Timeline Tunisia

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The population of Tunisia, bordering on Libya and Algeria, was about 98.5% Muslim.
    (SFC, 5/6/96, p.A-1,4)
  The Bardo National Museum in Tunis contains the world's finest collection of Roman mosaics.
 (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)
  Kairouan is the 4th holiest city of the Muslim world and contains the Great Mosque of Kairouan.
 (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)

814BC        Carthage was founded by Phoenician traders.
    (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)

814-813BC    Elissa-Dido, Princess of Tyre, Jezebel’s grandniece, fled to North Africa after her brother, King Pygmalion, murdered her husband, Tyre’s high priest. She was said to have  then founded Carthage on a hilltop now called Byrsa. Byrsa means Oxhide and it was said that Elissa could have as much ground as could be  covered by the hide of an ox. She cut the hide into narrow strips and so claimed the whole hill.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)(SSFC, 12/10/00, p.T8)

300BC        Carthago Nova (Cartagena, Spain) had coins minted in the Greek style. One face bears the image of Melqart, chief god of Tyre, the other face shows a horse and palm tree, emblems of Carthage.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, S.W. Matthews, p.171)

264BC        Rome initiated the Punic Wars with Carthage, an oligarchic empire that stretched from the northern coast of Africa to the Strait of Gibralter. The primary cause was the Carthaginian expansion into the Greek cities of Sicily. Carthage was forced to surrender its control over the western region of Sicily and this marked the end of the first Punic War. The three Punic Wars: 264-241 BC, 218-202 BC, 149-146 BC, also known as the Carthaginian Wars, finally resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Roman control of the western Mediterranean.
    (eawc, p.14)(HNQ, 8//00)

262BC        War broke out between Carthage and Rome. Three long wars lasted till 146BC when Carthage was destroyed by Rome.
    (Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.167-8)

261BC        Rome captured a Punic quinquereme. In two months they copied it plank by plank and built 100 like it and eventually the Roman fleet was able to defeat the Carthaginians.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.178)

256BCE    The Carthaginian city of Kerouane was sacked by the Romans.
    (NG, 8/04, p.48)

250-150BC    Punic wars between Rome and Carthage.
    (V.D.-H.K.p.63)

241BC        Mar 10, The Battle of Aegusa in which the Roman fleet sank 50 Carthaginian ships occurred.
    (HN, 3/10/98)

218BC        The Romans renewed their efforts against Carthage as Carthage expanded into Spain. This 2nd Punic War lasted 16 years at the of which Carthage was forced to surrender al of its territory to Rome except for its capital city in North Africa.
    (http://eawc.evansville.edu, p.15)

217BC        Jun 21, Carthaginian forces led by Hannibal destroyed a Roman army under consul Gaius Flaminicy in a battle at Lake Trasimenus in central Italy. Hannibal of Carthage attacked Roman Consul Flaminio at Tuoro on Lake Trasimeno in Umbria. Hannibal’s army of Numidians, Berbers, Libyans, Gascons, and Iberians was down to one elephant after crossing the Alps with 39. His army of 40,000 drove the Romans into the lake where 15,000 died as opposed to 1,500 of Hannibal’s men. Two nearby towns were named Ossaia (boneyard) and Sanguineto (bloodied).
    (SFEM, 10/12/97, p.37)(HN, 6/21/98)

217BC        During the Second Punic War Rome appointed Quintus Fabius Maximus as dictator to stave off Hannibal’s Carthaginian army.
    (ON, 9/05, p.6)

216 BC    Aug 2, Hannibal Barca [of Carthage] won his greatest victory over the Romans at Cannae. Hannibal seized a grain depot in the small village of Cannae in order to lure the Romans to battle. Having crossed over the Alps, Hannibal‘s forces defeated the Romans at the Trebia River and also at Lake Trasimene. Thereafter, the Romans were unwilling to commit a large force to attacking Hannibal. However, Hannibal‘s spies had learned two Roman consuls shared command of the legions and attempted to goad the more impetuous of the two into battle at Cannae.
    (HN, 8/2/98)(HNQ, 11/16/00)

206BC        Rome destroyed Carthaginian forces at the Battle of Metaurus in northern Italy.
    (ON, 9/05, p.7)

204BC-202BC        Greece and most of Asia Minor came under the control of the Romans after the Roman victory over Carthage in the 2nd Punic War.
    (WSJ, 12/26/97, p.A7)(ON, 9/05, p.7)

203BC        Hannibal and his army returned home to defend Carthage against Roman forces.
    (ON, 9/05, p.7)

202BC        Roman forces under Scipio Africanus defeated Hannibal of Carthage on the Plains of Zama in northern Tunisia.
    (NG, 8/04, p.44)(www2.cs.uh.edu/~clifton/hannibal.html)

149BC-146BC     Rome and Carthage fought the 3rd Punic War that resulted in the total defeat of Carthage. All inhabitants of Carthage were sold into slavery and the city was burned to the ground. As a result of the Punic wars Rome expanded its empire to cover Spain, North Africa, Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.
    (eawc, p.15)(HNQ, 8/9/00)

146BC        Roman forces breached the walls of Carthage. All inhabitants were sold into slavery. The city was burned to the ground and the land was sown with salt.
    (NG, Aug., 1974, p.174)(NG, 8/04, p.46)
 
31BC        Rome under Emperor Augustus annexed the Carthage territory.
    (SSFC, 12/10/00, p.T8)

162        The Antonine Baths were completed in Carthage after 17 years of construction.
    (SSFC, 12/10/00, p.T8)

230        A Roman coliseum was built in the town of El Jem that could hold 30,000.
    (SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)(AP, 10/19/98)

230        Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (anglicized as Tertullian), early Christian apologist, died. He was a church leader and prolific author of Early Christianity. Tertullian was born about 150 and lived and died in Carthage (later Tunisia).
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian)

439        Oct 9, Ancient city of Carthage was captured by Genseric the Vandal. [see Oct 19,24]
    (MC, 10/9/01)

439        Oct 19, The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, took Carthage and quickly conquered all the coastal lands of Algeria and Tunisia. Egypt and the Libyan coast remained in Roman hands.
    (Enc. of Africa, 1976, p.168)(HN, 10/19/98)

902        Aug 1, The Aghlabid rulers of Ifriqiyah (modern day Tunisia) captured Taormina, Sicily.
    (HN, 8/1/98)

1091        A trading deal was made between Mahdiyah, near Tunis, and Genoa.
    (WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R50)

c1200-1300    Sidi Bou Said was a 13th century Sufi holy man. A town 12 miles from Tunis was named after him. It was closed to non-Muslims until the 1820s.
    (SSFC, 8/4/02, p.C12)

1332        May 27, Ibn Khaldun (d.1406), Arab historian, was born in Tunis. He was also a social scientist and political activist and developed theories on economics and politics. He authored the "Muqaddimah" (introduction to history), that gave an in-depth analysis of the cyclical nature of the rise, maturation and decline of political regimes and economies.
    (HN, 5/27/98)(WSJ, 1/11/99, p.R20)

1518        Algiers and Tunis, Barbary states in North Africa, were founded.
    (TL-MB, p.11)

1530s        Khayr Ad-Din (d.1546) known by the European name Barbarossa, meaning Redbeard, united Algeria and Tunisia as military states under the Ottoman caliphate. He was a Barbary pirate and later as admiral of the Ottoman fleet.
    (HNQ, 4/25/02)

1534        Aug 20, Turkish admiral Chaireddin (Khair ad-Din) "Barbarossa" occupied Tunis.
    (MC, 8/20/02)(PC, 1992, p.178)

1535        Holy Roman Emperor Charles V led a naval expedition to Tunis against Barbarossa. The foray proved successful, but Barbarossa escaped and continued to fight.
    (WSJ, 7/21/08, p.A11)

1546        Barbarossa, one of the great figures in the court at Istanbul, died. Khayr Ad-Din was a Barbary pirate and later, as admiral of the Ottoman fleet, he united Algeria and Tunisia as military states under the Ottoman caliphate in the 1530s.
    (HNQ, 2/10/99)

1554        Dragut, leader of the Mediterranean pirates, recaptured Mehedia, Tunisia, from the Spaniards.
    (TL-MB, 1988, p.18)

1655        Apr 4, Battle at Postage Farina, Tunis: English fleet licked Barbarian pirates.
    (MC, 4/4/02)

1655        Apr 28, English admiral Blake beat a Tunisian pirate fleet.
    (MC, 4/28/02)

1795        In Tripoli Pasha Yusef Karamanli deposed his older brother Hamet in a bloodless coup.
    (ON, 10/06, p.8)

1798        Mar 26, Tunis, under the rule of Bey Hamuda Pasha, signed a treaty of peace and friendship with the US following negotiations with William Eaton. The American Revolutionary War veteran had been recently appointed consul to the North African kingdom.
    (ON, 10/06, p.7)

1800        Jan 10, The US Senate ratified a peace treaty with Tunis.
    (ON, 10/06, p.7)

1815        Aug 5, A peace treaty with Tripoli, which followed treaties with Algeria (Jun 30) and Tunis (Aug 28), brought an end to the Barbary Wars. Commodores Stephen Decatur and William Bainbridge had conducted successful operations against the Barbary States of Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli.
    (HN, 8/5/98)(WSJ, 10/9/01, p.A22)(ON, 10/06, p.10)

1881        May 12, The Treaty of Bardo established Tunis [Tunisia] as a French protectorate.
    (SC, internet, 5/12/97)(HN, 5/12/98)

1890        The Cathedral of St. Louis was built in a suburb north of Tunis.
    (SSFC, 12/10/00, p.T8)

1902        Aug 3, Habib Bourguiba, 1st president of Tunisia, was born.
    (SC, 8/3/02)

1903        Aug 3, Habib Bourguiba (d.2000), later president and independence leader, was born in Monastir. Some said the papers were doctored and that he was born earlier.
    (SFC, 4/7/00, p.D5)

1930s        Habib Bourguiba founded the Neo-Destour nationalist movement dedicated to end French colonial rule.
    (SFC, 4/7/00, p.D5)

1934        Sep 3, Tunisia began its move for independence.
    (MC, 9/3/01)

1939        Bahi Ladgham was arrested and sentenced to prison for plotting against the state’s security.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)

1942        Nov, German troops arrived in Tunisia. The nation was home to some 100,000 Jews at the time. The Germans imposed anti-Semitic policies that included fines, forcing Jews to wear Star of David badges and confiscating property. More than 5,000 Jews were sent to forced labor camps, where 46 are known to have died. About 160 Tunisian Jews in France were sent to European death camps.
    (AP, 1/30/07)

1943        Jan 22, Axis forces pulled out of Tripoli for Tunisia, and destroyed bases as they left.
    (HN, 1/22/99)

1943        Feb 13, There was a German assault on Sidi Bou Zid, Tunisia, as Gen. Eisenhower visited the front.
    (MC, 2/13/02)

1943        Feb 14, A German offensive was made through the de Faid pass in Tunisia.
    (MC, 2/14/02)

1943        Feb 15, The Germans broke the U.S. lines at the Fanid-Sened Sector in Tunisia.
    (HN, 2/15/98)

1943        Feb 16, Withdrawing Africa Corps reached the Mareth-line in North Africa.
    (MC, 2/16/02)

1943        Feb 18, Rommel took three towns in Tunisia, North Africa. The intercepted communications of an American in Cairo provided a secret ear for the Desert Fox.
    (HN, 2/18/98)

1943        Feb 19, German tanks under brig. general Buelowius attacked Kasserine Pass, Tunisia.
    (MC, 2/19/02)

1943        Feb 20, German troops of the Afrika Korps broke through the Kasserine Pass, defeating U.S. forces.
    (HN, 2/20/99)

1943        Feb 21, German tanks and two infantry battalions broke the Allied line and took Kasserine Pass in North Africa.
    (HN, 2/21/98)

1943        Feb 23, German troops pulled back through the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia.
    (MC, 2/23/02)

1943        Feb 25, U.S. troops retook the Kasserine Pass in Tunisia, where they had been defeated five days before.
    (HN, 2/25/99)

1943        Feb 26, The German assault moved to Beja, North Tunisia.
    (SC, 2/26/02)

1943        Mar 6, Battle at Medenine, North-Africa: Rommel's assault attack.
    (MC, 3/6/02)

1943        Mar 10, Hitler called Rommel back from Tunisia in North Africa. The intercepted communications of an American in Cairo provided a secret ear for the Desert Fox.
    (HN, 3/10/98)

1943        Mar 18, American forces took Gafsa in Tunisia. In the crucible of Operation Torch, the men of Sub-Task Force Goalpost received their baptism of fire capturing the Moroccan town of Port Lyautey.
    (HN, 3/18/98)

1943        Mar 21, British 8th army opened an assault on Mareth line, Tunisia.
    (MC, 3/21/02)

1943        Mar 23, Germans counter attacked US lines in Tunisia.
    (SS, 3/23/02)

1943        Mar 27, US began an assault on Fondouk-pass, Tunisia.
    (MC, 3/27/02)

1943        Apr 19-1943 Apr 20, Lance Sgt. Haane Manahi (d.1987) of New Zealand performed gallant actions against overwhelming odds in the bloody battle for Takrouna, a fortified citadel in Tunisia, North Africa. In 2007 the Maori trooper was posthumously honored he 64 years after he was denied a top gallantry award despite a commendation signed by four commanding generals.
    (AP, 3/17/07)(www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/name-004807.html)

1943        Apr 22, There was German counter attack in North Tunisia.
    (MC, 4/22/02)

1943        May 6, British 1st army opened an assault on Tunis.
    (MC, 5/6/02)

1943        May 7, The last major German strongholds in North Africa, Tunis and Bizerte, fell to Allied forces.
    (HN, 5/7/99)

1943        May 9, The 5th German Panzer army surrendered in Tunisia.
    (MC, 5/9/02)

1943        May 11, Hermann Goering division in Tunisia surrendered.
    (MC, 5/11/02)

1943        May 12, Axis forces in Tunisia and all of North Africa surrendered.
    (AP, 5/12/97)(HN, 5/12/98)

1943        May 20, French, British and US held a victory parade in Tunis, Tunisia.
    (MC, 5/20/02)

1943        Jul 8, US invasion fleet passed Bizerta, Tunisia.
    (MC, 7/8/02)

1943        In Tunisia Khaled Abdelwahhab hid a group of Jews on his farm outside Mahdia, saving them from the Nazi troops occupying the North African nation. In 2007 Abdelwahhab became the first Arab to be nominated for recognition as "Righteous Among the Nations," an honor bestowed on non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews from Nazi persecution.
    (AP, 1/30/07)

1953        May, Reports claimed that 200 young Muslims tried to invade the Jewish quarter and had provoked an Arab-Jewish riot. Bahi Ladgham challenged the French authorities to permit an int’l. investigation.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)

1953-1973    Bahi Ladgham (d.1998 at 85) was secretary general of the Neo-Destour Party, dedicated to independence.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)

1956        Mar 20, Tunisia was granted independence by France. Tunisia became an independent nation under the leadership of Habib Bourguiba. He launched a campaign advocating birth control. By 2003 the fertility rate plunged from 7.2 in the 1960s to 2.08.
    (WUD, 1994, p.1685)(EWH, 1968, p.1247)(SFEC, 4/12/98, p.T5)(SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)(WSJ, 8/8/03, p.A1)

1956        Jul 20, France recognized Tunisia's independence. [see Mar 20]
    (MC, 7/20/02)

1957        Mar 30, Tunisia and Morocco signed a friendship treaty in Rabat.
    (HN, 3/30/98)

1957        Jul 25, The monarchy in Tunisia was abolished in favor of a republic.
    (AP, 7/25/07)

1958        Iraq’s Prime minister Fadhel al-Jamali (1903-1997) was sentenced to death after a military coup. He was freed after Morocco interceded and he later became an advisor to Pres. Habib Bourguiba who granted him citizenship.
    (SFC, 5/27/97, p.A22)   

1959        Nov 8, Tunisian Pres. Habib Bourguiba's Nes Destour party won every chair.
    (MC, 11/8/01)

1960        The per capita income was under $200 and the illiteracy rate was more than 80%.
    (SFC, 5/6/96, p.A-4)

1966        Tunisia legalized abortion.
    (WSJ, 8/7/03, p.A5)

1969-1970    Bahi Ladgham served as premier.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)

1970        Sep 27, A cease-fire accord was signed in Cairo between the Jordanian army and Palestinian guerrillas by King Hussein and Yasser Arafat brokered by the Arab peace committee headed by Bahi Ladgham of Tunisia.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)(http://tinyurl.com/6e3v9s)

1970        Nov, Hedy Nouri succeeded Bahi Ladgham as premier.
    (SFC, 4/16/98, p.B4)

1971        Habib Bourguiba was the first Arab leader to publicly advocate mutual recognition with Israel.
    (SFC, 4/7/00, p.D5)

1977        Sep 10, Convicted murderer Hamida Djandoubi, a Tunisian immigrant, became the last person to date to be executed by the guillotine in France.
    (SFEC, 2/9/97, Z1 p.6)(AP, 9/10/97)

1982        Aug 30, Palestinian Liberation Organization left Beirut, Lebanon, and moved to Tunis, Tunisia.
    (SFC, 11/11/04, p.A18)

1985        Aug 21, Tunisia expelled 253 Libyans in apparent retaliation for Libya’s expulsion of over 20,000 Tunisian workers in recent weeks.
    (http://tinyurl.com/yq3x4e)

1985        Oct 1, Israeli forces staged an air raid on PLO-headquarter at Tunis and 68 people were killed. Yasser Arafat narrowly escaped death.
    (WSJ, 11/12/04, p.A11)

1987        Nov 7, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali became president of Tunisia after doctors declared Habib Bourguiba medically unfit to govern. Mr. Ben Ali led a peaceful coup that ended the 30 year rule of Habib Bourguiba. "The Tunisians are Sunni Muslims and deny polygamy, admit abortion, and abjure the veil."
    (SFC, 5/6/96, p.A-4)(WSJ, 6/22/95, p.A-5)(SFC, 10/28/99, p.A13)

1988        Apr 16, Abu Jihad, [Khalil al-Wazzir], PLO-leader, was murdered by Israeli assassins in Tunisia. They left the chief strategist of the Palestinian uprising with 170 bullets in his body. The Palestine Liberation Organization accused Israel of assassinating al-Wazir, a top PLO military figure. Palestinians reacted angrily, and at least 14 were shot and killed by Israeli troops during clashes in the occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank.
    (AP, 4/16/98)(AP, 1/22/06)

1988        Dec 15, U.S. Ambassador Robert H. Pelletreau Jr. telephoned the PLO's headquarters in Tunisia, one day after President Reagan authorized direct talks.
    (AP, 12/15/98)

1994        Tunisia held its first multiparty parliamentary elections.
    (SFC, 10/28/99, p.A13)

1996        The population of Tunisia was about 9 million.
    (SFC, 5/6/96, p.A-1,4)

1998        The Tunisian film "Honey and Ashes" opened in the US.
    (SFEC, 10/4/98, DB p.53)

1999        Mar 26, Hillary Clinton continued her 12-day African tour with a speech in Tunis at a women's rights conference.
    (SFC, 3/27/99, p.C1)

1999        Oct 25, In Tunisia Pres. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali won a 3rd term in office with over 99% of the vote. It was the nation's first multiparty presidential vote.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.B2)

2000        Apr 6, Habib Bourguiba former president and independence leader, died at age 96.
    (SFC, 4/7/00, p.D5)

2000        Jan 19, Bettino Craxi (65), former 2-term Italian premier, died in Tunisia. He had fled Italy in 1994 to escape a corruption jail sentence.
    (WSJ, 1/20/00, p.A1)(Econ, 1/9/10, p.53)

2002        Apr 11, In Tunisia a gas tanker truck crashed into the wall of a El Ghriba synagogue on the island of Djerba and killed 14 Germans, 6 Tunisians and a Frenchman. The government at first called it an accident. Later evidence indicated that it was an act of terrorism. Nizar Nawar (24), a Tunisian citizen who had studied in Canada, was the driver. Al Qaeda later claimed responsibility. In 2006 a Spanish court sentenced two men to a total of 10 years in prison for their part in a suicide bombing. In 2006 Nawar’s uncle, Belgacem Nawar (44), was convicted in Tunis and sentenced to years in prison for aiding in the attack.
    (SFC, 4/17/02, p.A8)(SFC, 4/24/02, p.A7)(WSJ, 5/2/02, p.A13)(SSFC, 5/19/02, p.A3)(WSJ, 8/20/02, p.A1)(AP, 5/10/06)(SFC, 6/8/06, p.A3)

2002        May 7, An EgyptAir Boeing 737 with 62 people crashed in bad weather near Tunis. 18 were reported dead.
    (SFC, 5/8/02, p.A15)

2002        Jun 17, It was reported that fundamentalist Tunisian Jews on Djerba Island were exempt from the country’s mandatory secular education. The numbered about a 1,000.
    (WSJ, 6/17/02, p.A16)

2002        Jun 21, Eleven people drowned off Tunisia while swimming to a boat they hoped would take them to Italy.
    (AP, 6/21/02)

2002        Sep 2, Tunisia's highest court upheld jail terms against opposition leader Hamma Hammami, head of the outlawed Communist Workers Party, and two officials of his political party.
    (AP, 9/2/02)

2003        Jun 20, A boat carrying some 250 people toward Italy sank off the Tunisian coast, killing at least 50 people. The boat's occupants were all thought to be illegal immigrants.
    (AP, 6/20/03)(AP, 6/22/03)

2003        Sep 30, In the largest terrorism trial in Belgium's history Nizar Trabelsi of Tunisia, who once played professional soccer in Germany, received the maximum sentence of 10 years in prison from a court that also convicted 17 other men and acquitted five others.
    (AP, 9/30/03)

2003        Dec 5, In Tunisia an informal, two-day summit brought leaders from five southern European countries together with five of their counterparts from across the Mediterranean.
    (AP, 12/5/03)

2003        Dec 6, The Europe and North Africa summit ended a 2-day meeting in Tunisia. The group, formed in 1990, gathered leaders from North Africa — Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania and Libya — with leaders from France, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Malta.
    (AP, 12/6/03)

2003        The African Development (AfDB) fled its home in the Ivory Coast and set up operations in Tunisia.
    (Econ, 5/19/07, p.50)

2004        Feb 18, President Bush praised social progress in Tunisia and welcomed its leader, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, as a partner in the fight against terrorism while also urging political reforms in the moderate Muslim nation in North African nation.
    (AP, 2/18/04)

2004        May 22, An Arab League summit met for a 2-day session in Tunis. 8 Arab leaders, including Crown Prince Abdullah of Saudi Arabia, failed to show up and Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi walked out on the 1st day.
    (AP, 5/23/04)

2004        May 23, In Tunisia Arab leaders concluded a 2-day summit and committed their countries to political reforms.
    (SFC, 5/24/04, p.A7)

2004        Oct 3, Twenty-two would-be immigrants drowned and 42 were missing after a boat that was to have carried them across the Mediterranean broke up and sank off the Tunisian coast.
    (AFP, 10/4/04)

2004        Oct 23, Tunisia’s Pres. Ben Ali (68) won elections with 94.5% of the vote.
    (WSJ, 10/26/04, p.A1)(Econ, 10/23/04, p.46)

2005        Jan, Tunisia’s 1st private television station began broadcasting under the name “Hannibal TV.”
    (WSJ, 5/26/05, p.A1)(www.hannibaltv.com.tn/)

2005        Jun, The Trans-Sahara Counter-Terrorism Initiative began operations. The US funded plan intended to provide military equipment and development aid to 9 north-east African countries considered fertile ground for Muslim militant groups. Participating countries included Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.
    (SFC, 12/27/05, p.A1)

2005        Aug 6, A Tunis Air jet carrying 35 passengers went down in the sea off the Sicilian coast, and rescuers were on their way. 16 people were killed, while 23 survived. A bad fuel gauge on the Tuninter plane caused the crash. On March 23, 2009, the Tunisian pilot who paused to pray instead of taking emergency measures before crash-landing his plane, was sentenced to 10 years in jail by an Italian court along with his co-pilot. Another five employees of Tuninter, a subsidiary of Tunisair, were sentenced to between 8 and 9 years in jail.
    (AP, 8/5/05)(AP, 8/7/05)(WSJ, 9/8/05, p.A1)(Reuters, 3/24/09)

2005        Oct 18, In Tunisia 8 prominent opponents of the government went on a hunger strike ahead of a world summit on information in Tunis. They called for freedom of the press and of association and want Tunisia’s 600-odd political prisoners to be freed.
    (Econ, 11/12/05, p.50)

2005        Nov 16, A UN technology summit opened in Tunisia after an 11th-hour agreement that leaves the United States with ultimate oversight of the main computers that direct the Internet's flow of information, commerce and dissent.
    (AP, 11/16/05)

2006        Feb 11, In Tunis US Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld and leaders of Tunisia pledged to build closer military ties to help combat Islamic extremism.
    (AP, 2/11/06)

2007        Jan 3, In Tunisia at least 14 people, including two security forces, were killed in the shootout in Soliman, 25 miles south of the capital, Tunis. Fifteen people were arrested. On Jan 12 the interior minister said nearly 30 Islamic extremists involved in a deadly gunbattle with police had blueprints of foreign embassies and documents naming foreign envoys.
    (AP, 1/13/07)

2007        Apr 30, In southern Tunisia a stampede at an open-air concert by stars of the Arab version of "American Idol" killed seven young people and injured 32.
    (AP, 5/1/07)

2007        May 14, In Tunisia Sfax port officials said the Tunisian coastguard had rescued 35 African would-be immigrants who were trying to sail to Italy from the Libyan coast. More than 1,000 people have landed on Spanish or Italian territory since May 10.
    (AFP, 5/14/07)

2007        Jun 9, In Bosnia Karray Kamel bin Ali, alias Abu Hamza, Tunisian-born radical Islamist, was arrested near Zenica. This was several hours after he and possibly three or four others attacked a house owned by Zijad Kovac. 3 family members were wounded.
    (http://isaintel.com/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=45)

2007        Jun 19, The US announced the transfer of six Guantanamo Bay prisoners back to their home countries, including one who, according to his lawyers, now may face abuse in Tunisia for nonviolent political activities. 4 men returned to Yemen and two to Tunisia.
    (AP, 6/19/07)

2007        Jul 6, EU officials said they have asked Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia to join patrols of Europe's border control agency in a bid to stop massive clandestine immigration.
    (AFP, 7/6/07)

2007        Nov 6, Italian police said a Europe-wide sweep disrupted an Islamic cell that was recruiting potential suicide bombers for attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan. They announced the arrests of 20 terror suspects, mostly Tunisians. Authorities in Britain, France and Portugal confirmed arrests.
    (AP, 11/6/07)

2007        Nov 15, A Tunisian court convicted a former prisoner at the US prison at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, on terror charges. Abdullah Bin Omar, a Tunisian citizen who spent five years at the detention facility in Cuba, was released in June.
    (AP, 11/14/07)

2007        Nov, Tunisia blocked access to popular video-sharing sites YouTube and DailyMotion, which both carried material about Tunisian political prisoners. Tunisian activists and allies responded by linking videos about civil liberties to the image of Tunisia’s presidential palace in Google Earth.
    (Econ, 6/28/08, p.67)

2008        Jan 7, The Tunis-based Arab League Educational Cultural and Scientific Organization said nearly one in 3 people in the Arab world is illiterate, including nearly half of all women in the region.
    (AP, 1/8/08)

2008        Jan 30, Tunisia hosted the 25th session of the meeting of Arab Ministers of the Interior. Security chiefs agreed to toughen rules on material that might promote terrorism.
    (Econ, 2/9/08, p.53)(http://allafrica.com/stories/200801220589.html)

2008        Feb 22, In Tunisia 2 Austrian tourists were kidnapped. Al-Qaida in Islamic North Africa later claimed responsibility and warned western tourists to stay away. The 2 tourists were released on October 31.
    (AFP, 3/11/08)(WSJ, 3/11/08, p.A1)(AP, 10/31/08)

2008        Jul 18, In Tunisia 2 officials and three others were convicted of plotting terror attacks and to overthrow the government.
    (WSJ, 7/19/08, p.A1)

2008        Aug 23, A Tunisian court convicted 13 Islamic militants on charges linked to plots to carry out attacks in the north African country. 6 more were convicted on Aug 26 for establishing a military camp in Tunisia's northeastern Kef region designed to train fighters to be sent to Iraq.
    (AP, 8/28/08)

2008        Oct 30, Scientists reported that 1 in 17 men living on the coasts of North Africa and southern europe may have a Phoenician direct male line ancestor. Evidence was based on Y-chromosomes collected in Cyprus, Malta, Morocco, the West Bank, Syria and Tunisia.
    (SFC, 10/31/08, p.A14)

2008        Nov 1, Three Tunisian men accused of terrorism links by Italian prosecutors arrived in Milan under heavy security after being extradited from Britain. Habib Ignaoua, Mohamed Khemiri and Ali Chehidi were arrested in the London and Manchester areas last year as part of coordinated raids across Europe against an alleged Italian-based network recruiting fighters for Iraq and Afghanistan.
    (AP, 11/2/08)

2009        May 26, Tunisia’s Justice Minister Bechir Tekkari said his country is ready to accept the 10 Tunisians held at Guantanamo Bay.
    (SFC, 5/27/09, p.A2)

2009        Oct 25, Tunisians cast ballots for president and parliament in elections expected to hand another landslide victory to incumbent leader Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (73), who warned opponents they would face legal retaliation if they questioned the elections' fairness. Pres. Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was re-elected for a fifth 5-year term with an overwhelming 89% of the vote, his weakest performance yet but more than enough to show his solid grip on the nation.
    (AP, 10/25/09)(AP, 10/26/09)(Econ, 10/31/09, p.59)

2009        Nov 26, In Tunisia Taoufik Ben Brik (49), a journalist known for his critical stance toward Tunisia's government, was sentenced to six months in prison for what his lawyer called a trumped-up assault charge.
    (AP, 11/26/09)

2009        Dec 20, Italian state-run and private television stations said a third Tunisian detainee from Guantanamo Bay is being moved to Italy to face international terrorism charges for having allegedly recruited fighters for Afghanistan. He was identified as Moez Ben Abdelkader Fezzani (40), also known as Abou Nassim.
    (AP, 12/20/09)

2010        Jan 22, Some 124 refugees, who said they are Kurds and Tunisians, landed on the southern shore of Corsica after a lengthy journey at sea.
    (AP, 1/22/10)

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