18/98)
1130 The first travel book was
written by a French priest about travel on the Camino de Santiago (the
road of St. James) in northern Spain.
(SFEC, 6/15/97, p.T5)
1135-1204 Maimonides, Jewish scholar, philosopher and
rabbi. He was born in Spain and analyzed linkages between wealth and
charity.
(WUD, 1994, p.864)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1158 Aug 31, Sancho III, King of
Castilia, died.
(MC, 8/31/01)
c1171 Benjamin ben Jonah, a
Spanish Jew, returned to his home in Tudela and published an account of
his 6-year journey to Constantinople, Cyprus, Palestine, Damascus,
Persia and Egypt: "The Travels of Benjamin of Tudela."
(WSJ, 8/8/02, p.D10)
1195-1270 Rabbi Moshe ben Nahman (Nahmanides) was a
Catalan Kabbalist.
(SFEC, 10/25/98, BR p.6)
1200-1300 Moses de Leon, a Spanish Jewish mystic,
wrote the "Zohar," in Aramaic. It was a mystical interpretation of the
Torah disguised as a novel. The Zohar consists of mystical
interpretations and commentaries of the Pentateuch, the first 5 books
of the Old Testament. It became the major text of Jewish mysticism that
came to be called the Kabala, as developed a few centuries later by
Isaac Luria in Palestine.
(WUD, 1994, p.1662)(WSJ, 5/22/98, p.W11)
1212 Jul 16, Battle of Las Navas
de Tolosa marked the end of Muslim power in Spain.
(MC, 7/16/02)
1212 Jul 17, Moslems were crushed
in the Spanish crusade.
(HN, 7/17/98)
1218 The university at Salamanca,
Spain, was founded by King Alfonso IX.
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1219 The Augustine abbey at
Roncesvalles began offering shelter to travelers.
(SFEC, 5/2/99, p.T5)
1221 Nov 23, Alfonso X (the Wise,
d.1284), king of Castile & Leon (1252-84), was born. Also known as
Alfonso the Wise, he served as king of Castile from 1252-1284. His
manuscript "Cantigas de Santa Maria" is one of the most important of
the period.
(WUD, 1994, p.36)(WSJ, 5/14/97, p.A20)(MC, 11/23/01)
1227 Construction of the Gothic
Cathedral in Toledo was begun.
(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.T11)
1235-1315 Raimon Lull, a Mallorcan Catholic
Franciscan poet. He declared that his ecstatic Christian spirituality
drew from the example of Sufis like Rumi.
(SFEC, 10/25/98, BR p.6)
1236 Jun 29, Ferdinand III of
Castile and Leon took Cordoba in Spain. Cordoba, Spain, fell to
Christian forces. The last Islamic kingdom left in Spain is that of the
Berbers in Granada.
(ATC, p.100)(HN, 6/29/98)
1238 Sep 28, James of Aragon
retook Valencia, Spain, from the Arabs.
(HN, 9/28/98)
1250 Apr 15, Pope Innocent III
refused Jews of Cordova, Spain, permission to build a synagogue.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1263 In a Spanish court Rabbi
Moses ben Nachman defended the legitimacy of Judaism against Pablo
Christiani, a converted Jew, who argued for Christianity. The trial was
set up by King James I of Aragon to please the pope. In 1982 Hyam
Maccoby wrote "Judaism on Trial" and turned in into a play, "The
Disputation" in 1999.
(WSJ, 3/23/99, p.A20)
1285 May 10, Philip IV (Fair)
succeeded Philip III as King of Spain.
(HN, 5/10/99)
1334 Aug 30, Pedro, the Cruel,
King of Castilia & Leon, was born.
(MC, 8/30/01)
1340 Nov 28, In the Battle of
Salado, Spain, the last Moor invasion was driven back.
(MC, 11/28/01)
1350 Mar 27, Alfonso XI of Castile
(38) died of the black death while besieging Gibraltar.
(HN, 3/27/99)(PCh, 1992, p.130)
1354-1720 Catalan conquerors ruled over Sardinia.
(SFEC, 1/30/00, p.T5)
1355 May 7, 1,200 Jews of Toledo,
Spain, were killed by Count Henry of Trastamara.
(MC, 5/7/02)
1263 Aug 19, King James I of
Aragon censored Hebrew writing.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1367 Apr 3, John of Gaunt and
Edward the Black Prince won the Battle of Najara, in Spain.
(HN, 4/3/99)
1369 Mar 23, Pedro the Cruel, King
and tyrant of Castile and Leon, was murdered. Enrique, the illegitimate
son of Alfonso XI of Castile, killed his half brother Pedro I in the
Castilian civil war and became King Enrique I "the Bastard" of Castile.
(SS, 3/23/02)(Reuters, 12/23/06)
1370 Spain’s Prince Sancho de
Castile (7) died. Spaniards for a long time believed Prince his uncle
poisoned him to become king. In 2006 studies of the boy's mummified
body showed the boy died of natural causes.
(Reuters, 12/23/06)
1385 Aug 14, Portuguese forces
defeated Castilians at Aljubarrota and gained independence. Nuno
Alvares Pereira helped secure Portugal's independence from the Spanish
kingdom of Castile. After leaving the military, Pereira entered
religious life as a Carmelite and changed his name to Nuno de Santa
Maria. He dedicated himself to the poor, never taking the privileges
that would have been afforded to him as a former commander. In 2009 the
Vatican declared him a saint.
(PCh, 1992, p.136)(HN, 8/15/98)(AP, 4/26/09)
1391 Mar 15, Jew-hating monk in
Seville, Spain, stirred up a mob to attack Jews.
(MC, 3/15/02)
1391 Jun 4, Mob led by Ferrand
Martinez surrounded and set fire to the Jewish quarter of Seville,
Spain. The surviving Jews were sold into slavery.
(MC, 6/4/02)
1391 Aug 5, Castilian sailors in
Barcelona, Spain set fire to a Jewish ghetto, killing 100 people and
setting off four days of violence against the Jews.
(HN, 8/5/98)
1391 Aug 24, Jews of Palma
Majorca, Spain, were massacred.
(MC, 8/24/02)
1391 There were anti-Jewish
attacks in Girona, Spain, and many Hebrew documents were destroyed.
(SFC, 1/20/02, p.A15)
1401 A giro bank was established
in Barcelona, making it Europe’s first bank.
(Econ, 1/10/09, p.74)
1424 Dec 6, Don Alfonso V of
Aragon granted Barcelona the right to exclude Jews.
(MC, 12/6/01)
1429 Jan 10, Order of Golden
Fleece was established in Austria-Hungary & Spain.
(MC, 1/10/02)
1431 Jan 1, Rodrigo Borgia Lanzol
(d.1503), member of the Borgia family, was born in Xativa, Spain. His
mother was the sister of Pope Calixtus III. He was elected Pope
Alexander VI in 1492 and amassed a fortune by pocketing church funds.
His reign helped inspire the Protestant reformation. He fathered
numerous children including Lucrezia Borgia. Machiavelli based "The
Prince" on him.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(PTA, 1980, 424)
1449 Rodrigo Borgia Lanzol
(b.1431), father of Cesare and Lucretia, arrived in Rome from Spain and
Italianized his name from Borja to Borgia. His rise in the church was
helped a great deal when his uncle became Pope Calixtus III.
(HN, 8/10/98)(PTA, p.424)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R4)(MC,
8/11/02)
1451 Apr 22, Isabella I of
Castile, Queen of Spain (1479-1504), patron of Christopher Columbus,
was born in Madrigal, Spain.
(HN, 4/22/98)(AP, 4/22/01)(MC, 4/22/02)
1452 Mar 10, Ferdinand II, the
Catholic King of Aragon (1479-1516) and Sicily (1468-1516), was born.
He bankrolled Columbus and expelled Jews.
(WUD, 1994 p.524)(MC, 3/10/02)
1455 May 3, Jews fled Spain.
(MC, 5/3/02)
1459 Mar 3, Ausias March, Catalan
poet, died.
(SC, 3/3/02)
1460 Apr 8, Ponce de Leon was born
in Spain. He searched for fountain of youth and found Florida.
(MC, 4/8/02)
1461 Aug 10, Alfonso ed Espina,
bishop of Osma, urged an Inquisition in Spain.
(MC, 8/10/02)
1468 Juan Reixach created his
panel of St. Vincent Ferrer in the Hispano-Flemish style.
(WSJ, 3/2/05, p.D9)
1469 Oct 17, Crown prince Fernando
of Aragon married princess Isabella of Castile.
(MC, 10/17/01)
1471 Henry IV of Castile issued
copper coins of small denominations known as blancas.
(AM, 7/97, p.59)
1474 Dec 12, Isabella crowned
herself queen of Castilia & Aragon.
(MC, 12/12/01)
1474 Bartolome de Las Casas
(d.1566), “Apostle to the Indians,” was born in Seville, Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1475-1495 An 11-piece set of tapestries were created
with scenes from the Trojan War. They included "The Death of Troilus,
Achilles and Paris." They were later housed at the Museo Catedralicio,
Zamora, Spain.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1479 Sep 4, After four years of
war, Spain agreed to allow a Portuguese monopoly of trade along
Africa's west coast and Portugal acknowledged Spain's rights in the
Canary Islands.
(HN, 9/4/98)
1479 Nov 6, Johanna, the Insane,
Queen of Castilia (1504-20), was born.
(MC, 11/6/01)
1479 Jorge Manrique (b.1440),
Spanish military hero and poet, died.
(SSFC, 9/3/06,
p.M3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Manrique)
1480 The Spanish Inquisition was
introduced by Ferdinand and Isabella to enable the crown to control the
inquiries into whether or not converted Jews were really secret
"Judaizers" who kept their original faith. "The Spanish Inquisition," a
history of the Inquisition was written by Henry Kamen and a new edition
was published in 1998.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A1)
1481-1530 The first burnings of 8 people occurred as
a result of the Inquisition trials. Over this period some 2000 people
were burned.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1483 Oct 17, The Reverend Dr.
Tomas de Torquemada, OP, was appointed inquisitor-general of Spain.
(MC, 10/17/01)
1486 Feb 12, In Toledo, Spain,
some 750 lapsed Christians were paraded through the streets of Toledo
from the Church of San Pedro Martir to the cathedral in order to be
reconciled to the Christian faith.
(SSFC, 11/13/05, p.M3)
1486 May 1, Christopher Columbus
convinced Queen Isabella to fund expedition to the West Indies.
(HN, 5/1/98)
1491 Nov 15, 6 Jews and 5
Conversos (Jews who pretend to be Catholic converts) were accused of
killing Christians in La Guardia, Spain.
(MC, 11/15/01)
1492 Jan 2, Boabdil, the leader of
the last Arab stronghold in Spain surrendered to Spanish forces loyal
to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I. Sultan Muhammad XI
surrendered, ending Muslin rule in Spain. The combined Catholic forces
of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile drove out the last of
the Berbers from Spain. The Moors were expelled. King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella took the town of Grenada, the last Moslem kingdom in
Spain. The event became marked by an annual festival that began around
1516.
(ATC, p.73,100)(AP, 1/2/98)(SFEC, 3/22/98,
p.T11)(HN, 1/2/99)(WSJ, 1/2/02, p.A6)(SSFC, 1/27/02, p.C20)
1492 Mar 30, King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella signed a decree expelling all Jews from Spain. Jews
numbered about 80,000 and it was estimated that about half chose to
convert. [see Mar 31]
(HN, 3/30/98)(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1492 Mar 31, King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of Spain issued an edict expelling Jews from Spanish
soil, except those willing to convert to Christianity. In 2002 Claudia
Roden authored "The Ornament of the World," a collection of stories of
Sephardic Jews in Spain from 750 to 1492. A Jewish text later known as
the Sarajevo Haggadah was carried by a refugee to Italy and later to
Bosnia. [see Mar 30]
(AP, 3/30/97)(WSJ, 4/26/02, p.W12)(SSFC, 12/8/02,
p.F9)
1492 Apr 17, A contract was signed
by Christopher Columbus and a representative of Spain's King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella, giving Columbus a commission to seek a westward
ocean passage to find the Indies [to Asia].
(AP, 4/17/97)(HN, 4/17/98)
1492 Apr 30, King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella granted Christopher Columbus specific privileges and
prerogatives regarding the discovery and conquest of islands and a
continent in the (western) ocean.
(DAH, 1946, p.1)
1492 Aug 3, Christopher Columbus,
set sail from the port of Palos, in southern Spain and headed for
Cipangu, i.e. Japan. The voyage took him to the present-day Americas.
His squadron consisted of three small ships, the Santa Maria, the
Pinta, and the Nina. The 2nd ship was owned by Cristóbal
Quintero, and was named Pinta. The 3rd ship was owned by Juan
Niño, and was named the Santa Clara, but became known by its
nickname, the Nina.
(http://tinyurl.com/774v3)(SFEM, 11/15/98,
p.23)(SFEC, 8/8/99, Z1 p.8)
1492 Sep 6, Columbus' fleet sailed
from Gomera, Canary islands.
(http://tinyurl.com/774v3)
1492 Oct 12, (Old Style calendar;
Oct. 21 New Style), Christopher Columbus sited land, an island of the
Bahamas which he named San Salvador, but which was called Guanahani by
the local Taino people. Seeking to establish profitable Asian trade
routes by sailing west, Columbus seriously underestimated the size of
the Earth--never dreaming that two great continents blocked his path to
the east. Even after four voyages to America, Columbus believed until
the end of his life in 1506 that he had discovered an isolated corner
of Asia.
(NH, 10/96, p.22)(AP, 10/12/97)(HNPD,
10/12/98)(http://tinyurl.com/774v3)
1492 Oct 28, Christopher Columbus
discovered Cuba and claimed it for Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/dfzzk)
1492 Jews began arriving in
Morocco, Syria and elsewhere in the Arab world after their expulsion
from Spain.
(SFEC, 7/25/99, p.T11)(SSFC, 6/28/09, p.A8)
1493 Mar 15, Christopher Columbus
returned to Spain, concluding his first voyage to the Western
Hemisphere.
(AP, 3/15/97)(HN, 3/15/98)
1493 Apr 15, Columbus met with
King Ferdinand and Isabella in Barcelona.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1493 May 3-1493 May 4, Pope
Alexander VI issued 3 papal bulls that divided the discoveries of
Columbus between Spain and Portugal. By the Bulls of May 3 and 4 he
drew an imaginary line one hundred leagues west of the Cape Verde
Islands. The May 4 Bull, “Inter Caetera,” was amended in Sep. granting
Spain the right to hold lands to the “western regions and to India.”
(DAH, 1946, p.2)(www.kwabs.com/bull_of_1493.html)
1493 Sep 25, Christopher Columbus
set sail from Cadiz, Spain, with a flotilla of 17 ships on his 2nd
voyage to the Western Hemisphere. He was accompanied by 13 clerics;
Alvarez Chanca, a physician who left valuable accounts of the voyage;
Juan Ponce de Leon; Juan de la Cosa, a cartographer; and Columbus’s
younger brother Bartholomew.
(AP, 9/25/97)(AM, 7/97, p.58)
1494 Jun 7, Spain and Portugal
divided the new lands they had discovered between themselves. King Joao
II signed the Treaty of Tordesillas in which he conceded to Spain a
monopoly on Columbus’ western route in exchange for a Portuguese
monopoly on the eastern route.
(HN, 6/7/98)(ON, 11/07,
p.2)(www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1028.html)
1495 Mar 8, Juan de Dios,
Portuguese-Spanish saint, founder (Brothers of Mercy), was born.
(MC, 3/8/02)
1495 Oct 25, Portugal’s King Joao
II died without leaving male issue. He was succeeded by his
brother-in-law Manuel I.
(www.nndb.com/people/561/000095276/)
1496 Juan de Flandes painted
“Christ Calming the Storm,” a commission by Spain’s Queen Isabel.
(WSJ, 12/16/04, p.D8)
1498 May 30, Columbus departed
Spain with 6 ships for his 3rd trip to America. He took 30 women along
on his third trip to the New World.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v3.htm)
1498 Sep 16, Tomas de Torquemada,
notorious for his role in the Spanish Inquisition, died in Avila, Spain.
(AP, 9/16/06)
1499 The Spanish play "Celestine"
was published.
(WSJ, 11/19/98, p.A21)
1500 Jan 26, Spanish explorer
Vicente Yanez Pinzon reached the northeastern coast of Brazil during a
voyage under his command. Pinzon had commanded the Nina during
Christopher Columbus's first expedition to the New World.
(MC, 1/26/02)
1500 Feb 24, Charles V, king of
Spain (1516-1556), was born in Ghent, Belgium. He was the last Holy
Roman Emperor to be crowned by the Pope.
(HN, 2/24/99)(SFEC, 11/21/99, p.T10)(MC, 2/24/02)
1500 Oct, Governor De Bobadilla of
Santo Domingo captured Christopher Columbus and returned him in
shackles to Spain. Columbus, during his third sojourn to the new world,
engaged in a dispute with the ambassador plenipotentiary to Santo
Domingo, Hispaniola (later shared by Haiti and the Dominican Republic).
Columbus was later released and forgiven by the Queen.
(V.D.-H.K.p.143)(SFEC, 3/15/98, Z1
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v2.htm)
1502 Feb 12, Isabella issued a
royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile the
choice between baptism and expulsion.
(www.cyberistan.org/islamic/beyond1492.html)
1502 May 11, Columbus embarked on
his 4th voyage with 150 men in 4 caravels. Among those in the fleet
were Columbus's brother Bartholomew, and Columbus' younger son
Fernando, then just 13 years old. They reached the coast of Honduras
after 8 months and passed south to Panama (1503). The ships included
the Capitana, which served as the flagship, and the Vizcaina. In 2006
Klaus Brinkbaumer authored “The Voyage of the Vizcaina.”
(WSJ, 1/11/99,
p.R49)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)(WSJ, 5/26/06, p.W5)
1502 Jun 29, Christopher Columbus
arrived at Santo Domingo on his 4th voyage to the new world. He
requested harbor and advised Gov. Nicolas de Ovando of an approaching
hurricane. Ovando denied the request and dispatched a treasure fleet to
Spain. 20 ships sank in the storm, 9 returned to port and one made it
to Spain.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Jul, Columbus reached the
coast of Honduras during his 4th voyage and passed south to Panama.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1502 Sep 18, Christopher Columbus
landed at Costa Rica during his 4th and last voyage. Columbus
left 52 Jewish families in Costa Rica.
(MC, 9/18/01)(WSJ, 6/15/00, p.A1)
1502 Spain legalized slave
shipments to the Americas.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1503 Jun 25, Christopher Columbus
beached his sinking ships in St. Anne’s Bay, Jamaica, and spent a year
shipwrecked and marooned there before returning to Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988,
p.8)(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1503 Aug 18, Alexander VI,
[Rodrigo di Borgia], Spanish Pope (1492-1503), died.
(PTA, p.424)(MC, 8/18/02)
1503 Oct 30, Queen Isabella of
Spain banned violence against Indians.
(MC, 10/30/01)
1503 Nov 2, Christopher Columbus
discovered Panama during his 4th voyage and named the harbor of
Portobello, which became a principal city of Spanish colonial America.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.8)(AP, 5/9/97)(WSJ, 6/15/00,
p.A1)(PCh, 1992, p.164)
1503 The missionary Bartolome de
Las Casa described the brutal destruction of a Taino Indian city, La
Aleta (later in the Dominican Republic). Captain-Gen’l. Juan de
Esquival led a Spanish force that massacred 600-700 Higuey Tainos for
rebelling after one of their chiefs was disemboweled by a Spanish
attack dog. In 1997 archeologists found evidence of a city at the site
called La Aleta.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A10)(AM, 7/97, p.60)
1504 Jun 29, Diego Mendez, one of
Columbus's captains, returned to Jamaica with a small caravel and
rescued the Columbus expedition. Mendez had managed to take a canoe
from Jamaica to Hispaniola where he chartered the rescue ship.
(http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v4.htm)
1504 Nov 7, Columbus returned to
Spain following his 4th voyage after suffering a shipwreck at Jamaica.
Columbus brought back cocoa beans and chocolate drinks soon became a
favorite in the Spanish court. In 2005 Martin Dugard authored “The Last
Voyage of Columbus.”
(EWH, 1968, p.390)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)(SSFC,
6/26/05, p.C1)
1504 Nov 26, Isabella I (53),
Catholic Queen of Castile and Aragon (1474-1504), patron of Columbus
died.
(MC, 11/26/01)
1506 May 19, Columbus selected his
son Diego as sole heir.
(MC, 5/19/02)
1506 May 20, Christopher Columbus
(55) died in poverty in Spain, still believing he discovered the coast
of Asia. Columbus died in the Spanish city of Valladolid, and was
initially interred in a monastery there. Three years later, his remains
were moved to a monastery on La Cartuja. In 1537, Maria de Rojas y
Toledo, widow of Columbus' son Diego, was allowed to send the bones of
her husband and his father to the cathedral in Santo Domingo for
burial. There they lay until 1795, when Spain ceded the island of
Hispaniola to France and decided Columbus' remains should not fall into
foreigners' hands. A set of remains that the Spaniards thought were
Columbus' were then dug up from behind the main altar in the newly
built cathedral and shipped to a cathedral in Havana, where they
remained until the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898 and Spain
brought them to Seville. But in 1877, workers digging inside the Santo
Domingo cathedral unearthed a leaden box containing 13 large bone
fragments and 28 small ones. It was inscribed "Illustrious and
distinguished male, don Cristobal Colon." The Dominicans said these
were the real remains of Columbus and that the Spaniards must have
taken the wrong remains in 1795.
(AP, 5/20/97)(HN, 5/20/99)(AP, 10/13/02)(SFC,
1/18/05, p.A8)
1507 Mar 12, Cesare Borgia (31),
cardinal, soldier, politician, died while fighting alongside his
brother, the king of Navarre, in Spain.
(HN, 3/12/99)(MC, 3/12/02)
1508 Aug 12, Ponce de Leon arrived
and conquered the island of Boriquen (Puerto Rico). Spain had appointed
him to colonize Puerto Rico. He explored Puerto Rico and Spanish ships
under his command began to capture Bahamanian Tainos to work as slaves
on Hispaniola. His settlement at Caparra, 2 miles south of San Juan
Bay, was plagued by Taino Indians and cannibalistic Carib Indians.
(NH, 10/96, p.23)(SC,
8/12/02)(http://welcome.topuertorico.org/glossary/index.shtml#936)
1510 Garci Ordonez de Montalvo
authored "Serges de Esplandian" (The Adventures of Esplandian), a novel
that described an island filled with gold named California and ruled by
Queen Califia.
(SFEC, 4/18/99, BR p.1)(SFC, 2/25/00, p.C14)
1510 The Florentine banker
Bartolomeo di Marchionni lent the King of Spain money for the crown’s
first shipment of Africans to Santo Domingo.
(SFEC,11/16/97, BR p.4)
1510-1515 Don Pedro Fajardo y Chacon, commissioned a
set of wood friezes for his Velez Blanco castle in Almeria. The friezes
were based on engravings by Jacopo da Strasbourg and Zoan Andrea
Vavasorri that depicted the triumphs of Caesar and events in the
mythical life of Hercules, the "Labors of Hercules."
(WSJ, 1/6/00, p.A20)(WSJ, 5/18/00, p.A24)
1510-1550 Spain took in gold shipments from the New
World at 3,000 pounds a year.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R49)
1511 King Ferdinand of Spain said:
"Get gold, humanely if possible, but at all hazards – get gold."
(WSJ, 11/9/00, p.A24)
1511 Diego de Velazquez, Spanish
commander, occupied Cuba.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)
1512 Apr 11, The forces of the
Holy League were heavily defeated by the French at the Battle of
Ravenna. France under Gaston de Foix beat the Spanish Army. Gaston de
Foix, French pretender to Navarre throne, died in battle.
(HN, 4/11/99)(MC, 4/11/02)
1512 The Spaniards conquered
Navarre and annexed it to Castile.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(Econ, 6/26/04, Survey p.13)
1513 Mar 27, Spanish explorer Juan
Ponce de Leon sighted Florida.
(AP, 3/27/97)(HN, 3/27/98)
1513 Apr 2, Spanish explorer Juan
Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. Juan Ponce de Leon, Spanish explorer,
discovered Florida and planted orange and lemon trees there. [see March
27, 1512 entry] He also discovered the Dry Tortugas, 10 small keys
southwest of Key West. The Spanish governor of Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce
de Leon, discovered Florida and named it Pascua Florida, "feast of the
flowers." His discovery was made during his search for the legendary
Fountain of Youth.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(NH, 4/97, p.317)(AP,
4/2/97)(SFEC, 1/2/00, Z1 p.2)(HNQ, 3/9/00)
1513 Apr 8,
Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition began exploring
the Florida coastline.
(AP, 4/8/07)
1513 Sept 25, Vasco Nunez de
Balboa, Spanish explorer, crossed the Isthmus of Panama and claimed the
Pacific Ocean for Spain. He was named governor of Panama and the
Pacific by King Ferdinand. In 2004 Hugh Thomas authored “Rivers of
Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire from Columbus to Magellan.”
(HFA, '96, p.38)(TL-MB, 1988, p.10)(SFEC, 9/21/97,
p.C7)(WSJ, 6/2/04, p.D12)
1513 Sep 29, Spanish explorer
Vasco Nunez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean.
(HN, 9/29/98)
1514 Spanish soldiers conquered
the natives of Cuba.
(TL-MB, p.10)
1514 1,500 Spanish settlers went
to Panama.
(TL-MB, p.10)
1515 Mar 28, Theresa of Avila
(d.1582), Teresa de Jesus (St. Theresa), Spanish Carmelite nun, mystic
writer, saint, was born. She initiated reforms in the Order. She
co-founded with John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced
(barefoot) Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth
thistles and thorns; so also the mind of man." "To wish to act like
angels while we are still in this world is nothing but folly."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(AP,
7/5/98)(MC, 3/28/02)
1515 Dec 2, Gonzalo de Cordoba,
Spanish general, strategist, viceroy of Naples, died.
(MC, 12/2/01)
1515 Bartolome de Las Casas
(1474-1566), Dominican priest and the first Spanish priest to be
ordained in the New World, returned to Spain from Hispaniola to plead
on behalf of the ill-treated native Indians. He became known as the
“Apostle to the Indians.” Helen Rand Parish (1912-2005) later authored
a number of seminal works on Las Casas.
(NH, 10/96, p.29)(TL-MB, p.11)(SSFC, 5/15/05,
p.A19)(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1515 Teresa of Avila, St. Theresa
(d.1582), Spanish Carmelite nun was born.
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)
1515 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce
de Leon first described the Gulf Stream. In 1770 Benjamin Franklin drew
a map of the Gulf Stream and in 1786 described it in detail in
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. In 2008 Stan
Ulanski authored “The Gulf Stream: Tiny Plankton, Giant Bluefin, and
the Amazing Story of the Powerful River in the Atlantic.”
(WSJ, 10/4/08, p.W9)
1516 Feb 23, The Hapsburg Charles
I succeeded Ferdinand in Spain.
(HN, 2/23/99)
1516 Seville Univ., Spain, was
founded.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1516 Archduke Charles, later Emp.
Charles V, succeeded his grandfather, King Ferdinand II of Spain, and
founded the Hapsburg dynasty.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1516 The Treaty of Noyon brought
peace between France and Spain.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1516 Juan Diaz de Solis, Spanish
explorer, was killed on the coast of Argentina.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1517 Oct, Ferdinand Magellan
arrived in Spain and began the first voyage to successfully
circumnavigate the world a little less than two years later. He
eventually died in the Philippines in 1521. The expedition was
completed by others in 1522.
(HNQ, 10/9/00)
1517 Seville Cathedral was
completed after 115 years of work.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1517 Bartolomeo de las Casas, the
first Spanish priest to be ordained in the New World, pleaded the case
of oppressed and enslaved American Indians.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1517 Archduke Charles left the
Netherlands for Spain and entered Valladolid in triumph.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1517 Francisco Fernandez de
Cordoba, Spanish explorer, discovered the Mayan civilization in the
Yucatan, southeast Mexico.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1518 Cardinal Wolsey arranged the
Peace of London between England, France, the Pope, Maximilian I and
Spain.
(TL-MB, p.11)
1518 Vasco Nunez de Balboa,
Spanish explorer, was wrongly charged with treason and beheaded.
(SFEC, 9/21/97, p.C7)
1519 Feb 15, Pedro Menendez de
Aviles, explorer (found St. Augustine, Florida), was born.
(MC, 2/15/02)
1519 Jul 6, Charles of Spain was
elected Holy Roman emperor in Barcelona. The Catholic heir to the
Hapsburg dynasty, Charles V, was elected Holy Roman Emperor, combining
the crowns of Spain, Burgundy (with the Netherlands), Austria and
Germany. He was the grandson of Ferdnand and Isabella of Spain.
(V.D.-H.K.p.162)(NH, 9/96, p.18)(HN, 7/6/98)
1519 Sep 20, Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with 270 men and 5 ships on a
voyage to find a western passage to the Spice Islands in Indonesia.
Magellan was killed en route, but one of his ships eventually
circumnavigated the world. He was first European explorer to reach the
Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic by sailing through the dangerous
straits below South America that now bear his name. [see Sep 20, 1520]
(V.D.-H.K.p.182)(DD-EVTT, p.41)(AP, 9/20/97)(HN,
9/20/98)
1520 May 20, Hernando Cortes
defeated Spanish troops sent to punish him in Mexico.
(HN, 5/20/98)
1520 Jun 30, Montezuma II was
murdered as Spanish conquistadors fled the Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan during the night. Montezuma died from wounds inflicted by
his people. Conquistadors under Cortez plundered gold from Aztecs.
(HN, 6/30/01)(ON, 10/00, p.5)(MC, 6/30/02)
1520 Sep 20, Magellan set sail
from Spain with five ships and 265 men, on a voyage to find a western
passage to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. [see Sep 20, 1519]
(MC, 11/28/01)
1520 Oct 23, King Carlos I
(1500-1558) was crowned as German emperor Charles V (1520-1558), a Holy
Roman Emperor.
(http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Charles%20V,%20Holy%20Roman%20Emperor)
1520 Nov 28, Portuguese navigator
Ferdinand Magellan reached the Pacific Ocean after passing through the
South American strait, the straits of Magellan and entered the "Sea of
the South."
(V.D.-H.K.p.177)(AP, 11/28/97)
1520 A 9-piece tapestry set was
created for the Holy Roman Empire coronation of Belgium-born Charles V,
King of Spain, titled "Los Honores." The set was restored by Belgium in
2000 for the 500th anniversary of Charles’ birth.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1521 Apr 22, French king Francois
I declared war on Spain.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1521 Apr 22, Juan de Padilla,
Spanish nobleman, communero-rebel, was beheaded.
(MC, 4/22/02)
1521 Apr 23, The Comuneros were
crushed by royalist troops in Spain.
(HN, 4/23/99)
1521 Apr 26, Magellan was killed
in a fight with natives on Mactan Island. Magellan named the Mariana
Islands Islas de los Ladrones (Islands of Thieves), and was killed by
natives on Cebu. Juan Sebastian Elcano, Magellan’s second in command,
returned to Spain with 18 men and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with
spices. His coat of arms was augmented in reward with the inscription
Primus circumdisti me: "You were the first to encircle me."
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC, 11/10/96, zone 1
p.2)(TL-MB, p.12)
1521 May 20, Ignatius Loyola was
seriously wounded by a cannon ball.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1521 Aug 31, Spanish conqueror
Cortez (1485-1547), having captured the city of Tenochtitlan, Mexico,
set it on fire. Nearly 100,000 people died in the siege and some
100,000 more died afterwards of smallpox. In 2008 Buddy levy authored
“Conquistador: Hernan Cortes, King Montezuma, and the Last Stand of the
Aztecs.”
(HN, 8/31/98)(WSJ, 7/10/08, p.A13)
1521 Nov 19, Battle at Milan:
Emperor Charles V's Spanish, German, and papal troops beat France and
occupied Milan. An eight year war between France and the Holy Roman
Emp., Charles V, began after the French supported rebels in Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(MC, 11/19/01)
1521 The first running of the
bulls was held at Pamplona, Spain. [see 1591]
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1522 Feb 7, Treaty of Brussels:
Habsburgers split into Spanish and Austrian Branches.
(MC, 2/7/02)
1522 May 25, Emperor Karel I
returned to Spain.
(SC, 5/25/02)
1522 Sep 6, Juan Sebastian Elcano
(Del Cano), Magellan’s second in command, returned to Spain with 18 men
and one ship, the Vittorio, laden with spices. His coat of arms was
augmented in reward with the inscription: Primus circumdisti me: "You
were the first to encircle me."18 survivors of the original Magellan
expedition completed the circumnavigation of the globe under Sebastian
del Cano. Plumes of the bird of paradise from New Guinea were first
brought back to Europe. One of the five ships that set out in Ferdinand
Magellan's trip around the world made it back to Spain. Only 15 of the
original 265 men that set out survived. Magellan was killed by natives
in the Philippines.
(V.D.-H.K.p.177-178)(SFEC, 11/10/96, zone 1
p.2)(TL-MB, 1988, p.12)(NH, 9/96, p.8)(HN, 9/6/98)
1522 Sep 8, Spanish navigator Juan
de Elcano returned to Spain. He completed the 1st circumnavigation of
globe, expedition begun under Ferdinand Magellan. [see Sep 6]
(MC, 9/8/01)
1522 A Bible was printed in
Alcala, Spain, in Hebrew, Greek, Latin and Aramaic.
(TL-MB, p.12)
1522 Pascual de Andagoya, Spanish
explorer, became the first European to set foot in Peru.
(TL-MB, p.12)
1523 The first turkeys were
introduced to Spain and Europe from America by the conquistadors.
(TL-MB, p.12)(SFEC, 11/24/96, p.A3)
1524 Aug 19, Emperor Charles V's
troops besieged Marseille.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1525 Francisco Pizarro, Spanish
conquistador, sailed from Panama to explore Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)
1525 The Spanish made initial
contact with the Incas.
(SFC, 3/19/02, p.A2)
1526 Mar 26, King François
I returned Spanish captivity to France.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1526 Oct 18, Lucas Vazquez de
Ayllp, Spanish colonialist who settled in SC, died.
(MC, 10/18/01)
1527 May 6, German and Spanish
troops under Charles V began sacking Rome, bringing about the end of
the Renaissance. Libraries were destroyed, Pope Clement VII was
captured and thousands were killed. 147 of 189 of the Pope’s Swiss
guard were killed.
(HN, 5/6/02)(PCh, 1992, p.174)(WSJ, 4/14/06, p.W5)
1527 May 21, Philip II (d.1598),
king of Spain and Portugal (1556-98), was born. He invaded England and
roasted heretics. He collected a fifth of all the wealth generated from
the mines and trade in the Americas. He invested heavily into his
military and lost it all with the defeat of the Armada in 1588. His
debt at his death amounted to 85 million ducats, or 300 tons of gold.
(HN, 5/21/98)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R8)(MC, 5/21/02)
1527 Don Alvar Nunez Cabeza de
Vaca, a Spanish soldier, was appointed 2nd in command under Panfilo de
Narvaez (47), to explore the recently discovered land of Florida.
(ON, 10/03, p.1)
1528 Jan 22, England & France
declared war on Emperor Charles V of Spain. The French army was later
expelled from Naples and Genoa.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(MC, 1/22/02)
1528 Apr 14, A Spanish expedition,
led by Panfilo de Narvaez, arrived at the west coast of Florida with
400 soldiers and 42 horses.
(ON, 10/03, p.1)
1528 Sep 28, A Spanish fleet sank
in Florida hurricane; 380 died.
(MC, 9/28/01)
1529 Apr 22, Spain and Portugal
divided the eastern hemisphere in Treaty of Saragosa.
(HN, 4/22/98)
1529 Jul 26, Francisco Pizarro was
made governor for life and captain-general in New Spain. He returned to
Peru in a fleet of three ships. Pizarro received a royal warrant in
Toledo, Spain, to "discover and conquer" Peru.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.13)(HN, 7/26/98)
1530 Feb 23, Spain's Carlos I was
crowned Holy Roman Emperor Charles V by Pope Clement VII in the last
coronation of a German king by a Pope. Charles restored the Medici to
power after capturing Florence and ceded Malta to the landless
religious order of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem.
(TL-MB, p.14)(MC, 2/24/02)(PC, 1992, p.176)
1531 Jan 26, Lisbon was hit by an
earthquake and some about 30,000 died.
(MC, 1/26/02)
1533 Cartagena de Indias
(Colombia) was founded by Spain and served as a major port for the
trade of slaves, gold and cargo.
(SSFC, 5/18/03, p.C12)
1534 Apr 7, Josr de Anchieta,
Spanish Jesuit, missionary (Brazilian Tupi Indians), was born.
(MC, 4/7/02)
1536 Feb 2, The Argentine city of
Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza of Spain.
(AP, 2/2/97)
1536 Jul 14, France and Portugal
signed the naval treaty of Lyons aligning themselves against Spain.
(HN, 7/14/98)
1536 Oct 14, Garcilaso de la Vega,
Spanish poet and diplomat, died in battle.
(MC, 10/14/01)
1537 Aug, Castaway Don Alvar Nunez
Cabeza de Vaca returned from Mexico to Spain where he wrote an account
of his 3,000 mile journey through North American and his experiences
with the Indians. In 2006 Paul Schneider authored “Brutal Journey: The
True Story of the First Crossing of North America.” Schneider used de
Vaca’s original memoir as well as an official report prepared by
survivors of the Narvaez expedition.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)(SSFC, 6/11/06, p.M3)
1538 Jul 8, Diego de Almagro (63),
Spanish conquistador (Chile and Peru), died.
(MC, 7/8/02)
1539 May 30, Spanish explorer
Hernando De Soto landed at Tampa Bay in Florida in search of gold.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.15)(AP, 5/30/97)(HN, 5/30/98)
1539 Jun 3, Hernando De Soto
claimed Florida for Spain.
(HN, 6/3/98)
1540 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish
conquistador, was appointed governor of the province of Rio de la
Plata. His advocacy of Indian rights caused him to be arrested and
banished to a Spanish outpost in North Africa.
(ON, 10/03, p.5)
1541 Feb 12, Santiago, Chile, was
founded by Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, a lieutenant of
Pizarro. When the Spaniards arrived in Chile, 11 languages were in
widespread use: Quechua, Aymara, Rapanui, Chango, Kunza, Diaguita,
Mapudungun, Chono, Kawesqar, Yagan and Selk’nam. By 2007 only the 1st 3
remained. The last ethnic Selk’nam died in the 1970s.
(PCh, 1992,
p.182)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia)(SSFC, 8/12/07,
p.A18)
1541 Apr 4, Ignatius Loyola,
Spanish ecclesiastic, was elected 1st superior-general of the Jesuits.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(MC, 4/4/02)
1541 Jun 26, Francisco Pizarro,
the Spanish Conqueror of Peru, was murdered by his former followers.
(HN, 6/26/98)
1541 Cabeza de Vaca, a Spanish
conquistador, became the 1st European to see the Iguacu Falls in
Brazil. He named the falls Saltos de Santa Maria but the Tupi-Guarani
name persisted.
(SFEC, 10/8/00, p.17)
1542 May 21, Spanish explorer
Hernando De Soto died while searching for gold along the Mississippi
River. His men buried his body in the Mississippi River in what is now
Louisiana in order that Indians would not learn of his death, and thus
disprove de Soto's claims of divinity.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.16)(AP, 5/21/97)(MC, 5/21/02)
1542 Jun 24, Juan de la Cruz, [de
Yepes], Spanish Carmelite, poet, saint, was born.
(MC, 6/24/02)
1542 Nov 22, New laws were passed
in Spain giving protection against the enslavement of Indians in
America.
(HN, 11/22/98)
1542-1544 A 7-piece set of tapestries was created
titled the "Seven Deadly Sins." They were later housed at the Palacio
Real in Madrid.
(WSJ, 4/11/02, p.AD7)
1543 Apr 14, Bartoleme Ferrelo
returned to Spain after discovering a large bay in the New World (San
Francisco).
(HN, 4/14/99)
1533 Spaniards arrived at Zaci,
the capital of the Cupul Maya, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula and were
pushed out.
(SSFC, 6/29/08, p.E5)(http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)
1545 Apr 13, Elisabeth van Valois,
French queen of Spain, daughter of Henri II, was born.
(MC, 4/13/02)
1545 Jul 8, Don Carlos, son of
Spanish king Philip II (protagonist in Schiller's drama; hero in
Verdi opera), was born.
(MC, 7/8/02)
1546 A coalition of eastern Maya
laid siege to Valladolid, in Mexico’s Yucatan peninsula. Spanish
conquistadores brutally crushed a major Mayan rebellion in New Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/4o62ox)(TL-MB, 1988, p.17)
1547 Sep 29, Miguel de Cervantes
Saavedra (d.1616) was born, at Alcala de Henares, near Madrid. "He was
first a soldier and was captured by Barbary pirates in 1575. His family
was unable to raise the ransom money until 1580. He was not initially
successful as a writer until he wrote "The Ingenious Hidalgo Don
Quixote de la Mancha" (1604).
(V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)
1547 Hernando Cortes, the
conquistador who subdued Aztec king Montezuma and stole his wife, died
in Spain. His remains were brought to Mexico in 1836.
(WSJ, 12/14/00, p.A8)
1549 Cosimo I di’Medici married
Eleonora of Toledo to gain a link to the Spanish ruling class that
controlled Florence.
(MT, Spring 02, p.23)
1551 Mar 9, Emperor Charles V
appointed his son Philip as heir to the throne. Don Philip was
recognized as the sole heir of Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 3/9/02)
1551 May 12, San Marcos University
opened in Lima, Peru. The Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos was
founded under Spanish royal charter.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(MC, 5/12/02)(AM, 7/01, p.18)
1554 Jul 24, Queen Mary of England
married Philip II, king of Spain and the Catholic son of Emp. Charles V.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)(ON, 5/00, p.5)(MC, 7/24/02)
1554 Dragut, leader of the
Mediterranean pirates, recaptured Mehedia, Tunisia, from the Spaniards.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.18)
1555 Sep 8, Thomas Villanova,
Spanish saint and archbishop of Valencia, died.
(MC, 9/8/01)
1555 Oct 21, English parliament
refused to recognize Philip of Spain as king.
(MC, 10/21/01)
1556 Feb 5, Henry II of France and
Philip of Spain signed the truce of Vaucelles.
(HN, 2/5/99)
1556 Mar 28, Philip II, Charles
V's son, was crowned king of Spain. [see Sep 12]
(MC, 3/28/02)
1556 Sep 12, Emperor Charles
resigned and his brother Ferdinand of Austria took over. Charles V
resigned and ended his days in a Spanish monastery. He bequeathed Spain
to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother
Ferdinand I. A few years of peace in Europe followed. The event formed
the basis for a later historical play by Friedrich Schiller, which was
in turn used by Verdi for his opera "Don Carlos."
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(WSJ, 3/21/96, p.A-12)(MC,
9/12/01)
1556 Sep 13, Charles V and Maria
of Hungary marched into Spain.
(MC, 9/13/01)
1556 Philip II of Spain made the
Duke of Alba his chief military and political advisor.
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1557 Aug 10, Spanish and English
troops in alliance defeated the French at the Battle of St. Quentin
(San Quintino). French troops were defeated by Emanuele Filiberto's
Spanish army at St. Quentin, France. In 1559 Filiberto made Turin
capital of his Savoy state.
(HN,
8/10/98)(www.niaf.org/news/news_italy/news_italy_mar2003.asp)
1557 The world’s first sovereign
bankruptcy took place following the indulgence of Genoese lenders for
Spain’s Philip II expensive taste for warfare.
(Econ, 9/23/06, p.11)
1557 The influx of New World
silver caused bankruptcies in France and Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1557 The Spanish enslaved local
Indians around Guanajuato, Mexico, to work a silver mine. A major vein
was struck in 1768.
(SSFC, 5/4/03, p.D7)
1558 Jul 13, Led by the court of
Egmont, the Spanish army defeated the French at Gravelines, France.
(HN, 7/13/98)
1558 Sep 21, Charles V (b.1500),
King of Spain (Carlos I), former Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556), died.
In 2006 lab tests showed that Charles suffered from gout.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(http://tinyurl.com/kq9sq)
1559 Apr 3, Philip II of Spain and
Henry II of France signed the peace of Cateau-Cambresis, ending a long
series of wars between the Hapsburg and Valois dynasties.
(HN, 4/3/99)
1559 Aug 14, Spanish explorer de
Luna entered Pensacola Bay, Florida.
(HN, 8/14/98)
1559 Aug 22, Spanish archbishop
Bartholome de Carranza was arrested as a heretic.
(MC, 8/22/02)
1559 Sep 19, 5 Spanish ships sank
in a storm off Tampa. About 600 died.
(MC, 9/19/01)
1559 The Escorial, an enormous
palace built on a grid plan for Philip II, was begun in Madrid.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)
1559 1,500 Spanish settlers sailed
from Vera Cruz to found a settlement on Pensacola Bay in Florida, but
were repulsed by hostile Indians. A Spanish settlement was founded in
the area of Pensacola, Fl., but its exact location is a mystery.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.19)(AP, 3/24/06)
1560 Jan 31, Spanish king Philip
II married Elisabeth de Valois.
(MC, 1/31/02)
1560 Cardinal Mendoza, archbishop
of Burgos, wrote "Tizon de la nobleza de Espana," (the Blot on the
Spanish Nobility). He claimed that virtually the entire aristocracy had
Jewish or Moorish blood to point out the folly of the Inquisition’s
campaign to prevent anyone with Jewish blood from securing a position
of authority under the crown.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1561 Sep 23, Philip II of Spain
gave orders to halt colonizing efforts in Florida. The French took
advantage of the opportunity.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(HN, 9/23/98)
1561 Philip II moved his court to
Madrid, which was but a village until this time, and proclaimed Madrid
as capital of Spain.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)(SFEC, 3/22/98, p.T11)
1562 Nov 25, Lope Felix de Vega,
dramatist and poet (Angelica, Arcadia), was born in Madrid, Spain.
(MC, 11/25/01)
1562 Titian painted the "Rape of
Europa" for Philip II of Spain. It is the most celebrated of his erotic
mythologies.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.20)
1563 Construction began on the San
Lorenzo del Escorial Palace in Madrid.
(http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05534c.htm)
1564 Aug 18, Spanish king Philip
II joined the Council of Trent.
(MC, 8/18/02)
1565 Aug 28, A Spanish expedition
under Pedro Menendez de Aviles arrived at an inlet on the Florida coast
on the feast day of St. Augustine and gave the theologian’s name to the
encampment.
(WSJ, 7/18/08, p.W8)
1564 Sep 4, A 10-ship Spanish
fleet under Pedro Menendez de Aviles made landfall in Florida. Menendez
was under orders from Phillip II to oust the French.
(Arch, 1/05, p.47)
1565 Sep 8, A Spanish expedition
under Pedro Menendez de Aviles established the first permanent European
colony in the present day St. Augustine, Fla. Aviles founded St.
Augustine on the site of the Timucuan Indian village of Seloy, 42 years
before the English settled at Jamestown and 55 years before the
Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock. St. Augustine, Florida is the oldest
permanent European settlement in the US. Castillo de San Marco fortress
was built by the Spanish to defend St. Augustine.
(AP, 9/8/97)(NG, March 1990, p.117)(WSJ, 8/3/95,
p.A-8)(WSJ, 5/21/98, p.A1)
1565 Sep 20, A Spanish fleet under
Pedro Menendez de Aviles wiped out the French at Fort Caroline, in
Florida. Spanish forces under Pedro Menendez massacred a band of French
Huguenots that posed a potential threat to Spanish hegemony in the
area. They also took advantage of the local Timucuan Indian tribe.
Artist Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues managed to escape and return to
France, where he painted watercolors depicting the local botany. His
alleged paintings of Indians living nearby were later thrown into
question.
(WSJ, 8/3/95, p.A-8)(HN, 9/20/98)(Arch, 1/05,
p.47)(WSJ, 7/18/08, p.W8)(Arch, 5/05, p.31)
1565 Philip II of Spain sent
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and 1,000 mercenaries from Mexico to
wrest the Philippines from Muslim sultans, who had ruled since the 12th
century.
(SFC, 7/7/03, p.A6)
1566 Dec 1, Spanish king Philip II
named Fernando Alvarez, duke of Alba.
(MC, 12/1/01)
1566 Bartolome de Las Casas
(b.1474), “Apostle to the Indians,” died in Madrid, Spain.
(http://tinyurl.com/brzzu)
1567 Oct 6, The Duke of Alba
became guardian of the Netherlands. Spain’s Duke of Alba arrived in
Brussels at the head of a 10,000 troops to quell the iconoclastic riots.
(MC, 10/6/01)(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1568 May 3, French forces in
Florida slaughter hundreds of Spanish. On a sultry summer day in 1742,
a handful of British and Spanish colonial troops faced each other on a
Georgia coastal island and decided the fate of a colony.
(HN,
5/3/98)
1568 Jul 23, Don Carlos (c23), son
of Spanish king Philip II, died.
(MC, 7/23/02)
1569 Feb 7, King Philip II ordered
the inquisition in South America.
(MC, 2/7/02)
1569 May 10, Juan Avila, Spanish
minister, writer, died.
(MC, 5/10/02)
1570 Mar 4, Spain’s King Philip II
banned foreign Dutch students.
(SC, 3/4/02)
1570 Apr 24, Spanish troops
battled followers of Sultan Suleiman.
(MC, 4/24/02)
1571 Mar 19, Spanish troops
occupied Manila. [see May 19]
(MC, 3/19/02)
1571 May 19, Miguel Lopez de
Lagazpi founded the city of Manila in the Philippines and encountered
Chinese settlements. [see Mar 19]
(DTnet, 5/19/97)(WSJ, 12/26/02, p.A1)
1571 May 20, Venice, Spain &
Pope Pius formed an anti-Turkish Saint League.
(MC, 5/20/02)
1571 Oct 7, Spanish, Genoese and
Venetian ships of the Christian League defeated an Ottoman fleet in the
naval Battle of Lepanto, Greece. In the last great clash of galleys,
the Ottoman navy lost 117 ships to a Christian naval coalition under
the overall command of Spain's Don Juan de Austria.
(AP,
10/7/07)(www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-religion/1760264/posts)
1572 Oct 5, The Spanish army under
Duke of Alva's son Don Frederik plundered Mechelen (Flanders).
(MC, 10/5/01)
1572 Dec, The Dutch town of
Naarden surrendered to Imperial Spanish troops under the Duke of Alba
(1507-1582). The town was then burned and the entire population
massacred. Alba’s attempt to impose a 10% sales tax on commodities
stirred resistance that led to the Dutch independence. In 2004 Henry
Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.”
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1572 Dutch warships, Beggars of
the Sea, effectively harried Spanish shipping in the English Channel
and fueled the Dutch War of Independence.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1572 The Dutch used carrier
pigeons during the Spanish siege of Haarlem.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R14)
1572 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish
scholar and poet at Salamanca, was denounced as a heretic and served 5
years in prison.
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1574 Spanish forces in the
Netherlands besieged Leyden, but William the Silent breached the dykes
to flood the land. This allowed his ships to sail up to the walls and
lift the siege.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1574 Turkish troops captured Tunis
from the Spaniards.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1576 May 29, Spanish army under
Mondragón conquered the Zierik sea.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1577 Painter El Greco (36), born
in Crete as Domenikos Theotokopoulos, went to Spain and settled there
permanently in Toledo.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)
1577 Fray Luis de Leon, Spanish
scholar and poet at Salamanca, was released from prison after serving 5
years for heresy. He greeted his students with the words: "As I was
saying, yesterday..."
(SSFC, 6/8/03, p.C8)
1578 Mar 31, Juan de Escobedo,
secretary of Spanish land guardian Don Juan, was murdered.
(MC, 3/31/02)
1578 Apr 14, Philip III, king of
Spain and Portugal (1598-1621), was born.
(HN, 4/14/98)
1579 Mar 1, Sir Francis Drake
waylaid a Spanish treasure galleon, the Nuestra Senora de la
Concepcion, off the coast of Panama.
(ON, 7/03, p.7)
1579 Jul 29, Spain's King Philip
II arrested plotters Antonio Perez and Princess of Eboli.
(MC, 7/29/02)
1579 The Peace of Arras ensured
that the southern provinces of The Netherlands were reconciled to
Philip II. [out of order, see 1580]
(TL-MB, 1988, p.22)
1580 Mar 15, Spanish king Philip
II put 25,000 gold coins on head of Prince William of Orange.
(MC, 3/15/02)
1580 Aug 25, Spain defeated
Portugal in the Battle of Alcantara.
(chblue.com, 8/25/01)
1580 Nov 9, Spanish troops landed
in Ireland.
(MC, 11/9/01)
1580 The Duke of Alba invaded
Portugal and put it under Spain’s rule. Spain’s Philip II was
proclaimed King Philip I of Portugal and united the colonial empires of
Spain and Portugal.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(PCh, 1992, p.200)
1580-1640 The Azores was occupied by Spain and
bullfighting was introduced.
(SFEC, 5/24/98, p.A10)
1581 The Portuguese Cortes
(national assembly) submitted to Philip II of Spain.
(TL-MB, p.23)
1581 Bernal Diaz del Castillo
(b.1492/93), Spanish conquistador and governor of Santiago de los
Caballeros (Antigua, Guatemala), died. He wrote “Verdadera Historia de
la Conquista de Nueva España” (True History of the Conquest of
New Spain) in response to claims made in the earlier work by Cortes’
chaplain. It was not published until his manuscript was found in Madrid
in 1632.
(SSFC, 5/21/06,
p.M3)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernal_Diaz_del_Castillo)
1582 Oct 4, Theresa of Avila
(b.1515), Spanish mystic writer and saint, died. She co-founded with
John of the Cross (1542-1591) the Order of Discalced (barefoot)
Carmelites. "Untilled ground, however rich, will bring forth thistles
and thorns; so also the mind of man."
(CU, 6/87)(WUD, 1994, p.769)(AP, 12/8/97)(MC,
10/4/01)
1582 Oct 15, The Gregorian (or New
World) calendar was adopted in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal; and
the preceding ten days were lost to history. This day followed Oct 4 to
bring the calendar into sync. by order of the Council of Trent. Oct
5-14 were dropped.
(K.I.-365D, p.97)(NG, March 1990, J. Boslough)(HN,
10/15/98)
1582 In Spain Fernando Alvarez de
Toledo (b.1507), military and political advisor to Philip II, died. In
2004 Henry Kamen authored ”The Duke of Alba.”
(WSJ, 7/1/04, p.D8)
1583 Nov, Francis Throckmorton,
who was born in 1554, was arrested. He made a full confession of the
Throckmorton Plot for the overthrow of Queen Elizabeth I and the
restoration of papal authority in England after being tortured on the
rack. He was tried and then executed on July 20, 1584. Throckmorton was
the central figure in the conspiracy involving France and Spain, which
called for a French invasion of England and the release from prison of
Mary, Queen of Scots.
(HNQ, 10/8/98)
1584 Jul 10, William of Orange
(1533-1584), Prince of Orange (1544-1584), Count of Nassau (1559-1584),
and first stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, was
assassinated by Burgundian Balthasar Gerard (25) with a handgun. Philip
II of Spain had called for a volunteer assassin due to William’s
reluctance take a public stand on religious issues. William was
succeeded by his 17-year-old son, Maurice of Nassau. In 2006 Lisa
Jardine authored “The Awful End of Prince William the Silent.”
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(WSJ, 4/5/06, p.D8)
1584 The San Lorenzo del Escorial
Palace in Madrid, begun in 1563, was completed. It was consecrated in
1586
(www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia)
1585 Luca Cambiaso (b.1527),
Genovese Renaissance painter, died in San Lorenzo de El Escorial,
Spain, where he was working under commission for King Phillip II.
(www.artnet.com/artist/3516/luca-cambiaso.html)
1586 El Greco began to paint "The
Burial of Count Orgaz." This depicted the miracle of the saintly
count’s funeral, where St. Augustine and St. Stephen personally descend
from heaven to bury the corpse with their own hands.
(TL-MB, p.24)(WSJ, 11/6/03, p.D10)
1587 Apr 19, Sir Frances Drake
sailed into Cadiz, Spain, and sank the Spanish fleet.
(MC, 4/19/02)
1587 Sir Edward Stafford, English
ambassador in Paris, contacted the Spanish ambassador and offered to
provide news of Queen Elizabeth’s plans and to offer the English
disinformation concerning Spanish plans. Stafford’s brother-in-law was
Lord Howard Effingham, commander in chief of the English fleet.
(WSJ, 11/24/98, p.A20)
1588 Feb, King Philip II (61)
appointed Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el Bueno (37), the Duke of Medina
Sedonia, as Captain General of the High Seas and ordered him to take
charge of the Spanish Armada. Philip intended to restore England to
Catholicism
(ON, 3/02, p.1)
1588 May 11, The Spanish Armada of
130 ships with 30,000 men left Lisbon for England. [see May 19]
(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 May 19, The Spanish Armada
set sail to Lisbon bound for England; it was soundly defeated by the
English fleet the following August. [see May 11]
(AP, 5/19/97)(DTnet, 5/19/97)
1588 May 30, Spanish Armada under
Medina-Sidonia departed Lisbon to invade England.
(MC, 5/30/02)
1588 Jul 20-22, The Spanish
Armada, after month in Corunna, set sail for England. The Duke of
Medina Sedonia sailed in the flagship San Martin with Admiral Juan
Martinez de Recalde.
(HN, 7/20/01)(ON, 3/02, p.2)
1588 Jul 27, The Spanish anchored
off Calais in a crescent-shaped, tightly-packed defensive formation,
not far from Parma's army of 16,000, which was waiting at Dunkirk.
(http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)
1588 Jul 29, At midnight of July
28th the English set eight fireships (filled with pitch, gunpowder, and
tar) alight and sent them downwind among the closely-anchored Spanish
vessels. The English attacked the Spanish Armada in the Battle of
Gravelines, resulting in an English victory.
(ON, 3/02,
p.3)(http://wapedia.mobi/en/Spanish_Armada#1.1.)(AP, 7/29/08)
1588 Jul 30, The English exchanged
fire with the Spanish Armada.
(ON, 3/02, p.3)
1588 Aug 1, Sir Francis Drake
captured the Nuestra Senora del Rosario, one of the largest Spanish
Armada galleons.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 2, The English and
Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day. The English used up all their
ammunition and sailed into nearby ports.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 4, The English and
Spanish fleets exchanged fire all day off the Isle of Wight.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 6, The Spanish Armada
anchored of Calais.
(ON, 3/02, p.4)
1588 Aug 8, The English Navy
destroyed the Spanish Armada. 600 Spaniards were killed in the day’s
fighting and 800 badly injured. The Duke of Medina Sidonia led the
"invincible" Spanish Armada from Lisbon against England. It was
shattered around the coasts of the English Isles by an English fleet
under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham with the help of Sir
Francis Drake, Sir John Hawkins, and a violent storm (see Aug 18). The
victory opened the world for English trade and colonization. In 1959
Garrett Mattingly authored “The Armada.” In 1998 Geoffrey Parker
published "The Grand Strategy of Phillip II." In 2005 Neil Janson
authored “The Confident Hope of a Miracle: The True Story of the
Spanish Armada,” and James McDermott authored “England & the
Spanish Armada: The necessary Quarrel.”
(ON, 3/02, p.5)(SSFC, 2/20/05, p.B2)(Econ, 5/28/05,
p.85)
1588 Aug 10, The remnants of the
Spanish Armada sailed north to avoid the English fleet.
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Aug 18, A storm struck the
remaining 60 ships of the Spanish Armada under the Duke of Medina
Sidonia after which only 11 were left. Many of the ships went to
Ireland where most of the Spaniards were killed by the English. 600
Spaniards wrecked in Scotland were later returned to Spain. In 1978
Niall Fallon authored "The Armada in Ireland."
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 21, Medina Sidonia's
Spanish Armada flagship, the San Martin, arrived at Santander, Spain.
Almost half of the 130 ships were lost. 20k of 30k men died. 1,500 died
in battle, the rest from shipwreck, massacre, starvation or disease. In
1981 David Howarth authored "The Voyage of the Armada." In 1988 Peter
Kemp authored "The Campaign of the Spanish Armada."
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1588 Sep 25, A heavy storm drove 3
Spanish ships onto the coast of Ireland. Francisco de Cuellar, an
officer on the galleon Lavia, spent the next 6 months evading English
forces and getting to Scotland and then the Netherlands.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1588 Oct 23, Medina Sidonia's
Spanish Armada returned to Santander. [see Sep 21]
(MC, 10/23/01)
1589 Oct 4, Francisco de Cuellar,
a Spanish Armada officer from the wrecked galleon Lavia, wrote a letter
from Antwerp to King Philip that was later valued for its descriptions
of Ireland.
(ON, 5/02, p.12)
1590 Fray Jose de Acosta, Spanish
Jesuit priest, authored “Historia Natural y Moral de las Indies.” In it
he suggested that the Americas were populated by people from Asia.
(Arch, 9/00, p.72)
1591 Dec 14, San Juan de la Cruz
(b.1542), Spanish poet, died. He is remembered for his treatise “Dark
Night of the Soul.”
(SSFC, 9/3/06,
p.M3)(www.newadvent.org/cathen/08480a.htm)
1591 Philip II bought the
Hieronymus Bosch painting "the Garden of Earthly Delights." It hung in
the Escorial from this time to 1939 when it was moved to the Prado.
(WSJ, 8/25/98, p.A12)
1591 The encierro (running of the
bulls) at Pamplona, Spain, began as a means of moving the bulls to the
bull fighting arena. It became known as Los San Fermines. [see 1521]
(SSFC, 6/16/02, p.C6)(SSFC, 7/7/02, p.A2)
1592 Juan de Fuca, a Greek sailing
for Spain, sailed into a strait that later became the border between
Canada’s Vancouver Island, BC, and the Olympic Peninsula of Washington
state. The waterway was later named the Strait of Juan de Fuca.
(NG, 7/04, p.66)
1594 Jun 7, Roderigo Lopez was
executed at Tyburn, England, on charges of spying for the king of Spain.
(WSJ, 9/24/04, p.W7)
1595 Jun 5, Henry IV’s army
defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Fontaine-Francaise.
(HN, 6/5/98)
1596 Jul 1, An English fleet under
the Earl of Essex, Lord Howard of Effingham and Francis Vere captured
and sacked Cadiz, Spain.
(HN, 7/1/98)
1596 Oct 25, The Spanish fleet
sailed from Lisbon to Ireland.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1597 Jun 9, Jose de Anchieta,
Spanish Jesuit, missionary, died.
(MC, 6/9/02)
1597 El Greco (1541-1614), Spanish
artist, completed his visionary “View of Toledo” about this time.
(WSJ, 6/28/08, p.W12)
1598 Sep 1, Spanish king Philip II
("Scourge of Heretics") received his last rites sacrament. [see Sep 13]
(MC, 9/1/02)
1598 Sep 13, Philip II (71), King
of Spain (1556-98), died. He had ordered the 1588 Spanish Armada attack
on England. After its failure he dispatched 3 smaller armadas, but they
all failed.
(MC, 9/13/01)(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1598 Oct 15, Spanish general
strategist Bernardino de Mendoza occupied Fort Rhine.
(MC, 10/15/01)
1599 Jun 6, Velazquez (d.1660),
Diego Rodriguez de Silva, Spanish painter of Portuguese ancestry, was
born. He painted "Count Duke of Olivares" and "Rokeby Venus" (1647-51)
The Venus is at the London National Gallery.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez)(SFEC, 2/1/98,
p.T8)(WSJ, 1/5/07, p.W12)
1600-1681 Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish baroque
master dramatist. His work included: "Life Is a Dream." "Cuando amor no
es locura, no es amor." (When love is not madness, it is not love).
(WSJ, 10/20/95, p. A-12)(WSJ, 4/5/96, p.A-6)(AP,
10/30/98)
1601 Mar 19, Alonzo Cano, Spanish
painter, sculptor (Cathedral Granada), was born.
(MC, 3/19/02)
1601-1658 Baltasar Gracian, Spanish philosopher: "You
should avoid making yourself too clear even in your explanations."
(AP, 8/13/00)
1602 Jan 2, Battle at Kinsale,
Ireland: English army beat the Spanish.
(MC, 1/2/02)
1602 Apr 2, Maria de Jesus de
Agreda (Maria Coronel), Spanish Franciscan, was born.
(MC, 4/2/02)
1604 Sep 20, After a two-year
siege, the Spanish retook Ostend [NW Belgium], the Netherlands, from
the Dutch.
(WUD, 1994, p.1019)(HN, 9/20/98)
1604 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra
(1547-1616) published the first part of "The Ingenious Hidalgo Don
Quixote de la Mancha." Don Quixote and his friend Sancho Panza seek
what a modern poet has called an impossible dream, a dream of justice
in an earthly paradise, a contradiction in terms, as practical men have
always known... Cervantes was the first to see that the new world
coming into being needed such heroes; otherwise it would go mad." In
2006 Manuel Duran and Fay R. Rogg authored “Fighting Windmills.”
(V.D.-H.K.p.150)(HN, 9/29/02)(WSJ, 6/10/06, p.P8)
1605 Apr 8, Philip IV king of
Spain and Portugal (1621-65) ), was born.
(HN, 4/8/98)
1607 Francisco de Rojas Zorrilla
(d.c1660), Spanish dramatist, was born at Toledo. He became a knight of
Santiago in 1644. The exact date of his death is unknown.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Rojas_Zorrilla)
1608 Shogun Ieyasu ordered Will
Adams to go to the Philippines to invite the Spanish Gov. Don Diego
Vevero y Velasco to compete with the Portuguese for trade with Japan.
(ON, 11/02, p.10)
1609 Spanish ships began visiting
Japan and Spanish Dominicans began missionary work.
(ON, 11/02, p.10)
1609 Don Alonzo Perez de Guzman el
Bueno, the Duke of Medina Sedonia and head of the failed Spanish
Armada, died.
(ON, 3/02, p.6)
1611-1670 Antonio de Pareda, Spanish allegorist
painter. His work included "El Sueño del Caballero" (The
Gentleman’s Dream).
(WSJ, 1/09/00, p.A20)
1614 Apr 7, El Greco (b.1541),
Cretan born Spanish painter (View of Toledo), died in Toledo. His
paintings included "The Resurrection" (1597).
(WSJ, 6/18/01, p.A16)(MC, 4/7/02)
1616 Feb 26, Spanish Inquisition
delivered an injunction to Galileo.
(SC, 2/26/02)
1616 Apr 23, Miguel de Cervantes
(b.1547), Spanish poet and novelist, died in Madrid.
(AP, 4/23/97)
1620 The Plaza Mayor, a grand,
arcaded square in Madrid, dates to this time.
(SFEC, 5/31/98, p.T9)
1622 Sep 6, A Spanish silver fleet
disappeared off Florida Keys; thousands died. The Santa Margarita,
discovered off of Key West in 1980 by pioneering shipwreck salvor Mel
Fisher, was bound for Spain when it sank in a hurricane in 1622.
(MC, 9/6/01)(AP, 6/18/07)
1623 Velazquez painted the
portrait: "Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of Olivares."
(WSJ, 12/29/99, p.A12)
1624 May 3, Spanish silver fleet
sailed to Panama.
(MC, 5/3/02)
1624 Velasquez painted a portrait
of King Philip IV.
(WSJ, 12/16/04, p.D8)
1625 May 18, Francisco
Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, Spanish marquis of Denia, died.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1625 Jul 2, The Spanish army took
Breda, Spain, after nearly a year of siege.
(HN, 7/2/98)
1627 Luis de Gongora y Argote
(b.1561), Spanish poet, died.
(SSFC, 9/3/06,
p.M3)(www.spanish-books.net/literature/i_gongora.htm)
1628 Peter Paul Rubens, Flemish
painter, was called upon to broker a peace between Catholic Spain and
Protestant England.
(Econ, 5/15/04, p.81)
1629 Jun 18, Piet Heyn (51),
lt.-admiral (Spanish silver fleet), died in battle.
(MC, 6/18/02)
1631 Oct 14, The ship Our Lady of
Juncal set sail from the Gulf coast port of Veracruz, as part of a
19-ship fleet bearing described only as "a valuable shipment of the
goods obtained by the king's ministers to feed the Spanish empire."
Most of the fleet never made it.
(AP, 2/17/09)
1632-1635 Velazquez painted "The Jester Pablo de
Vallodolid."
(WSJ, 4/16/03, p.D10)
1633 Francisco de Zurbaran
(1598-1644), Spanish artist, painted his “Still Life With Lemons
Oranges and a Rose," later described as symbolic objects to the Virgin
Mary. It was the work that Zurbaran ever signed and dated. In 1998 it
was held by the Los Angeles Norton Simon Museum of Art.
(SFEC, 1/11/98, p.D7)(WSJ, 2/21/09, p.W7)
1634 Sep 5, Battle at Nordlingen:
King Ferdinand III & Catholic Spain beat Sweden & German
protestants.
(MC, 9/5/01)
1635 May 19, Cardinal Richelieu of
France intervened in the great conflict in Europe by declaring war on
the Hapsburgs in Spain.
(DTnet, 5/19/97)(HN, 5/19/99)
1636 Aug 8, The invading armies of
Spain, Austria and Bavaria were stopped at the village of
St.-Jean-de-Losne, only 50 miles from France.
(HN, 8/8/98)
1640 Dec 1, Spain lost Portugal as
the Duke of Braganza was proclaimed João IV (John IV), king of
Portugal.
(HoS, p.267)
1640 Spain’s medieval kingdom of
Aragon rebelled against Madrid.
(Econ, 11/8/08, SR p.10)
1640 Pope Urban VIII ordered
Spanish priests to stop smoking cigars.
(SFC, 5/24/97, p.E3)
1643 May 19, A French army
destroyed Spanish army at the Battle at Rocroi /Allersheim in France
(DTnet, 5/19/97)(HN, 5/19/98)
1644 Velazquez painted the
portrait: "King Philip IV of Spain."
(WSJ, 12/29/99, p.A12)
1647 Velazquez (1599-1660) began
his painting "Toilet of Venus." It was completed in 1651.
(WSJ, 2/24/00, p.A16)
1648 Apr 5, Spanish troops and
feudal barons struck down people's uprising in Naples.
(MC, 4/5/02)
1648 May 15, The independence of
the Netherlands was finally recognized with the Dutch and Spanish
ratification of the Treaty of Munster, initially signed on January 30.
(www.oldandsold.com/articles36/netherlands-18.shtml)
1649 In Seville one in three died
of the Black Plague.
(SFEC, 10/13/96, p.T6)
c1650 Velazquez painted the
portrait: "Juan de Pareja."
(WSJ, 12/29/99, p.A12)
1654 Sep 8, Peter Claver, Spanish
saint (baptized 300,000 slaves), died.
(MC, 9/8/01)
c1655 Esteban Murillo (1617-1682),
Spanish artist, painted a self-portrait. Some of his mid-century work
in Seville portrayed the effects of the Plague that killed 50% of the
population in 4 months. [see 1649]
(WSJ, 4/9/02, p.D19)
1657 Mar 23, France and England
formed an alliance against Spain.
(HN, 3/23/98)
1657 Apr 20, English Admiral
Robert Blake fought his last battle when he destroyed the Spanish fleet
in Santa Cruz Bay.
(HN, 4/20/99)
1660 Aug 6, Diego Rodriguez de
Silva Velasquez (b.1599), Spanish court painter, died.
(WSJ, 2/24/00, p.A16)(MC, 8/6/02)
1667-1668 The War of Devolution was fought between
France and Spain as a result of the claim by Louis XIV of France that
the ownership of the Spanish Netherlands devolved to his wife, Marie
Therese, upon the death of her father, Philip IV of Spain. France
conquered the area, now Belgium, and also seized the Franche-Comte, a
Spanish possession that bordered on Switzerland.
(HNQ, 2/7/00)
1668 The Spaniards established a
permanent settlement on Guam. They forced the Chamorros to convert to
Catholicism. Under Spanish rule the Chamorro numbers were reduced to
some 2,000.
(SFEC, 3/7/99,Z1 p.4)
1672 Aug 9, Jose Ximenez (70),
Spanish composer, died.
(MC, 8/9/02)
1676 King Carlos II of Spain,
having successfully outlawed a drink suspected of leading to homicides,
inattentiveness at church and moral turpitude, warned his colonial
rulers in Bogota of a drink "that is, beyond all comparison, more
dangerous and which goes by the name of aguardiente." In 1988 Gilma
Mora de Tovar's authored, "Aguardiente and Social Conflicts in 18th
Century New Granada,"
(AP, 9/2/03)
1679 Dec 17, Don Juan, ruler of
Spain, died.
(MC, 12/17/01)
1681 May 25, Caldéron de la
Barca (b.1600), Spanish dramatist & poet, died.
(WUD, 1994 p.210)(SC, 5/25/02)
1682 Apr 3, Esteban Murillo
(b.1617), Spanish painter, died. Some of his mid-century work in
Seville portrayed the effects of the Plague that killed 50% of the
population in 4 months.
(WSJ, 4/9/02, p.D19)(MC, 4/3/02)
1683 Feb 20, Philip V, first
Bourbon King of Spain, was born. [see Dec 19]
(HN, 2/20/01)
1683 Dec 19, Philip V, King of
Spain (1700-24, 24-46), was born in Versailles, France. [see Feb 20]
(MC, 12/19/01)
1689 Apr 15, French king Louis XIV
declared war on Spain.
(MC, 4/15/02)
1689 Aug 25, Battle at Charleroi:
Spanish and English armies chased the French.
(MC, 8/25/02)
1692 Oct 25, Elisabeth Farnese,
princess of Parma and queen of Spain, was born.
(MC, 10/25/01)
1697 Sep 20, The Treaty of Ryswick
was signed in Holland. It ended the War of the Grand Alliance (aka War
of the League of Augsburg,1688-1697) between France and the Grand
Alliance. Under the Treaty France’s King Louis XIV (1638-1715)
recognized William III (1650-1702) as King of England. The Dutch
received trade concessions, and France and the Grand Alliance members
(Holland and the Austrian Hapsburgs) gave up most of the land they had
conquered since 1679. The signees included France, England, Spain and
Holland. By the Treaty of Ryswick, a portion of Hispaniola was formally
ceded to France and became known as Saint-Domingue. The remaining
Spanish section was called Santo Domingo.
(www.caribbeanguides.net/hispaniola.htm)(www.jacobite.ca/documents/1697ryswick.htm)
1698 The Spanish established
Presidio Santa Maria de Galve (later Pensacola, Florida).
(AP, 3/24/06)
1699 The King of Spain, due to
competition, banned the production of wine in the Americas, except for
that made by the church.
(SFEC, 11/7/99, p.T8)
1700 The Spanish crown
monopolized the Aquardiente industry in Colombia.
(AP, 9/2/03)
1700s Bullfighting emerged in its
modern form.
(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R34)
1700-1746 Philip V (1683-1746) was King of Spain.
(WUD, 1994, p.1081)
1701 Feb 19, Philip V of Spain
made his ceremonial entry into Madrid.
(HN, 2/19/99)
1701 Spain’s medieval kingdom of
Aragon again rebelled against Madrid.
(Econ, 11/8/08, SR p.10)
1702 May 15, The War of Spanish
Succession began.
(HN, 5/15/98)
1704 Jul 24, Admiral George Rooke
took Gibraltar from the Spanish.
(HN, 7/24/98)
1704 Aug 4, In the War of Spanish
Succession, an Anglo-Dutch fleet captured Gibraltar.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar)(AP, 9/19/06)
1704 Aug 13, The Battle of
Blenheim, Germany, was fought during the War of the Spanish Succession,
resulting in a victory for English and Austrian forces. The Duke of
Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Austria defeated the French Army at
the Battle of Blenheim. In 1705 Joseph Addison wrote the poem "The
Campaign" for the Duke of Marlborough to commemorate the military
victory over France and Spain at the Battle of Blenheim: "Do you not
think an angel rides in the whirlwind and directs this storm."
(AP, 8/13/97)(HN, 8/13/98)(SSFC, 1/21/01, p.A6)
1705 Oct 14, The English Navy
captured Barcelona in Spain.
(HN, 10/14/98)
1707 Apr 25, At the Battle of
Almansa, Franco-Spanish forces defeated Anglo-Portuguese.
(HN, 4/25/98)
1708 Jun 8, The Spanish galleon
San Jose was trying to outrun a fleet of British warships off
Colombia's coast, when a mysterious explosion sent it to the bottom of
the sea with gold, silver, emeralds and 600 men. 14 men survived. In
1979 Sea Search signed a deal with Colombia giving Sea Search exclusive
rights to search for the San Jose and 50 percent of whatever they find.
In 1982 Sea Search announced to the world it had found the San Jose's
resting place 700 feet below the water's surface, a few miles from the
historic Caribbean port of Cartagena. In 1984 Colombian President
Belisario Betancur signed a decree reducing Sea Search's share from 50%
to a 5% "finder's fee." By 2007 the treasure was valued at more than $2
billion. In July, 2007, Colombia’s highest court ruled that the ship
must first be recovered before an international dispute over the
fortune can be settled. In 2007 Carla Rahn Phillips authored “The
Treasure of San Jose: Death at Sea in the War of the Spanish
Succession.”
(AP, 6/3/07)(AP, 7/6/07)(WSJ, 1/31/07, p.D6)
1711 English ships captured the
Spanish galleon San Joaquin, part of a fleet returning to Spain from
Portobelo under Don Miguel Augustin de Villanueva, who was mortally
wounded. New World wealth was on another ship, which managed to return
to Spain.
(WSJ, 1/31/07, p.D6)
1713 Apr 11, Spain ceded the
2.5-sq. mile Gibraltar in perpetuity to Britain under the Treaty of
Utrecht.
(WSJ, 11/29/99, p.A29)(SFC, 2/19/02, p.A2)
1713 Nov 24, Junipero Serra
(d.1784), Spanish Roman Catholic missionary to the Indians in
California and Mexico was born on the Spanish isle of Palma de
Mallorca. He came to the New World in 1749 accompanied by 14 other
Mallorcans including the geographer Crespi and Father Francisco Palou,
biographer of Serra and historian of the missions. Serra was beatified
in 1988.
(SFC, Z1, 4/28/96, p.6)(SFEC, 9/14/97,
p.A18)(www.beachcalifornia.com/carmel2.html)
1715 Jul 29, A hurricane sank 10
Spanish treasure galleons sank off Florida coast.
(MC, 7/29/02)
1715 Jul 30, A Spanish gold and
silver fleet disappeared off St. Lucie, Florida.
(MC, 7/30/02)
1716-1788 Charles III, (Carlos III) king of Spain
from 1759-1788, was born in Madrid. He was a member of the
Bourbon-Parma dynasty. He was King of Naples from 1734-1759 and
authorized expeditions from Mexico to California.
(WUD, 1994, p.249)(SFC, 6/7/00, p.A15)
1719 The French captured and
burned the Spanish settlement Presidio Santa Maria de Galve (later
Pensacola, Flordia), but handed Pensacola back to Spain three years
later. Hurricanes forced the Spanish to repeatedly rebuild.
(AP, 3/24/06)
1720 Jan 26, Guilio Alberoni was
ordered out of Spain after his abortive attempt to restore his
country’s empire.
(HN, 1/26/99)
1720 Feb 17, Spain signed the
Treaty of the Hague with the Quadruple Alliance ending a war that was
begun in 1718.
(HN, 2/17/99)
1724 Jan 10, King Philip V shocked
all of Europe when he abdicated his throne in favor of his eldest son,
Louis. Philip V (1683-1746) was King of Spain from 1700-1746.
(WUD, 1994, p.1081)(HN, 1/10/99)
1725 Apr 30, Spain withdrew from
the Quadruple Alliance.
(HN, 4/30/98)
1729 Dec 3, Padre Antonio
Francisco J. Jose Soler, composer (Fandango), was born in Olot, Spain.
(MC, 12/3/01)
1734 Mar 10, Spanish army under
Don Carlos (III) drew into Naples.
(MC, 3/10/02)
1739 Oct 19, England declared war
on Spain over borderlines in Florida. The War is known as the War of
Jenkins’ Ear because a member of Parliament waved a dried ear and
demanded revenge for alleged mistreatment of British sailors. British
seaman Robert Jenkins had his ear amputated following a 1731 barroom
brawl with a Spanish Customs guard in Havana and saved the ear in his
sea chest.
(EWH, 4th ed, p.555)(HN, 10/19/98)(PCh, 1992, p.292)
1739 Nov 22, Adm. Edward Vernon
captured the Spanish city of Portobello, Panama, with a force of 6
British ships.
(PCh, 1992, p.292)
1743 Jun 20, The British warship
Centurion under Commodore George Anson engaged and overcame the Spanish
treasure galleon, Nuestra Senora de Covadonga, near the Philippines. 58
Spaniards were killed and 83 wounded. Anson captured over 1 million
Spanish silver dollars and 500 pounds of native silver.
(ON, 4/01, p.7)
1744 Feb 9, Battle at Toulon:
French-Spanish faced the English fleet of Adm. Matthews.
(MC, 2/9/02)
1744 Feb 21, The British blockade
of Toulon was broken by 27 French and Spanish warships attacking 29
British ships.
(HN, 2/21/98)
1746-1828 Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes(d.1828),
Spanish painter. 128 of his paintings are at the Prado in Madrid,
Spain. Among these are: "La Maja Desnuda," "La Maja Vestida," "El Dos
de Mayo," "El Tres de Mayo," "The Witches Sabboth," "Saturn eating one
of his children," "La Quinta del Sordo" (House of the Deaf Man) murals
(1820-1823) that he applied to the walls of his Madrid rooms. Known as
El Rapidisimo, he painted more than 600 works. Other works include:
"Los Caprichos," "Disasters of War," "Family of Charles IV," "Boys
Climbing a Tree," "The Kite," "The Injured Workman," "The Drunken
Workman," "The Wedding," "The Duchess of Alba" and "Pinturas Negras."
Goya spent his last years in France.
(WSJ, 5/20/96, p.A-12)(AAP, 1964)(WUD, 1994,
p.612)(WSJ, 5/4/99, p.A20)
1750 The Spanish ship La Galga
sank. It was later believed that the wild ponies of Chincoteague Island
off the coast of Virginia came from this ship.
(USAT, 5/7/98, p.9A)
1756-1763 The Seven Years War. France and Great
Britain clashed both in Europe and in North America. In 2000 "Crucible
of War" by Fred Anderson was published. France, Russia, Austria,
Saxony, Sweden and Spain stood against Britain, Prussia and Hanover.
Britain financed Prussia to block France in Europe while her manpower
was occupied in America.
(V.D.-H.K.p.223)(SFC, 7/7/96, BR p.7)(WSJ, 2/10/00,
p.A16)
1759-1788 Charles III ruled as King of Spain.
(WUD, 1994, p.249)
1760 Jan 20, Charles III, King of
Spain, was born.
(HN, 1/20/99)
1762 Aug 12, The British captured
Cuba from Spain after a two month siege.
(HN, 8/12/98)
1762 Oct 5, The British fleet
bombarded and captured Spanish-held Manila in the Philippines.
(HN, 10/5/98)
1762 Nov 3, Spain acquired
Louisiana. [see Dec 3]
(MC, 11/3/01)
1762 Dec 3, France ceded to Spain
all lands west of the Mississippi- the territory known as Upper
Louisiana. [see Nov 3]
(CO, Grolier's, 11/10/95)(HN, 12/3/98)
1763 Feb 10, Britain, Spain and
France signed the Treaty of Paris ending the French-Indian War. France
ceded Canada to England and gave up all her territories in the New
World except New Orleans and a few scattered islands.
(HN, 2/10/97)(AP, 2/10/97)(AP, 2/10/08)
1766 Mar 5, Spanish official Don
Antonio de Ulloa arrived in New Orleans to take possession of the
Louisiana Territory from the French.
(AP, 3/5/98)
1766 Jul 11(Jun 11), Elisabeth
Farnese (73), princess of Parma, queen of Spain, died.
(MC, 7/11/02)
1766 France handed its settlement
on the Falkland Islands over to Spain.
(Econ, 7/15/06, p.36)
1768 King Carlos III of Spain sent
Father Junipero Serra from Mallorca to California.
(SFEC, 3/12/00, p.T4)
1769 King Carlos III chose Don
Jose Galvez to protect interests in Mexico. Galvez sent Gaspar de
Portola and Father Junipero Serra out to establish a settlement at San
Diego and on a northerly journey from Loreto to found missions along
the Baha Peninsula and into California.
(SFEC, 5/18/97, p.T5)(SFEC, 3/1/98, p.W34)
1770 Apr 28, Marie AC de Camargo
(60), Spanish-Italian-Belgian dancer, died.
(MC, 4/28/02)
1772 Apr 11, Manuel Jose Quintana,
Spanish author, poet (El Duque de Viseo), was born.
(MC, 4/11/02)
1774 Jul 11(Jun 11), Jews of
Algiers escaped an attack of the Spanish Army.
(MC, 7/11/02)
1774 Spain established a small
settlement on the Falkland Islands, which lasted to 1811. An Argentine
outpost was established in the 1820s.
(Econ, 4/7/07, p.36)
1776 Sep 17, The Presidio of SF
formed as a Spanish fort. The Spanish built the Presidio on the hill
where the Golden Gate Bridge now meets San Francisco.
(WSJ, 9/17/96, p.A12)(MC, 9/17/01)
1778 King Carlos III sent Spanish
settlers from the Canary Islands to Louisiana. They settled in St.
Bernard Parish and became known as Islenos or Spanish Cajuns.
(SFC, 9/4/00, p.B2)
1779 Jun 16, Spain, in support of
the US, declared war on England.
(MC, 6/16/02)
1779 Jun 16, Vice-Admiral Hardy
sailed out of Isle of Wight against the Spanish fleet.
(MC, 6/16/02)
1779 Jul 24, The Siege of
Gibraltar by the Spanish and French was begun. British Gen. George
Eliott led the 5,000 man Gibraltar garrison. The siege was finally
lifted on Feb 7, 1783. In 1965 T.H. McGuffie authored "The Siege of
Gibraltar, 1779-1783).
(HN, 2/7/99)(ON, 7/01, p.8)
1780-1820 Some 5,000 cases came before the Spanish
Inquisition from which only 6 Spaniards were prosecuted for Judaism.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1781 Tupak Katari, Aymara Indian
leader, laid siege to La Paz, Bolivia, for 109 days. A Spanish army
finally broke through and Katari was executed by being drawn and
quartered.
(SFC, 4/5/01, p.A12)(WSJ, 1/8/04, p.A1)
1782 Sep 13, The British fortress
at Gibraltar came under attack by French and Spanish forces.
(HN, 9/13/98)
1783 Jan 20, The fighting of the
Revolutionary War ended. Britain signed a peace agreement with France
and Spain, who allied against it in the American War of Independence.
(HFA, '96, p.22)(HN, 1/20/99)
1783 Feb 3, Spain recognized
United States' independence.
(AP, 2/3/97)(HN, 2/3/99)
1783 Feb 7, The Siege of
Gibraltar, pursued by the Spanish and the French since July 24, 1779,
was finally lifted. [see Sep 13, 1782]
(HN, 2/7/99)(ON, 7/01, p.10)
1783 Dec 20, Antonio Francisco
Jawer Jose Soler (54), Spanish composer (Fandango), died.
(MC, 12/20/01)
1784 Oct 13, Ferdinand VII, king
of Spain, was born.
(HN, 10/13/98)
1792-1793 Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes
(1746-1828), Spanish painter, went deaf from an unexplained illness.
(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.W8)(Econ, 10/18/03, p.81)
1794 May 6, In Haiti Toussaint
Louverture (L’Ouverture), Haitian rebel leader, ended his alliance with
the Iberian monarchy and embraced the French Republicans. An order
followed that led to the massacre of Spaniards.
(www.travelinghaiti.com/history_of_haiti/toussaint_louverture.asp)(WSJ,
1/19/07, p.W4)
1794 Spanish painter Goya
completed his painting “Yard With Lunatics,” the last in a series of
uncommissioned small paintings executed during his convalescence from
an illness that left him deaf.
(WSJ, 6/18/08, p.D7)
1795 Jul 22, Spain signed the
Peace of Basel, a treaty with France ending the War of the Pyrenees.
The treaty ceded Santo Domingo to France.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Basel)
1795 Oct 27, The United States and
Spain signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo (also known as Pinckney's
Treaty), which provided for free navigation of the Mississippi River.
(AP, 10/27/97)
1797 Feb 14, The Spanish fleet was
destroyed by the British under Admiral Jervis (with Nelson in support)
at the battle of Cape St. Vincent, off Portugal.
(HN, 2/14/99)
1799 Goya (1746-1828) made his
famous etching "The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters," in which
fluttering bats hover darkly above a man dozing at his desk.
(WSJ, 11/3/95, p.A-12)
1800 Oct. 1, Spain ceded Louisiana
to France in a secret treaty.
(AP, 10/1/97)
1802 Apr 19, Spain reopened the
New Orleans port to American merchants.
(HN, 4/19/97)
1802 Oct 28, The frigate Juno,
enroute back to Spain from Mexico, ran into a storm off the coast of
Virginia with 425 men, women and children and an estimated half-billion
dollars in treasure.
(USAT, 5/7/98, p.9A)
1803 Nov 30, Spain, in a ceremony
at New Orleans, completed the process of ceding Louisiana to France,
which had sold it to the United States.
(CO, Grolier’s, 11/10/95)(AP, 11/30/04)
1804 Oct 5, The Nuestra Senora de
las Mercedes, a Spanish galleon, was sunk by the British navy southwest
of Portugal with more than 200 people on board. In May 2007, Odyssey
Marine Exploration announced that it had discovered a wreck in the
Atlantic and its cargo of 500,000 silver coins and other artifacts
worth an estimated $500 million. Spain claimed this was the Nuestra
Senora de las Mercedes. In 2009 Peru pushed claims to the silver coins
arguing that they were minted in Lima.
(AP,
5/8/08)(www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/24/usa.spain)(AP, 1/29/09)
1804 Nov 27, Pres. Jefferson
issued a nationwide proclamation to military and public officials
warning of a conspiracy to attack Spanish territory in Texas. He had
opened negotiations with Spain to purchase Texas territory west of New
Orleans. Jefferson had heard rumors that Aaron Burr had begun plotting
an invasion of Texas. Jefferson ordered Gen. James Wilkinson to move
federal troops into defensive positions between the Sabine River and
New Orleans. Wilkinson, unbeknownst to Jefferson, was a close
confidant of Burr and also worked as a spy in the employ of Spanish
officials in Mexico.
(ON, 12/08, p6)
1805 Aug 9, Austria joined
Britain, Russia, Sweden and the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia in the
Third Coalition against Napoleonic France and Spain.
(HN, 8/9/98)(HNQ, 10/19/98)
1805 Oct 21, A British fleet
commanded by Vice Adm. Horatio Nelson defeated a French-Spanish fleet
in the Battle of Trafalgar fought off Cape Trafalgar, Spain. Admiral
Nelson won his greatest victory and though fatally wounded in the
battle aboard his flagship, he lived long enough to see victory. The
crew fittingly preserved his body in rum. Over 8,500 Englishmen,
Frenchmen and Spaniards were lost in the battle or the hurricane that
swept over the ships the next day. In 1807 Nelson’s surgeon William
Beatty authored “authentic narrative of the Death of Lord Nelson.” In
1999 Barry Unsworth authored the novel "Losing Nelson." In 2001 Joseph
F. Callo edited "Nelson Speaks: Admiral Lord Nelson in His Own Words."
In 2005 Adam Nicolson authored “Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making
of the English Hero;” Roy Adkins authored “Nelson’s Trafalgar,” and
Adam Nicolson authored “Seize the Fire.”
(WSJ, 5/24/01, p.A20)(Econ, 6/25/05, p.82)(WSJ,
8/19/05, p.W6)(ON, 3/06, p.2)
1806 Jul 5, A Spanish army
repelled the British during their attempt to retake Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
(HN, 7/5/98)
1808 Feb 16, The Peninsular War
began when Napoleon ordered a large French force into Spain under the
pretext of sending reinforcements to the French army occupying Portugal.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1808 Mar 19, Spain's King Charles
IV abdicated.
(AP, 3/19/03)
1808 Mar 23, Napoleon's brother
Joseph took the throne of Spain.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1808 May 2, The citizens of Madrid
rose up against Napoleon. It culminated in a fierce battle fought out
in the Puerta del Sol, Madrid's central square. The Spanish were
defeated, and during the night the French army lead by Grand Duke
Joachim Murat slaughtered hundreds of citizens along the Prado
promenade in reprisal.
(HN, 5/2/98)(MC, 5/2/02)
1808 May 3, Spanish executions
took place and were later commemorated in Goya’s painting "Executions
of 3rd of May."
(MC, 5/3/02)
1809 Jul 27-28, Arthur Wellesley
led the British army to triumph against the Spanish King Joseph
Bonaparte at Talavera de la Reina against a French army twice his size.
For this he was made Duke of Wellington.
(WSJ, 6/6/96, p.A15)(PC, 1992 ed, p.371)
1809 Aug 10, Ecuador struck its
first blow for independence from Spain.
(AP, 8/10/97)
1810 May 25, Argentina declared
independence and began its revolt from Napoleonic Spain.
(AP, 5/25/97)(HN, 5/25/98)
1810 Jul 20, Colombia declared
independence from Spain.
(AP, 7/20/97)
1810 Sep 18, Chile declared its
independence from Spain. Bernardo O’Higgins helped lead Chile to
independence.
(AP, 9/18/97)(SFEC, 10/27/96, p.T9)
1810 Oct 27, US annexed West
Florida from Spain.
(MC, 10/27/01)
1810 General Count Hugo, the
father of Victor Hugo, governed Central Spain during the Peninsula War.
He exterminated guerrillas and nailed up their severed heads.
(WSJ, 2/10/98, p.A16)
1811 May 14, Paraguay gained
independence from Spain (Nat’l Day).
(MC, 5/14/02)
1811 Jul 31, Miguel Hidalgo y
Costilla, Mexican hero priest, was executed by Spanish.
(MC, 7/31/02)
1811 Nov 5, El Salvador fought its
1st battle against Spain for independence.
(MC, 11/5/01)
1812 Mar 19, Spanish Cortes passed
a liberal constitution under a hereditary monarch.
(AP, 3/19/03)
1812 Jul 22, English troops under
the Duke of Wellington defeated the French at the Battle of Salamanca
in Spain.
(AP, 7/22/97)(HN, 7/22/98)
1812 Jul, British troops under the
Duke of Wellington pillaged the Spanish town of Badajos. This prompted
Wellington to call his troops "the scum of the earth."
(WSJ, 1/6/95, A-10)
1812 Aug 12, British commander the
Duke of Wellington occupied Madrid, Spain, forcing out Joseph Bonaparte.
(HN, 8/12/98)
1812 Oct 22, The Duke of
Wellington abandoned his 1st siege of Burgos, Spain.
(http://www.napoleonguide.com/battle_burgos.htm)
1813 Jun 21, The Peninsular War
ended. It began on February 16, 1808, when Napoleon ordered a large
French force into Spain under the pretext of sending reinforcements to
the French army occupying Portugal.
(MC, 6/21/02)
1813 Nov 6, Chilpancingo congress
declared Mexico independent of Spain.
(MC, 11/6/01)
1811 Aug 14, Paraguay declared
independence from Spain.
(PC, 1992, p.373)
1814 Nov 7, Andrew Jackson
attacked and captured Pensacola, Florida, defeating the Spanish and
driving out a British force.
(HN, 11/7/98)
1815 Dec 22, Spaniards executed
Mexican revolutionary priest Jose Maria Morelos.
(MC, 12/22/01)
1816 Jul 9, Argentina declared
independence from Spain.
(AP, 7/9/97)
1817 Spain formally accepted the
principle to abolish slavery.
(WSJ, 12/16/97, p.A18)
1818 Feb 12, Chile gained
independence from Spain.
(HN, 2/12/97)
1818 The last prosecution of the
Spanish Inquisition was held.
(WSJ, 4/16/98, p.A20)
1818 An annual national Christmas
lottery was begun.
(SFC,12/23/97, p.D3)
1819 Feb 22, Spain signed the
Adams-Onis Treaty with the United States ceding eastern Florida.
Spanish minister Do Luis de Onis and U.S. Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams signed the Florida Purchase Treaty, in which Spain agrees
to cede the remainder of its old province of Florida. Spain renounced
claims to Oregon Country. [see 1821]
(AP, 2/22/99)(HN, 2/22/99)
1819 Aug 7, Bolivar defeated the
Spanish in Colombia at the Battle of Boyaca. This established the
independence of Colombia from Spain. The battle took place shortly
after South American liberator Simon Bolivar defeated a force of
Spanish regulars north of Bogota.
(MC, 8/7/02)(HNQ, 9/12/99)
1819 Spain’s Prado opened as the
Real Mueso de Pintura y Escultura.
(WSJ, 4/16/03, p.D10)
1820 Oct 20, Spain sold a part of
Florida to US for $5 million. [see Feb 22, 1821]
(MC, 10/20/01)
1821 Feb 22, Spain sold eastern
Florida to the U.S. for $5 million. [see Jul 17]
(HN, 2/22/98)
1821 Feb 24, Mexico rebels
proclaimed the "Plan de Iguala," their declaration of independence from
Spain, and took over the mission lands in California.
(HT, 3/97, p.61)(AP, 2/24/98)(HN, 2/24/98)
1821 Jul 17, Spain ceded Florida
to the United States. [see Feb 22]
(AP, 7/17/97)
1821 Jul 28, Peru declared its
independence from Spain. Lima had been the seat of the Spanish viceroys
until this time.
(SFC, 12/20/96, p.B4)(AP, 7/28/97)
1821 Aug 23, After 11 years of
war, Spain granted Mexican independence as a constitutional monarchy.
Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donoju signed the Treaty of Cordoba, which
approved a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy.
(HN, 8/23/00)(MC, 8/23/02)
1822 May 24, At Battle of
Pichincha, Bolivar secured the independence of Quito [Ecuador] from
Spain.
(HN, 5/24/98)(MC, 5/24/02)
1822 Aug 19, Melchor Lopez Jimenez
(62), composer, died.
(MC, 8/19/02)
1824 Aug 24, Simon Bolivar's army
beat the Spanish in Peru in the Battle at Junin.
(PC, 1992, p.394)
1824 Dec 9, In the Battle of
Ayacucho (Candorcangui) Peru defeated Spain.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1824 Francisco Jose de Goya y
Lucientes, painter, left Spain for Bordeaux.
(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.W8)
1828 Feb 18, More than 100 vessels
were destroyed in a storm at Gibraltar.
(MC, 2/18/02)
1828 Apr 16, Francisco Jose Goya y
Lucientes (b.1746), Spanish painter, cartoonist, died at age 82 in
France. He had served 3 generations of Spanish kings as court painter.
In 2002 Julia Blackburn authored "Old Man Goya." In 2003 Robert Hughes
authored "Goya." See link for Goya timeline.
(WSJ, 5/10/02, p.W8)(Econ, 10/18/03,
p.81)(http://tinyurl.com/ngxt7)
1831 Apr 9, Robert Jenkins lost an
ear which started a war between Britain and Spain.
(HN, 4/9/98)
1833 Sep 29, King Ferdinand of
Spain died and his daughter Isabella was proclaimed as queen. A civil
war broke out in Spain between Carlisists, who believed Don Carlos
deserved the throne, and supporters of Queen Isabella.
(HNQ, 8/20/98)(HN, 9/29/98)
1833-1868 The Carlist Wars comprised the dynastic
struggle in Spain between Isabelline liberalism and the reactionary
rural traditionalism represented by Don Carlos. With the death of
Ferdinand on September 29, 1833, and the proclamation of his daughter
Isabella as queen--excluding Ferdinand's brother Don Carlos from the
succession--the First Carlist War was ignited.
(HNQ, 8/20/98)
1836 Dec 28, Spain recognized the
independence of Mexico.
(MC, 12/28/01)
1836 Spain’s central government
revoked the Basque’s fiscal privileges. These were restored in 1979.
(Econ, 11/8/08, SR p.10)
1843 Feb 19, Adelina Patti, opera
soprano (Lucio), was born in Madrid, Spain.
(MC, 2/19/02)
1844 Mar 10, Pablo Martin M de
Sarasate y Navascuez, composer (Spanish Dances), was born.
(MC, 3/10/02)
1844 Mar 28, Jose Zorilla's "Don
Juan Tenorio," premiered in Madrid.
(MC, 3/28/02)
1844 Nov 6, Spain granted
independence to the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic won
independence from next door Haiti after 2 occupations.
(SFC, 5/16/96, p.A-9)(MC, 11/6/01)
1845 The "Handbook for Travelers
in Spain" was first published. It described Valencians as: "perfidious,
vindictive, sullen, mistrustful, fickle, treacherous, smooth, empty of
all good, snarling and biting like hyenas, and smiling as they murder."
(SSFC, 12/1/02, p.C3)
1847 April, A cattle market began
in Seville, Spain, that changed over the years to a week long
celebration of Holy Week.
(Hem, 4/96, p.51)
1852 Jun 25, Antoni Gaudi
(d.1926), Spanish modernist architect (Sagrada Familia, Barcelona), was
born.
(MC, 6/25/02)(SFEM, 10/8/00, p.61)
1857 Banco Santander was founded
in Spain to finance trade between the port city of Santander and Latin
America.
(WSJ, 5/23/96, p.A-6)
1859 Oct 22, Spain declared war on
the Moors in Morocco.
(HN, 10/22/98)
1859 Dec 10, In Venezuela’s war
for independence from Spain Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860) led the Battle
of Santa Ines. Zamora and 3,400 men defeated the Central Army of 2,300
men, with about 1,200 casualties altogether on both sides. Zamora had
returned to Venezuela to lead the Federal War, which lasted to 1863.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)
1860 May 29, Isaac [Manuel F]
Albéniz, Spanish pianist, composer (Iberia), was born.
(SC, 5/29/02)
1864-1936 Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish philosopher: "La
vida es duda, y la fe sin la duda es solo muerte." (Life is doubt, and
faith without doubt is nothing but death.)
(AP, 2/4/01)
1865 Oct 10, Raffaele Merry del
Val, Spanish cardinal, was born.
(MC, 10/10/01)
1866 Aug 12, Jacinto Benavente y
Martinez, Spanish dramatist (Nobel 1922), was born.
(SC, 8/12/02)
1867 Jul 27, Enrique Granados,
composer (Maria del Carmen), was born in Lerida, Spain.
(MC, 7/27/02)
1868 Oct 10, Cuba revolted for
independence against Spain.
(MC, 10/10/01)
1871 Mar 26, Serafín
Alvarez Quintéro, Spanish dramatist, playwright (El Flechazo),
was born.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1872 May, Don Carlos (24), Spanish
pretender, entered Navarre. King Amadeo I routed his forces at
Oroquista and forced him to take refuge in the Pyranees.
(PCh, 1992, p.523)
1873 Feb 12, The 1st Spanish
Republic was proclaimed. King Amadeo I abdicated following a 2-year
reign. Emilio Cistelar y Ripolo (40) became prime minister, but
the Carlist civil war continued.
(PCh, 1992, p.527)
1873 Many Basques fled Spain
during the 2nd Carlist War.
(SFC, 3/16/02, p.A2)
1873 The British based Rio Tinto
Company was formed by investors to mine ancient copper workings at Rio
Tinto near Huelva in southern Spain. By 2003 the company had mining
interests in 40 countries and revenues of $11.8 billion.
(www.riotinto.com/whoweare/timeline.asp)(WSJ,
11/17/04, p.A12)
1876 Nov 23, Manuel de Falla
(d.1946), composer (El Amor Brujo), was born in Cadiz, Spain.
(WUD, 1994, p.512)(MC, 11/23/01)
1876 Dec 29, Pablo Casals,
violinist, conductor, composer, was born in Vendrell, Catalonia, Spain.
(MC, 12/29/01)
1878 Feb 10, Cuba’s 10 year war
with Spain ended with the signing of the pact of Zanjon. The
nationalist uprising failed.
(WSJ, 9/12/08,
p.W6)(www.cubagen.org/mil/war-hist.htm)
1879 In Spain Marcelino Sanz de
Sautuola, a lawyer and amateur archeologist, discovered the Altamira
Cave. His daughter Maria (8) discovered the 14,500 year-old wall
paintings.
(WSJ, 9/18/01, p.A20)(ON, 10/02, p.1)
1880 Captain Salvador Ordonez
developed a new artillery piece to defend harbors and military
installations.
(G, Spring/98, p.5)
1881 Oct 25, Pablo Picasso
(d.1973), painter and sculptor, was born in Malaga, Spain. He worked in
France and a painter and sculptor. Francoise Gilot was the mother of 2
of his children. His work includes “Gilot,” and “Self-Portrait with a
Palette” (1906). He immortalized the French apéritif Pernod by
including it in many paintings. “Picasso and Dora” was written by James
Lord.
(SFC, 7/14/96, p.C11)(SFC, 8/14/96, zz-1 p.4) (WSJ,
9/30/96, p.A14)(HN, 10/25/98)
1882 Dec 9, Joaquin Turina,
composer (Rima), was born in Seville, Spain.
(MC, 12/9/01)
1883 May 9, Spanish philosopher
Jose Ortega y Gasset was born in Madrid.
(AP,
5/9/08)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset)
1884 Spain annexed the coastal
area of Western Sahara.
(SFC, 11/27/00, p.A12)
1886 Oct 7, Spain abolished
slavery in Cuba.
(SFC, 4/12/01, p.C4)(MC, 10/7/01)
1887 Mar 23, Juan Gris, cubist
painter (Still Life Before an Open Window), was born in Spain.
(SS, 3/23/02)
1888 In Spain the fishing
company Grupo Viera SA was founded.
(WSJ, 1/18/07, p.A13)
1892 Dec 4, Francisco Franco (y
Bahamonde), Spanish general and dictator (1936-75), was born. He came
to power as a result of the Spanish Civil War.
(HN, 12/4/00)(MC, 12/4/01)
1893 Feb 21, Andrés Segovia
(d.1987), Spanish classical guitarist, was born in Linares, Spain.
(WUD, 1994 p.1291)(HN, 2/21/01)(MC, 2/21/02)
1893 Apr 20, Joan Miró
(Joan Miro), Spanish painter, was born.
(HN, 4/20/01)
1893 Nov 7, In Barcelona, Spain,
23 people including 9 women, were killed at Liceo Opera House by a bomb
thrown by anarchist Salvador Franch bomb.
(http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/Anarchist_Archives/vizetelly/vizetelly7.html)
1895 Mar 26, King Alfonso planted
a pine sapling in Madrid and started Spain's Arbor Day.
(SS, 3/26/02)
1895 Nov 28, Jose Iturbi, pianist
(Pequena danza Espanola), was born in Valencia, Spain.
(MC, 11/28/01)
1893 Apr 20, Joan Miró,
Spanish painter, was born.
(HN, 4/20/01)
1897 Aug 8, Anarchist Miguel
Angiolillo assassinated Spanish PM Antonio Canovas del Castillo at
Santa Agueda, Spain. Práxides Mateo Sagasta became prime
minister of Spain.
(NG, 11/04,
p.76)(www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html)
1897 Nov 25, Spain granted Puerto
Rico autonomy.
(MC, 11/25/01)
1898 Feb, 15, The battleship USS
Maine exploded and sank in Havana harbor. It had been sent there to
menace Imperial Spain and its sinking helped to precipitate the
Spanish-American War.
(Civilization, July-Aug, 1995, p. 14)(NH, 4/97, p.38)
1898 Apr 11, American President
McKinley asked Congress to authorize military intervention in Cuba. The
war was fomented by New York newspapers in their own battle for
circulation.
(AP, 4/11/07)(WSJ, 5/19/98, p.A20)
1898 Apr 20, President
McKinley signed a congressional resolution recognizing Cuban
independence from Spain. He signed the Joint Resolution for War with
Spain that authorized U.S. military intervention to Cuban independence.
(AP, 4/20/97)(SFC, 1/19/02, p.A19)
1898 Apr 21, The Spanish-American
War began. In 1998 David Traxel published "1898: The Birth of the
American Century," a history of the Spanish-American War.
(HN, 4/21/98)(SFEC, 7/5/98, BR p.6)
1898 Apr 22, With the United
States and Spain on the verge of formally declaring war, the U.S. Navy
began blockading Cuban ports. In the first Spanish-American War action
the USS Nashville captured a Spanish merchant ship, the Buenaventura,
off Key West, Fla. Also, Congress authorized creation of the First U.S.
Volunteer Cavalry, popularly known as the "Rough Riders." In 1998 the
book "Empire by Default" by Ivan Musicant retold the story of the was
in detail.
(AP, 4/22/97)(WSJ, 2/23/98, p.A20)(AP, 4/22/98)(HN,
4/22/98)
1898 Apr 24, Spain declared war on
the United States after rejecting America's ultimatum to withdraw from
Cuba.
(AP, 4/24/97) (HN, 4/24/98)
1898 Apr 25, The United States
formally declared war on Spain. The US House passed the declaration 311
to 6.
(AP, 4/25/97)(HN, 4/25/98)(SSFC, 3/30/03, p.A1)
1898 May 18, Juan J. Domenchina,
Spanish poet, interpreter (sombra desterrada), was born.
(SC, 5/18/02)
1898 Jun 5, Federico Garcia Lorca
(d.1936), Spanish poet and dramatist, was born.
(WUD, 1994, p.584)(MT, Spg. ‘99, p.2)(HN, 6/5/01)
1898 Jul 17, During the
Spanish-American War, Spain surrendered to the United States at
Santiago, Cuba.
(AP, 7/17/97)
1898 Jul 21, Spain ceded Guam to
US.
(OGA, 11/24/98)
1898 Jul 28, Spain, through the
offices of the French embassy in Washington, D.C., requested peace
terms in its war with the United States.
(HN, 7/28/98)
1898 Aug 12, Fighting in the
Spanish-American War came to an end. The peace protocol ending the
Spanish-American War was signed Dec 10 after three months and 22 days
of hostilities. 460 US soldiers died in battle. The US paid Spain $20
million to vacate Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. Over the
next 3 years US casualties in the Philippines war totaled over 4,000.
(AP, 8/12/97)(WSJ, 2/23/98, p.A20)(HN,
8/12/00)(SSFC, 3/30/03, p.D1)(WSJ, 7/2/03, p.B1)
1898 Oct 18, The American flag was
raised in Puerto Rico shortly before Spain formally relinquished
control of the island to the US.
(AP, 10/18/97)
1898 Dec 10, The United States and
Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the Spanish-American War. This
ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam to the United States. The
US Senate ratified the treaty February 6, 1899. The US military
governed Puerto Rico from October 1898 until May 1900, when the US
Congress instituted a civil government. The civil government underwent
many changes until a Constitutional Assembly formed in 1950 and
established a Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, which was proclaimed on July
25, 1952. [see Aug 12]
(AP, 12/10/97)(HN, 12/10/98)(HNQ, 7/28/01)
1899 Feb 6, A peace treaty between
the United States and Spain was ratified by the U.S. Senate.
Spanish-American War ended.
(AP, 2/6/97)(HN, 2/6/99)
1899 Apr 11, The Treaty of Paris
ending the Spanish-American War was declared in effect. Spain ceded
Puerto Rico to US. [see Apr 12, 1898]
(AP, 4/11/97)(MC, 4/11/02)
1899-1935 Eusebia Palomino Yenes (1899-1935) of
Spain: a nun of the Institute of the Daughters of Mary, Help of
Christians. She was beatified in 2004.
(AP, 4/25/04)
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