Timeline Sumeria
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Eliki: http://www.eliki.com/ancient/civilizations/sumerian/
Emayzine: http://www.emayzine.com/lectures/sumeria.htm
Flick: http://www.flick.com/onomastikon/Ancient-World/Eastern/Sumeria.htm
Peterson: http://www.coco.cc.az.us/~apeterse/_ART201/sumeria.htm
Pre-History: http://www.roanoke.infi.net/~gunther/mideast/sumeria.html
UWGB: http://www.uwgb.edu/galta/mrr/SUMERIA/
Yahoo links:
http://asia.dir.yahoo.com/Regional/Regions/Middle_East/Arts_and_Humanities/Humanities/History/By_Time_Period/Ancient_History/Mesopotamia/Sumeria/
3,500BC Sumerians and Babylonians use sexigesimal
(base 60) number system according to his-torian Eric Temple Bell.
(V.D.-H.K.p.27)
3,450 The first cities appeared
along the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates just north of what is now
the Persian Gulf. The cities made up the Uruk culture named after the
principal city of Uruk, which corresponds to the Biblical Erech. The
culture invented writing, the lunar calendar, used metal and built
monumental architecture. The cities remained independent for almost a
thousand years.
(eawc, p.1)
3,300 Around this time the
inhabitants of Sumer in present day Iraq adopted the practice of
storing tokens in sealed clay jars. The tokens represented the counts
of foodstuffs, livestock , and land. The stored tokens provided a more
permanent record but required that jars be broken in order to examine
the record. Then someone hit on the idea of making marks in the soft
clay covers of the jars to represent the tokens inside. Archeological
evidence shows that the marked jars led almost immediately to a system
of marks on clay tablets.
(I&I, Penzias, p.42)
3,300 Archaic cylinder seals [of
Sumeria] of this time were later collected by financier Pierpont Morgan.
(SFC, 2/15/97, p.D1)
3,200BC Archeological evidence indicates that the
Sumerians used wheeled transportation.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.1)
3,200 The Sumerians developed
pictographic writing about this time.
(SFEC, 11/14/99, p.A6)
3100BC Writing was related to Sumerian language.
(V.D.-H.K.p.10)
2700BC The Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, ruled the city
of Uruk which had grown to a population of over 50,000. Gilgamesh was
the subject of many epics, including the Sumerian “Gilgamesh and Enkidu
in the Nether World” and the Babylonian “Epic of Gilgamesh.”
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.1)
2320BC Sargon conquered the independent city-states
of Sumer and instituted a central gov-ernment.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.2)
2300BC Sumerian cuneiform texts mention the land of
Magan (possibly Oman) as a source of copper and diorite for the states
of Mesopotamia.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.49)
2,200 In what is now Bahrain
settlements and temples of the city state of Dilmun, known as the city
of the gods in ancient Sumerian literature, were found by Danish
archaeologists in the 1950s.
(AM, May/Jun 97 p.48)
2113BCE Ur's golden century began when King Ur-Nammu
expanded the Sumerian empire and made his capital the wealthiest city
in Mesopotamia.
(AP, 4/15/03)
2100BC The Sumerian King List was written. It
recorded all the kings and dynasties ruling Sumer from the earliest
times. Eridu was named as the earliest settlement and archeological
evidence seems to confirm the claim.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.2)
c2000BC The goddess Inanna was a fertility figure.
(SFEC, 9/27/98, BR p.7)
2000-1600BC In Mesopotamia the Old Babylonian period
began after the collapse of Sumer, probably due to an increase in the
salt content of the soil that made farming difficult. Weakened by poor
crops and lack of surplus goods, the Sumerians were conquered by the
Amorites, situated in Babylon. The center of civility shifted north.
The Amorites preserved much of the Sumerian cul-ture but introduced
their own Semitic language, an early ancestor to Hebrew, into the
region.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.2)
c1900BC The “Epic of Gilgamesh” was redacted from
Sumerian sources written in the Babylonian semetic. The legend was
written about 1,600 BC.
(eawc, p.3)(SFC, 11/18/99, p.C6)
1900-1500 During this period a semetic group of
nomads migrated from Sumer to Canaan and then on to Egypt. They were
led by a caravan trader, the Patriarch Abraham, who became the father
of the nation of Israel.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.3)
1763 Hammurabi, the Amorite King,
conquered all of Sumer. He wrote a “Code of Laws” that contained 282
rules including the principles of “an eye for an eye” and “let the
buyer beware.” It was one of the first codes of law in world history,
predated only by the Laws of Lipit-Ishtar.
(http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.3)
1400 Sumerian writing remained
pictographic until about this time.
(SFEC, 11/14/99, p.A6)
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Subject = Sumeria
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