Timeline Venezuela

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  Venezuela was named after Venice.
 (SFEC, 12/20/98, p.T2)
  Apure state is on part of the 1,300 mile border with Columbia. There are 23 states.
 (SFC,11/4/97, p.A9)
8Mil BC    About this time Phoberomis pattersoni, a giant rodent related to later guinea pigs, wallowed in the coastal marshes of northwestern Venezuela.
    (SFC, 9/19/03, p.A2)

1.8Mil BC    In 2006 a Petroleos de Venezuela team looking for oil in Monagas state, found fossils of six scimitar cats, or Homotherium, along with those of panthers, wolves, camels, condors, ducks and horses, that dated to about this time.
    (AP, 8/12/08)

1498        Aug 4-1498 Aug 12, Christopher Columbus explored the Gulf of Paria (Venezuela) between Trinidad and South America.
    (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v3.htm)

1498        Aug 16, Christopher Columbus reached the island of Margarita (Venezuela).
    (http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/v3.htm)

1498        Aug 14, Columbus landed at the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela.
    (MC, 8/14/02)

1500        Nueva Cadiz was established on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela after Columbus discovered rich pearl oyster beds nearby.
    (SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)

1509-1520    The Spanish colonized the area of Nueva Granada (modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela).
    (http://homepage20.seed.net.tw/web@3/flags/wfh/pg-am-4.htm)

1536        The city of Porlamar was founded on the southeastern coast of Margarita Island off the coast of Venezuela.
    (SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)

1541        An earthquake and tidal wave finished off the settlement of Nueva Cadiz on Isla de Cubagua off the coast of Venezuela.
    (SSFC, 2/19/06, p.F8)

1595        Sir Walter Raleigh explored the South American coast from the Orinoco River to the mouth of the Amazon, an area that he called "Guiana."
    (WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)

1616        Mar 20, Walter Raleigh was released from Tower of London to seek gold in Guiana. He took along his son Wat (22), who was killed during an attack on a Spanish outpost.
    (MC, 3/20/02)(WSJ, 1/6/04, p.D10)

1778        Dec 26, Juan Lovera, artist, was born: ‘artist of independence’: originator of Venezuelan historical painting: paintings commemorate Venezuela’s independence dates.
    (440.com)

1781-1865    Andres Bello, diplomat, politician (a Senator in Chile - his adopted country), educator, poet and author of a Spanish grammar, was born in Venezuela. His selected writings were published by the Oxford Library of Latin America in 1998.
    (WSJ, 2/3/98, p.A20)

1783        Jul 24, Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He  was a soldier and statesmen who led armies of liberation throughout much of South America, including Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Bolivia, which took its name from Bolivar. Bolivar, called "the Liberator," was a leader in Venezuela for struggles of national independence in South America. He formed a Gran Colombia that lasted 8 years but broke apart into Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Bolivar died of tuberculosis.
    (AHD, p.148)(SFC, 6/14/97, p.E3)(AP, 7/24/97)(HNQ, 3/30/00)

1796        Hacienda Santa Teresa began producing rum in Venezuela. In 1885 it was bought out by the Vollmer family.
    (WSJ, 11/10/04, p.A8)   

1811        Jul 5, Venezuela became the first South American country to declare independence from Spain.
    (HFA, '96, p.34)(AP, 7/5/97)

1811        Scotsman Gregor MacGregor (1786-1845), later known as His Serene Highness Gregor I, Prince of Poyais, received a commission from Simon Bolivar in Venezuela to serve in the Army of Liberation. After he returned to London in 1820, he began selling land in the fictional kingdom of Poyais. He served 8 months in jail after English and French expeditions revealed the hoax. In 1839 he returned to Venezuela. In 2004 David Sinclair authored "The Land That Never Was: Sir Gregor MacGregor and the Most Audacious Land Fraud in History."
    (SSFC, 1/18/04, p.M2)(WSJ, 1/30/04, p.W9)

1812        Mar 26, Earthquake destroyed 90% of Caracas; about 20,000 died.
    (SS, 3/26/02)(PCh, 1992, p.376)

1819        May 23, Bolivar’s revolutionary commanders met in the deserted village of Setenta, Venezuela, and planned a march across the Andes to attack Spanish forces in New Granada (Colombia).
    (ON, 3/05, p.1)

1821        Jun 24, Battle of Carabobo: Bolivar defeated the royalists outside of Caracas.
    (MC, 6/24/02)

1822        May 24, At Battle of Pichincha (Ecuador) General Sucre (1795-1830) won a decisive victory against Spanish forces. Shortly after the battle, Sucre and Bolivar entered the newly-liberated Quito and Sucre was named President of the Province of Quito, which formed Gran Colombia with Venezuela and Colombia.
    (HN, 5/24/98)(AP, 11/24/02)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Jos%C3%A9_de_Sucre)

1828        The Republic of Gran Colombia fell apart due to political rivalries between its constituent provinces. Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela became independent countries.
    (ON, 3/05, p.2)

1830        Dec 17, Simon Bolivar (b.1783), called "the Liberator," died of TB in Santa Marta, in Colombia. He was a leader in Venezuela for struggles of  national independence in South America. He formed a Gran Colombia that lasted 8 years, but broke apart into Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. In 2006 John Lynch authored “Simon Bolivar: A Life.”
    (AHD, p.148)(SFC, 6/14/97, p.E3)(AP, 12/17/97)(Econ, 7/1/06, p.77)

1846        Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860) spearheaded a peasant revolt in Venezuela. After a brief exile he returned to lead the Federal War (1859-1863) and founded the Venezuelan state of Barinas.
    (SSFC, 8/26/07, p.M2)

1859        Jan 20, The Federal War began in Venezuela. Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860) led the Federalist Army until his assassination on Jan 10, 1860.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)

1859        Dec 10, In Venezuela’s war for independence from Spain Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860) led the Battle of Santa Ines. Zamora and 3,400 men defeated the Central Army of 2,300 men, with about 1,200 casualties altogether on both sides. Zamora had returned to Venezuela to lead the Federal War, which lasted to 1863.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)

1860        Jan 10, Ezequiel Zamora (1817-1860), leader of the Federalist Army in Venezuela, was assassinated.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)

1863        Apr, In Venezuela the hostilities of the Federal War ended with negotiations for the Treaty of Coche, singed on May 22. This was the biggest civil war Venezuela had had since its independence.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_War)

1863        May 22, The Treaty of Coche was signed in Venezuela. Arms were laid down from the Federal War and a general assembly called at Victoria, which elected Juan Chrisostomo Falcon as president and Antonio Leocadio Guzman as vice president. The latter was at the same time secretary of the treasury, and went to London to negotiate a loan.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco)

1870        Antonio Guzman Blanco (1830-1899) became president of Venezuela.
    (www.famousamericans.net/antonioguzmanblanco/)

1883        In Venezuela General Joaquin Crespo, a friend of Antonio Guzman Blanco, was declared president, and Guzman-Blanco became ambassador to France, living with great ostentation in Paris. In 1886 he again assumed the presidency.
    (www.famousamericans.net/antonioguzmanblanco/)

1884        English explorers Everhard Im Thurn and Harry Perkins became the 1st Westerners to reach the 9,200 foot summit of Roraima in Venezuela.
    (SSFC, 12/14/03, p.C5)

1899        Oct, An int'l. tribunal in Paris ruled on a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana (Guyana). Britain received most of the claim for the Essequibo region, close to 111,000 square miles. Venezuela was represented by 2 US judges and the chairman of the panel was Russian jurist Frederic de Martens. Venezuela rejected this decision in the 1960s.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)(Econ, 9/29/07, p.44)

1899        Antonio Guzman Blanco (b.1830), former president of Venezuela, died. He dominated Venezuela from 1870-1888, when a revolution destroyed his power.
    (www.bartleby.com/65/gu/GuzmanBl.html)

1899-1909    Cipriano Castro served as president of Venezuela.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1906)

1908        Dec 12, Luis Peraza (d.1974), Venezuelan dramatist, was born.
    (www.dramateatro.arts.ve/ensayos/n_0011/milagros_santana_11.html)

1908        Dec 13, The Dutch took two Venezuelan Coast Guard ships.
    (HN, 12/13/98)

1914        Venezuela’s 1st oil gusher was drilled near Lake Maracibo.
    (WSJ, 4/18/02, p.A9)

1914        The discovery of oil in Venezuela prompted Royal Dutch/Shell to build an oil refinery on Curacao.
    (Econ, 6/19/04, p.72)

1916        Jan 24, Rafael Caldera, president of Venezuela (1969-1974), was born.
    (WP, 6/29/96, p.A20)

1928        In Venezuela a student movement shook, but failed to dislodge the dictatorship of General Juan Vicente Gomez.
    (Econ, 11/17/07, p.45)

1929        Rómulo  Gallegos, Venezuelan novelist and Venezuela's first freely-elected president, authored Doña  Bárbara. Mr. Danger, a long-standing figure in Venezuelan  life, was a character in the work. It was republished many times. His government was brought down  in a  U.S.-backed 1948 military coup, ten months after he took office.
    (www.encyclopedia.com/html/G/Gallegos.asp)

1929-1970    Venezuela was the world's largest exporter of oil.
    (http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/venezuela/venezuela51.html)

1933        Nov 16, American pilot and adventurer Jimmie Angel (1899-1956) flew over the world's tallest waterfall in Venezuela, while searching for a cloud-shrouded, flat-topped mountain where he had previously discovered gold. The falls became known as Angel Falls. In 2009 Pres. Hugo Chavez said that the waterfall should revert to its original indigenous name, Kerepakupai-Meru.
    (AP, 12/21/09)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Angel)

1943        Venezuela negotiated the first 50-50 oil deal with Shell Oil and Standard Oil of New Jersey.
    (WSJ, 9/13/99, p.R4)

1949        A memorandum by Severo Mallet-Prevost was published posthumously. He had acted as junior counsel in 1899 land dispute with British Guiana and asserted that Venezuela was pressured to accept the deal or give up territory to the mouth of the Orinoco.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)

1950s        Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez was a popular dictator for 10 years. He prided himself on colossal public works that included the Central University.
    (WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.T6)

1952-1958    Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez was president (dictator) of Venezuela. He prided himself on colossal public works that included the Central University. He was ousted by a popular revolt in Jan., 1958.
    (WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.T6)(www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0838296.html)

1953        In Venezuela a statue of the legendary Maria Lionza, crafted by sculptor Alejandro Colina, was placed in Caracas by the dictator Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez. The 20-foot image of a naked, muscular Indian woman sitting astride a wild tapir, a snake coiled at its feet split apart at the waist in 2004.
    (AP, 6/8/04)

1954        Jul 28, Hugo Chavez, later president of Venezuela, was born in Sabaneta, Venezuela.
    (SSFC, 8/26/07, p.M2)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez)

1954        The Caracas Convention established ground rules for political sanctuary in Latin America.
    (SFC, 7/12/97, p.A13)

1954        Venezuela’s Radio Caracas Television Station (RCTV) began operations.
    (Econ, 6/2/07, p.38)

1957        Nov 21, A student strike began at the Central Univ. of Venezuela (UCV) against the electoral fraud of the dictatorship of Marcos Perez Jimenez. This soon led his downfall.
    (WSJ, 11/24/07, p.A12)(www.handsoffvenezuela.org/students_march_referendum.htm)

1957        Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez opened his Hotel Humboldt atop a mountain overlooking Caracas. The hotel closed in 1970. In 2001 it underwent a $90 million renovation.
    (SSFC, 6/24/01, p.T6)

1958        Jan 23, Venezuela gained liberties with the overthrow of Gen. Marcos Perez Jimenez, its last dictator. The social democrats' Democratic Action (AD) and the Christian Democrats (Copei) began alternating power and then entered into the power-sharing agreement called "Pacto de Punto Fijo." Rafael Antonio Caldera (1916-2009) was one of the three signers of the Punto Fijo pact, which organized democratic elections after the fall of Jimenez.
    (WSJ, 2/26/99, p.A15)(SSFC, 6/24/01, p.T6)(AP, 1/23/04)(AP, 12/24/09)

1958        May 13, Vice President Nixon's limousine was battered by rocks thrown by anti-U.S. demonstrators in Caracas, Venezuela. Nixon’s eight-nation South America goodwill tour encountered violent demonstrations, particularly in Peru and Venezuela, spurring President Dwight Eisenhower to order the movement of US forces into Caribbean bases.
    (AP, 5/13/97)(HNQ, 6/14/99)

1960        Sep 14, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela formed OPEC. Fuad Rouhani (1907-2004) of Iran served as its 1st secretary-general. In 1964 he was succeeded by Abdul Rahman Bazzaz of Iraq.
    (HN, 9/14/98)(WSJ, 7/28/03, p.A8)

1961        A Constitution was passed with 252 articles and a wide variety of social rights. Article 99 declared the social function of private property.
    (WSJ, 11/26/99, p.A11)(WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)

1962        Venezuela’s Pres. Romulo Bettancourt announced the cessation of oil exploration concessions to private companies. His energy minister became OPEC’s founder.
    (WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)

1966-1996    Venezuela’s state owned Guayana Complex (producing steel, electricity and aluminum) received more than 100 billion in government investments over this period.
    (WSJ, 8/9/96, p.A11)

1967        Jul, A 6.7 earthquake hit Caracas, Venezuela, and left 300 dead and 2,000 injured.
    (SFC, 7/10/97, p.E3)

1967        Luis Posada Carriles, Cuban-born CIA agent since 1965, moved to Venezuela and rose to become head of a government counterintelligence security agency.
    (SFC, 5/18/05, p.A9)

1967        At least 30 Indians in Venezuela died from a measles epidemic that hit Yanomani villages at least one year before researchers administered the Edmonston B vaccine.
    (SFC, 11/16/00, p.A19)

1968        In Venezuela researchers, Napoleon Chagnon and James V. Neel, reportedly inoculated thousands of Yanomami Indians with a measles vaccine. Chagnon published "Yanomamö: The Fierce People," a summation of his 30 years in the Amazon forest. In 2000 the controversial book "Darkness in El Dorado" Patrick Tierney blamed the researchers for a major epidemic that killed hundreds of Indians. At least 30 Indians died from a measles epidemic that hit Yanomani villages at least one year before researchers administered the Edmonston B vaccine [see 1967].
    (SFC, 11/10/00, p.A4)(SFC, 11/16/00, p.A19)(NH, Jul, p.28)(WSJ, 2/23/08, p.W8)

1969        In Venezuela the Democratic Action party changed the law so that judges would be chosen by party affiliation in proportion to the electoral results, which put the courts into the hands of the deepest pockets. Social democrats lost the presidential election but maintained a legislative majority and passed a new law making judicial appointments a function of electoral results. The judiciary became politicized and corrupt.
    (WSJ, 2/26/99, p.A15)(WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)
1969        In Guyana a group opposed to the government of Pres. Forbes Burnham staged an uprising in the Essequibo region. It was asserted that Venezuela had trained and armed the militants.
    (SFC, 10/26/99, p.A12)

1970        Venezuelan oil production peaked in this year.
    (http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/venezuela/venezuela51.html)

1970-1998    Brazilian Gold miners worked in the Yanomani reservation near Venezuela beginning in the 1970s and introduced disease that cut the Indian population by more than half.
    (WSJ, 1/15/98, p.A1)

1974        Mar 12, Carlos Andres Perez (b.1922) began serving as president of Venezuela and continued to 1979. Oil income exceeded $48 billion over this period. Foreign debt meanwhile grew from $3 billion to $18 billion.
    (SFC, 12/8/99, p.A14)

1974        Venezuela’s Pres. Carlos Andres Perez nationalized the oil industry and the central bank.
    (WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)
1974        Venezuela set up a fund for the future (El Fondo de Inversiones) to help spread its wealth to future generations, but soon began to raid the kitty.
    (Econ, 12/24/05, p.46)

1975        Maestro Jose Antonio Abreu (b.1939) founded the "National Network of Youth and Children Orchestras of Venezuela," which came to be called “El Sistema.” He believed that introducing kids to classical music could heal the "spiritual poverty" that perpetuates social and economic inequality. The school became a network of schools and received UNESCO’s international music prize in 1995.
    (Econ, 8/25/07, p.37)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Abreu)

1976        Oct 6, A Cuban aircraft from Venezuela with 73 people onboard was blown up on a flight over the Caribbean. Castro blamed the explosion on the US. Luis Posada Carriles, a veteran of the Cuban exile’s war against Castro, was charged and twice acquitted in the bombing. Venezuelan authorities kept him in jail for 9 years until his escape in 1985 when he settled in El Salvador. In April, 2005, Posada sought asylum in the US. In May, 2005, declassified documents were made public that linked Posada to the bombing and indicated he was on the CIA's payroll for years.
    (SFC, 7/9/96, p.A8)(SFC,11/17/97, p.A14)(AP, 4/15/05)(AP, 5/11/05)

1976        In Venezuela Carlos Lanz and 5 others kidnapped an American executive and held him captive for the next 3½ years. Lanz later served time for military rebellion. In 2004 Pres. Chavez appointed Lanz to devise a plan for economic self-sufficiency for workers in cooperatives.
    (WSJ, 12/24/04, p.A1)

1976-1996    Venezuela’s political establishment accumulated a growing control over the country’s assets.
    (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A15)

1978        Jul 3, The Amazon Pact was established. Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela signed the Amazon Pact, a Brazilian initiative designed to coordinate the joint development of the Amazon Basin.
    (http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/Amazon+Pact)

1979        In Boston Joseph P. Kennedy launched the Citizen’s Energy Corp., a tax-exempt social welfare program that later depended on for-profit subsidiaries. The initial idea was to ease heating bills during the oil crises. The group signed its 1st crude oil contract with Venezuela. By 2007 the company had expanded to 16 states delivering low-cost oil to as many as 400,000 households. In 1987 Kennedy was elected as a Massachusetts Representative to Congress and served until 1999.
    (WSJ, 3/25/98, p.A1,10)(SFC, 2/17/07, p.A3)

1981        Irene Saez of Venezuela won the Miss Universe title. In 1998 she ran for the presidency of Venezuela.
    (SFC, 5/15/98, p.D3)

1982        Dec 17, In Venezuela Hugo Chavez (b.1954) and other junior officers formed a secret group, the Bolivarian Revolutionary Movement 200 (MBR-200), and vowed to change their society. They made their 1st coup attempt in 1992.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_career_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez)(WSJ, 6/12/03, p.A10)

1983        Feb 18, The Venezuelan bolivar suffered a serious devaluation. Pres. Luis Herrera initiated a round of currency devaluations. The Herrera government was forced to devalue the currency, which at 4.3 bolivars to the US dollar had been underwriting a lifestyle the country could no longer afford. By 2000 the bolivar lost 16,185% to the dollar.
    (www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/nov/13/guardianobituaries.venezuela)(WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)
1983        Venezuela’s finance minister established exchange controls that offered a preferential rate and led to crony favoritism.
    (WSJ, 1/05/00, p.A11)

1984-1989    Jaime Lusinchi served as president of Venezuela. Under his leadership the state Recadi agency under Guillermo Meneses purchased some $40 billion dollars below the prevailing exchange rate with $9 billion estimated in fraud.
    (SFC, 12/8/99, p.A14)

1985        Jan 27, Pope John Paul said mass to one million in Venezuela.
    (HN, 1/27/99)

1985        Luis Posada Carriles, Cuban-born CIA agent (~1965-1976), escaped from prison in Venezuela.
    (SFC, 5/18/05, p.A9)

1986        May 8, In Venezuela 9 people were killed by security forces in the western town of Yumare. Interior minister Octavio Lepage described it as a clash with guerrillas — remnants of leftist rebel bands that largely had put down their weapons by the early 1970s.
    (AP, 3/16/08)

1987-1991    Gen. Ramon Guillen Davila headed the CIA-financed Venezuelan National Guard antinarcotics group. During his tenure 1-2 tons of cocaine were smuggled into the US. He was indicted by a federal grand jury in Miami in 1996.
    (WSJ, 11/22/96, p.A12)(SFC, 11/23/96, p.A2)

1988        Dec 4, In Venezuela, former President Carlos Andres Perez was declared the winner of the country's presidential election.
    (AP, 12/4/98)

1989        Carlos Andres Peres took office and instituted bold reform plans. Increases in fuel costs and government reforms in Venezuela sparked extensive rioting and looting with hundreds of people killed.
    (WSJ, 4/15/96, p.A-1)(WSJ, 5/22/96, p.A-16)(WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)

1989        An IMF loan was made to Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A15)

1990        Dec 7, As President Bush arrived in Venezuela on the last stop of his South American tour, his chief spokesman, Marlin Fitzwater, warned Iraq that there was "no lessening in the threat of war," despite Iraq’s promise to release its hostages.
    (AP, 12/7/00)

1991        Venezuela’s Senate voted to hold Jaime Lusinchi (b.1924), a former President (1984-1989), "politically responsible" for multibillion-dollar fraud, though he has never been tried on corruption charges.
    (AP, 3/16/08)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi)

1991        In Venezuela the Compania Anonima Nacional Telefonos de Venezuela (CANTV) was privatized. In 2007 Pres. Chavez planned to transfer the company into state hands.
    (Econ, 1/13/07, p.33)

1991        US Customs intercepted a large cocaine shipment and began investigations. It was found to be part of a CIA operation out of Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 11/22/96, p.A12)

1992        Feb 4, In Caracas, Venezuela, there was a coup attempt but Lt. Col. Chavez failed to capture the presidential Palace and was forced to surrender. He served 2 years in prison.
    (WSJ, 6/12/03, p.A10)

1992        Nov 27, In Venezuela some 15,000 rebel forces under Lt. Col. Hugo Chavez tried but failed to overthrow President Carlos Andres Perez for the second time in 10 months. The coup left dozens dead and Chavez was jailed for 2 years and then pardoned by Pres. Rafael Caldera. Chavez was elected president Dec 6, 1998.
    (AP, 11/27/97)(WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)(SFC, 12/7/98, p.A9)

1992        Irene Saez, the Miss Universe of 1981, was elected mayor of Chacao. By 1997 she was being considered for national leadership.
    (SFC, 8/19/97, p.A8)

1992        In Venezuela Victor Vargas sold a small bank he helped for to Banco Latino, one of Venezuela’s biggest banks. In 1994 Banco Latino collapsed as a run on deposits exposed questionable loans.
    (WSJ, 1/29/08, p.A14)

1993        May, Venezuela Pres. Carlos Andres Perez was impeached. He was later charged with misusing $17 million security fund for election debts and a lavish inauguration.
    (SFC, 5/31/96, A16)

1993        Aug 31, Venezuela’s Congress officially removed President Andres Perez (b.1922) from office. Perez had served 2 terms as presidents (1974-1979, 1989-1993). He was impeached following a scandal on the alleged mishandling of US$17 million from the presidents' special secret fund, used to help Violeta Chamorro's government in Nicaragua.
    (www.expat-today.com/venezuela/expat1.htm)(http://tinyurl.com/orkso)

1993        Rafael Caldera was elected president of Venezuela. He promised not to increase fuel costs.
    (WSJ, 4/15/96, p.A-14)

1993        In Venezuela Victor Vargas purchased Banco Occidental de Descuento, a small regional bank known for it’s a-list of oil-services clients.
    (WSJ, 1/29/08, p.A14)

1994        Jan 3, In Maracaibo, Venezuela, a riot and fire at the Sabaneta Prison left 108 inmates dead.
    (SFC, 10/24/96, p.C4)(AP, 1/3/04)

1994        Jan, Banco Latino failed and sparked a run on the currency that put Venezuela into its worst economic crises. Chairman Gomez Lopez left the country just before a warrant for his arrest on charges of fraud was issued. Ricardo Cisneros was on the board and fled after being charged with playing a role in the bank’s failure. Victor Vargas, head of Banco Occidental de Descuento, was able to snap up Banco Latino’s customers.
    (WSJ, 7/31/96, p.A1)(WSJ, 9/18/96, p.A14)(WSJ, 1/29/08, p.A14)

1994        Venezuela Pres. Caldera pardoned Hugo Chavez for the 1992 coup attempt, and asked him to leave the military.
    (WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)

1994        Financial controls were imposed on Venezuela’s currency and the exchange rate was set to 170 to the US dollar. Almost the entire private banking system had to be nationalized at a cost of $8.5 billion, equivalent to three-quarters of the national budget. Responsible bankers took much of the money and fled abroad.
    (WSJ, 12/12/95, p.A-15)(SFC, 12/8/99, p.A17)

1995        Venezuela devalued its Bolivar currency 41% to 290 from 170 to the US dollar.
    (WSJ, 12/12/95, p.A-15)
1995        In northwest Venezuela the Carbones de la Guajira coal mine began operating in territory occupied by the native Wayuu Indians. The operation poisoned the local Socuy River, which drained into lake Maracaibo, which later became considered too contaminated for swimming. The Wayuu Indians accounted for nearly 200,000 of Venezuela’s 300,000 indigenous people.
    (SSFC, 12/16/07, p.A17)

1996        Jan, The Venezuela government reopened the oil sector to private foreign investments.
    (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A15)

1996        Apr 15, Tens of thousands of striking Venezuelan teachers defied a government order to go back to their classrooms. The month-old stoppage has kept more than 6 million children out of school.
    (SFC, 4/16/96, p.A-9)
1996        Apr 15, Venezuela Pres. Rafael Caldera was expected to announce increases in fuel prices by as much as 850% from the 13-cent per gallon current cost.
    (WSJ, 4/15/96, p.A-1,14)

1996        May 30, Venezuela’s former Pres. Carlos Andres Perez was convicted on corruption charges. He was sentenced to prison for 28-months and fined for misappropriation of $17 million from a secret security spending fund.
    (SFC, 5/31/96, A16)(SFC, 5/28/97, p.A12)

1996        Jun 3, The IMF signed a $1.4 billion loan to Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A15)

1996        Jun 7, Assets under Venezuela state control included all mines, oil production, petrochemical, aluminum and iron factories, beaches, ports, a large proportion of agricultural lands, prime real estate locations, 60% of the value of the banking system, manufacturing companies, TV and the main radio stations. Most of the state enterprises are money losing.
    (WSJ, 6/7/96, p.A15)

1996        Jul 12, Venezuela was awarded a $1.4 billion credit from the Int’l. Monetary Fund.
    (SFC, 7/13/96, p.A10)

1996        Aug 1, The Venezuela tax authorities increased the general sales tax to 16.5% from 12.5%. There had been a 108% rate of inflation over the last 12 months. Transparency Int’l., a Berlin base nongovernmental anticorruption organization, rated Venezuela as the most corrupt country in the Western hemisphere.
    (WSJ, 8/9/96, p.A11)

1996        Sep 18, It was reported that the Cisneros Group, the wealthiest business group in Venezuela, was moving its assets into communications companies such as Galaxy Latin America, a direct TV satellite broadcast service.
    (WSJ, 9/18/96, p.A14)

1996        Oct 22, In Venezuela at least 30 prison inmates died after a fire was started apparently caused by tear gas canisters fired by guards. The fire was set by incendiary devices fired by national guardsmen. 25 guards were assigned to watch over 1,700 inmates at the La Planta prison designed for 1,000.
    (SFC, 10/23/96, p.A10)(SFC, 10/24/96, p.C4)

1997        May 20, It was reported that a plan was approved to allow Venezuela’s 4,000 jaguars to be legally hunted. Proceeds of hunting licenses would be used to move remaining jaguars to protected areas.
    {Venezuela, Animal}
    (SFC, 5/20/97, p.A14)

1997        May 26, Venezuela’s jaguar hunting plan was dropped.
    (SFC, 5/27/97, p.A16)

1997        Jul 9, In Venezuela a 6.7 earthquake hit the northeast coastal region and killed at least 59 people including 27 students trapped inside a collapsed school building.
    (SFC, 7/10/97, p.E3)(SFC, 7/11/97, p.A11)

1997        Jul 23, The US and Venezuela signed an agreement to allow authorities of both countries to board boats of each others flags if suspected of carrying drugs.
    (SFC, 7/24/97, p.A11)

1997        Aug 28, In Venezuela 29 prison inmates died after a dominant prison gang fell on a group of newcomers in a remote jungle facility.
    (WSJ, 8/29/97, p.A1)

1997        Oct 12, Pres. Clinton met Venezuela Pres. Rafael Caldera on the first stop of his trip to South America. It was reported that Venezuela handled some 100 metric tons of cocaine and 10 metric tons of heroin from Columbia to the US.
    (SFC, 10/13/97, p.A14)

1997        Nov 4, It was reported that the new Venezuela town of Ciudad Sucre in Apure state was being set up as a bulwark against guerrillas, drug traffickers and kidnappers.
    (SFC,11/4/97, p.A9)

1997        Nov 22, From Venezuela it was reported that 18,000 people were infected in an epidemic of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and that 34 had died this year. Heavy rains allowed Aedes aegypti, the mosquito which carries anyone of 4 dengue viruses, to breed in water containers left out in the open. In 2006 over 500,000 cases of dengue were reported in Latin America including 14,000 cases of DHF.
    (SFC,11/22/97, p.A9)(Econ, 4/21/07, p.42)(Econ, 7/14/07, p.46)

1997        Sidor, Venezuela's largest steel maker, Sidor, was privatized.
    (Econ, 4/12/08, p.43)

1998        Jan 12, It was reported that over 140 dead dolphins were recently washed ashore on La Tortuga Island. There were no external wounds other than some reddish marks on the abdomen.
    (SFC, 1/12/98, p.A8)

1998        Jan 23, Alicia Machado (21), a former Miss Universe, drove the getaway car following an attempted murder by her boyfriend, Juan Rodriguez Reggeti.
    (SFC, 1/24/98, p.A10)

1998        Mar, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela and Mexico began talking to reduce oil output. They pledged to take 2-3% of the world’s oil production off the market in what came to be called the Riyadh Pact.
    (WSJ, 6/23/98, p.A1)

1998        Apr 27, It was reported that Hugo Chavez, leader of Venezuela’s Fifth Republic Movement (MVR), was campaigning for the office of president. He led  a 1992 failed coup and was jailed for 2 years.
    (WSJ, 4/27/98, p.A16)

1998        Apr, Former Venezuela Pres. Carlos Andres Perez (76) and Cecilia Matos, his longtime mistress and personal secretary, were charged with depositing funds in US banks that far exceeded their earnings as public officials.
    (SFC, 1/8/99, p.A16)

1998        May 14, Irene Saez (38) received the support of the Social Christian COPEI Party in her bid for the presidency of Venezuela.
    (SFC, 5/15/98, p.D3)

1998        May 20, In another part of Operation Casablanca, a US federal indictment  in LA charged 5 Venezuelans with laundering millions of dollars from drug cartels. Bankers Esperanza de Saad and Marco Tulio Henriquez were included.
    (SFC, 5/21/98, p.A5)

1998        Jun 4, Mexico, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela agreed to cuts in oil production and exports for the 2nd time this year in order to raise prices.
    (WSJ, 6/5/98, p.A2)

1998        Aug 20, In Venezuela the market plunged 9.5% on fears that the Bolivar would be devalued.
    (WSJ, 8/21/98, p.C12)

1998        Oct 28, The Inter-American Development Bank approved a $400 million loan to help Venezuela adopt economic reforms while battling the effects of low oil revenues.
    (WSJ, 10/29/98, p.A13)

1998        Nov 8, In Venezuela a leftist coalition led by Hugo Chavez, the Patriotic Pole movement, won a majority in parliament. The Democratic Action and Copei parties won most of the 23 governorships. Former Pres. Carlos Andres Perez won a senate seat in Tachira. Corruption charges against Perez were later dropped due to senatorial immunity.
    (SFC, 11/10/98, p.A10)(SFC, 1/8/99, p.A16)

1998        Dec 6, In Venezuela national presidential elections were scheduled. Hugo Chavez, a former army officer who staged a bloody coup attempt against the government six years earlier,  won by a landslide. He faced a $22 billion foreign debt and planned a constitutional assembly to replace the Congress and to rewrite the constitution.
    (WSJ, 12/3/98, p.A1)(SFC, 12/7/98, p.A1)(AP, 12/6/99)

1998        In Venezuela a 136-mile power line was scheduled to be completed by Edelca. The line ran through Canaima National Park, home to Pemon Indians and the world's highest waterfall Kerepakupai-meru, or Angel Falls (3,200 feet). Construction was delayed by protests and sabotage.
    (SFC, 12/2/99, p.A18)(SSFC, 12/14/03, p.C5)

1999        Feb 2, Hugo Chavez was sworn in as president. He soon began Plan Bolivar 2000, a national effort to refurbish schools and clinics using military forces.
    (SFC, 2/3/99, p.A9)(SFC, 6/14/99, p.A12)

1999        Feb 26, It took 578 bolivars to buy on US dollar.
    (WSJ, 2/26/99, p.A15)

1999        Mar 4, In Venezuela the bodies of 3 Americans, who were kidnapped Feb 25 in Columbia, were found shot to death.
    (SFC, 3/6/99, p.A10)

1999        Mar 14, In Venezuela Irene Saez, a former Miss Universe, won the governorship of Margarita Island.
    (SFC, 3/15/99, p.A9)

1999        Mar 27, Congress approved a bill that gave Pres. Chavez new powers to manage the economy. Chavez vetoed it and said it was not enough.
    (SFC, 4/13/99, p.A11)

1999        Apr 10, Pres. Chavez said he would extend his term from 5 to 10 years. He had already threatened to dissolve Congress and the Supreme Court.
    (SFC, 4/13/99, p.A11)

1999        Apr 11, Pres. Chavez reinstated 37 cashiered soldiers who had helped him in his failed 1992 coup.
    (SFC, 4/13/99, p.A11)

1999        Apr 22, Congress granted Pres. Chavez an "enabling law" to rule by decree on key economic issues for the next 6 months.
    (SFC, 4/24/99, p.A14)

1999        Apr 25, A referendum was scheduled to endorse Pres. Chavez's plan to elect a popular assembly to write a new constitution.
    (SFC, 4/24/99, p.A14)

1999        Apr 25, In Venezuela voters overwhelmingly endorsed the formation of an assembly to rewrite the constitution. The abstention rate was 60%.
    (SFC, 4/26/99, p.A13)

1999        Jul 1, Pres. Chavez appointed Jose Rojas (35), the deputy finance minister, to succeed Maritza Izaguirre (60) as Finance Minister. He then asked the upcoming Constituent Assembly to dissolve Congress.
    (WSJ, 7/2/99, p.A10)

1999        Jul 25, A Constituent Assembly to rewrite the constitution was scheduled for elections.
    (SFC, 7/2/99, p.A18)

1999        Jul 26, In Venezuela candidates from the Fifth Republic Movement, supported by Pres. Chavez, won over 80% of the 131 constituent assembly seats in preliminary results. Less than half the eligible voters cast ballots.
    (WSJ, 7/26/99, p.A19)

1999        Jul 30, A Venezuelan airliner with 16 people went missing. Rebels on Aug 8 promised to free 14 passengers and crewmen. Colombian rebels freed 8 passengers Aug 9 and allowed the pilot and co-pilot to fly the plane back to Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 8/2/99, p.A1)(WSJ, 8/9/99, p.A1)(WSJ, 8/10/99, p.A1)

1999        Jul, A new penal code was implemented and led to the release of over 7,000 inmates from overcrowded jails.
    (SFC, 3/3/00, p.D4)

1999        Aug 12, In Venezuela the Constitutional Assembly assumed sweeping powers and declared a state of emergency for the courts.
    (SFC, 8/13/99, p.D3)

1999        Aug 19, In Venezuela the Constitutional Assembly declared a judicial emergency and gave itself new powers to overhaul the court system.
    (SFC, 8/20/99, p.D3)

1999        Aug 25, In Venezuela the constitutional assembly declared a legislative emergency and usurped most of the functions of Congress.
    (SFC, 8/26/99, p.A12)

1999        Aug 27, In Venezuela members of Congress clashed with police as they attempted to defy a government ban on conducting a legislative session.
    (SFC, 8/28/99, p.A1)

1999        Aug 28, Congress members announced that they would refuse to authorize funds for the constitutional panel and would withhold legal permission for Pres. Chavez to leave the country.
    (SFEC, 8/29/99, p.A22)

1999        Aug 30, The constitutional assembly stripped the opposition-controlled Congress of its last remaining powers.
    (SFC, 8/31/99, p.A13)

1999        Sep 9, In Venezuela the Constitutional Assembly agreed to reverse its order for Congress to shut down and allowed Congress to resume normal activities in an accord mediated by the Catholic Church.
    (SFC, 9/10/99, p.A16)

1999        Sep 16, In Venezuela a Colombian delegation met with the largest guerrilla group to revive peace talks.
    (WSJ, 9/17/99, p.A1)

1999        Oct 4, It was reported that Venezuela had begun domestic sales of unleaded gasoline.
    (WSJ, 10/4/99, p.B13E)

1999        Oct 8, In Venezuela authorities suspended 122 judges for corruption and incompetence.
    (SFC, 10/9/99, p.A11)

1999        Oct 21, In Venezuela corruption cases against 2 former presidents, Carlos Andres Perez and Jaime Lusinchi, were reopened.
    (SFC, 10/22/99, p.B4)

1999        Nov 4, The Constitutional Assembly approved a 6 year presidential term and allowed reelection.
    (SFC, 11/5/99, p.A17)

1999        Dec 15, A vote for the approval of the new constitution was scheduled. The new document contained 368 articles and included the possibility of recall referendums. Voters approved the new constitution which included changing the name of the country to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 11/26/99, p.A11)(SFC, 12/16/99, p.A16)(Econ, 2/28/04, p.36)

1999        Dec 16, In Venezuela torrential rains flooded 9 northern states and Caracas and forced some 120,000 people to flee their homes. Over 1000 people were killed in Vargas state and 25,000 were described missing.
    (SFC, 12/17/99, p.D6)(SFC, 12/18/99, p.A14)(SFC, 12/20/99, p.A1)(WSJ, 12/20/99, p.A1)

1999        Dec 22, In Venezuela 2 helicopters crashed on aid missions and at least 4 people were killed.
    (WSJ, 12/23/99, p.A1)

1999        Dec 25, A Cuban airplane, Russian-made YAK-42, with 22 people crashed just before landing in the northern Venezuelan state of Carabobo.
    (SFEC, 12/26/99, p.D6)

1999        Dec, Security forces killed dozens of alleged looters following the flood disaster in Vargas state.
    (SFC, 1/27/00, p.A12)

1999        The economic crises threw some 600,000 people out of work and led to a major increase in crime.
    (SFC, 3/3/00, p.D4)

2000        Feb, Mayors from the Caracas region declared a "crime emergency" and demanded that Pres. Chavez take action.
    (SFC, 3/3/00, p.D4)

2000        Apr 6, In Venezuela Pres. Chavez announced that the Pemon tribe had dropped their opposition to construction of a 136-mile electrical line in the Canaima National Park.
    (SFC, 4/7/00, p.D2)

2000        Apr 16, It was reported that the murder rate had reached some 21 per day. Cars were reported to be stolen every 10 minutes.
    (SFEC, 4/16/00, p.T15)

2000        May, In Venezuela Ford Motor Co. began a recall of Ford Explorers due to problems with their Firestone tires.
    (SFC, 9/9/00, p.A10)

2000        Jul 30, In Venezuela national elections were scheduled. 56% of the populace turned out and endorsed Pres. Chavez to a 6-year term by a 59 to 37% margin over Francisco Arias. Chavez’s Fifth Republic Movement also won 9 of 23 state governor races and a simple majority of the legislature. The new constitution gave voters the right to revoke the president’s mandate after 3 years by referendum.
    (SFC, 7/29/00, p.A10)(SFC, 7/31/00, p.A12)(SFC, 8/1/00, p.A10)

2000        Aug 7, Venezuela’s Pres. Hugo Chavez arrived in Saudi Arabia to begin a tour of 10 oil-producing nations that included Iraq.
    (SFC, 8/8/00, p.A10)

2000        Aug 10, In Iraq Pres. Chavez held talks with Pres. Saddam Hussein in support of upcoming oil talks in Caracas.
    (SFC, 8/11/00, p.A15)

2000        Aug 13, Pres. Chavez held talks in Libya with Moammar Khadafy and proceeded to Nigeria to meet Pres. Obasanjo.
    (SFC, 8/14/00, p.A14)

2000        Aug 18, Government forces seized 5 tons of cocaine as part of the "Orinoco 2000" probe financed by the US DEA. Another 5 tons was discovered at the Doble Uno ranch just days later. The cocaine was suspected to have been dropped from Colombia.
    (SFC, 8/21/00, p.A10)(SFC, 8/26/00, p.A10)

2000        Aug 19, Hugo Chavez took the oath of office as president of Venezuela after a landslide re-election.
    (AP, 8/19/01)

2000        Aug 26, Maracaibo, Venezuela, won the Little League World Series title, defeating Bellaire, Texas, 3-2.
    (AP, 8/24/01)

2000        Aug 30, It was reported that many professional and entrepreneurs were leaving the country due to economic policies.
    (WSJ, 8/30/00, p.A1)

2000        Sep 9, It was reported that Venezuela had begun a criminal investigation against Ford and Firestone due to at least 47 deaths from defective tires on Ford Explorers.
    (SFC, 9/9/00, p.A10)

2000        Sep 22, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez announced his 1st major spending program. The $2.1 billion plan included $819 million for infrastructure and $756 million for social programs. The rest was for economic stimuli, technology and security.
    (SFC, 9/28/00, p.A11)

2000        Sep 27, OPEC’s top leaders gathered in Caracas for a 2-day meeting. OPEC speakers called on Western countries to reduce taxes levied on oil to ease prices.
    (SFC, 9/27/00, p.A1)(SFC, 9/28/00, p.A1)

2000        Sep 28, OPEC leaders in Venezuela signed a united declaration of 20 resolutions and agreed to meet again in 5 years.
    (SFC, 9/29/00, p.A17)

2000        Oct 11, Tens of thousands of oil workers went on strike for higher wages.
    (SFC, 10/12/00, p.A16)

2000        Oct 26, In Venezuela Pres. Chavez greeted Fidel Castro and they planned an accord for oil shipments to Cuba in exchange for bartered products and services.
    (SFC, 10/27/00, p.D2)

2000        Nov 7, The congress granted Pres. Chavez fast track powers to decree laws without parliamentary debate.
    (SFC, 11/8/00, p.B5)

2000        Nov, In Portuguesa state Alexander Mendoza Sr. (25) and brothers Gonzalo (29) and Ender Ramon (16) were wrongly slain by police officers in Acarigua.
    (SFC, 8/9/01, p.A8)

2000        Dec 3, In Venezuela a referendum was scheduled on suspending the leaders of the nation’s labor unions for 180 days pending new labor elections. Voters in a 20% turnout approved the referendum to oust the leaders of the labor unions. This paved the way for a government-dominated workers’ federation.
    (SFC, 11/14/00, p.A17)(SFC, 12/5/00, p.A14)(WSJ, 12/5/00, p.A1)

2000        Dec 24, Pres. Chavez appointed Adina Bastidas as vice president following the recent appointment of VP Isaias Rodriquez as attorney general.
    (SFC, 12/25/00, p.B4)

2000        Venezuela’s largest electricity company, Electricidad de Caracas, was bought by Virginia-based AES for $1.7 billion. In 2007 Pres. Chavez planned to nationalize the company.
    (Econ, 1/13/07, p.p33)

2001        May 14, Pres. Chavez planned a 3-week diplomatic trip to Russia, Iran, India, Bangladesh, China, Malaysia and Indonesia.
    (WSJ, 5/14/01, p.A15)

2001        Jun 23, Vladimiro Montesinos, Peru’s former spy chief, was arrested in Caracas, Venezuela. Pres. Chavez pledged to return him to Peru.
    (SFC, 6/25/01, p.A1)(WSJ, 6/25/01, p.A16)

2001        Jun 25, Vladimiro Montesinos was flown from Venezuela to Lima.
    (SFC, 6/26/01, p.A8)

2001        Oct 22, At least 11 people, mostly children, were killed during a stampede into a bullring for a music concert in Valencia.
    (SFC, 10/23/01, p.C1)

2001        Dec 10, In Venezuela a nation-wide 12-hour work stoppage was planned to protest policies of Pres. Hugo Chavez. Thousands of businesses closed and millions stayed home as Pres. Chavez countered as host of the annual air force show in Caracas.
    (WSJ, 12/6/01, p.A12)(SFC, 12/11/01, p.A6)

2001        Dec 31, In Caracas street vendors began selling pre-recorded CDs of banging pots to help drown out the long-winded speeches of Pres. Chavez. Earlier protests included the banging of pots and pans and became known as "cacerolazes." Approval ratings for Chavez had dropped from 80% to just over 50% in recent months.
    (SFC, 1/1/02, p.A2)

2001-2003    Cuba ran up an oil debt to Venezuela of some $752 million.
    (WSJ, 2/2/04, p.A1)

2002        Feb 12, Pres. Chavez said the currency would go on float Feb 13.
    (WSJ, 2/13/02, p.A1)

2002        Feb 13, In Venezuela the bolivar fell nearly 19% with the abandonment of exchange controls by Pres. Chavez, who also announced a 7% cut in government spending to help close a projected $8 billion deficit.
    (SFC, 2/14/02, p.B6)

2002        Feb 18, Vice Adm. Carlos Molina Tamayo called for the resignation of Pres. Chavez.
    (SFC, 2/19/02, p.A8)

2002        Feb 25, Gen. Roman Gomez became the 4th military officer to call for Pres. Chavez to step down.
    (SFC, 2/26/02, p.A7)

2002        Mar 7, Venezuela sent some 2,000 troops to its border with Colombia to block fleeing rebels.
    (WSJ, 3/8/02, p.A1)

2002        Apr 7, Pres. Chavez announced the dismissal of 7 executives who led strikes and protests against the state-owned oil monopoly.
    (SFC, 4/8/02, p.A7)

2002        Apr 9, The 1-million member Workers Confederation planned a strike to support protesting oil executives of Petroleos de Venezuela, who were protesting tightening controls by Pres. Chavez. Later reports indicated US cash was used to support strike plans.
    (SSFC, 4/7/02, p.A8)(SFC, 4/25/02, p.A9)

2002        Apr 11, Venezuela’s military removed Pres. Chavez from power after 19 demonstrators were killed as some 150-200k marched on the presidential palace in Caracas. A tape, later released, contained the voice of Pres. Chavez ordering the activation of "Plan Avila," an emergency state security plan. In 2009 a Venezuelan court sentenced nine former police officials to as long as 30 years in prison for the killings of demonstrators during street protests that led up to the failed 2002 coup against President Hugo Chavez. In 2009 Brian A. Nelson authored “The Silence and the Scorpion: The Coup Against Chavez and the Making of Modern Venezuela.”
    (SFC, 4/12/02, p.A1,8)(WSJ, 4/12/02, p.A1)(SFC, 4/25/02, p.A12)(AP, 4/12/08)(AP, 4/4/09)(Econ, 6/13/09, p.87)

2002        Apr 12, In Venezuela Pedro Carmona Estanga, head of a business association, was installed as interim president. A summit of Latin American leaders criticized the ouster of Hugo Chavez. Chavez resigned under pressure from the country's divided military but was returned to office two days later.
    (SFC, 4/13/02, p.A9)(AP, 4/12/03)

2002        Apr 13, Hugo Chavez returned to the presidency as Pedro Carmona resigned following large protests in Caracas with dozens reported killed. Caracas mayor Alfredo Pena said at least 9 people were killed in rioting and looting.
    (SSFC, 4/14/02, p.1,20)

2002        Apr 19, A military helicopter crashed in fog-shrouded mountains north of Caracas and 10 people were killed including 4 generals.
    (SSFC, 4/21/02, p.A16)

2002        May 1, In Venezuela rival groups rallied for and against Pres. Chavez.
    (WSJ, 5/2/02, p.A1)

2002        May 23, Pedro Carmona (60), CEO of Industrias Venoco CA and Venezuela‘s recent 2-day president, escaped house arrest and sought refuge in the Colombian Embassy.
    (SFC, 5/24/02, p.A16)(WSJ, 3/10/08, p.A5)

2002        Jun 15, In Venezuela tens of thousands opposed to President Hugo Chavez marched to demand his resignation and punishment for those responsible for 17 deaths during a coup in April.
    (AP, 6/15/02)

2002        Jun 19, In Venezuela Pres. Chavez made an offer for a referendum on his rule in 2003.
    (SFC, 6/19/02, p.A8)

2002        Jun 29, In Venezuela over 100,000 people rallied in support of President Hugo Chavez's so-called "peaceful and democratic revolution."
    (AP, 6/29/02)

2002        Jul 6, Former President Carter launched a Venezuela peace mission sanctioned by leftist President Hugo Chavez but met with skepticism by many of Chavez's opponents.
    (AP, 7/6/02)

2002        Jul 11, In Venezuela an estimated 600,000 people marched demanding that Pres. Chavez abandon the presidency.
    (AP, 7/12/02)(SFC, 7/12/02, p.A9)

2002        Jul 22-2002 Jul 24, Flooding in southeastern Venezuela killed 5 people and left as many as 50,000 homeless in Apure state.
    (AP, 7/23/02)(SFC, 7/25/02, p.A12)

2002        Aug 2, In Venezuela gunmen with high-caliber weapons ambushed a police patrol in a Caracas slum, wounding at least five people and raising tensions ahead of a Supreme Court ruling on alleged coup leaders.
    (AP, 8/2/02)

2002        Aug 16, President Hugo Chavez railed against a Supreme Court decision to absolve four military officers accused of leading an April coup but urged Venezuelans to accept it.
    (AP, 8/16/02)

2002        Aug 23, In Venezuela subway and bus workers in Caracas unexpectedly walked off the job, forcing more than a million people to find other ways to work.
    (AP, 8/23/02)

2002        Aug 29, In Venezuela thousands of opponents of President Hugo Chavez took to the streets in Maracay to protest tax increases they say will further impoverish Venezuelans in this recession-ridden country.
    (AP, 8/29/02)

2002        Sep 26, In Venezuela thousands took to the streets to protest a decree giving the government the authority to ban protests in several areas of this capital city.
    (AP, 9/26/02)

2002        Oct 8, In Caracas, Venezuela, city police used tear gas to disperse a group of their colleagues who tried to seize the department's communications system in an ongoing eight-day strike.
    (AP, 10/8/02)

2002        Oct 10, In Venezuela hundreds of thousands marched through Caracas calling for the ouster of Pres. Chavez.
    (WSJ, 10/11/02, p.A10)

2002        Oct 21, In Venezuela thousands of stores closed and workers stayed home to demand that Hugo Chavez call early elections.
    (AP, 10/21/02)(SFC, 10/22/02, p.A11)

2002        Nov 12, Clashes between Venezuelan troops and supporters of President Hugo Chavez killed one person, wounded 20 and prompted an appeal for peace from the head of the Organization of American States.
    (AP, 11/13/02)

2002        Nov 16, In Venezuela Pres. Hugo Chavez ordered the federal takeover of the Caracas police force, sending soldiers and armored vehicles to stations throughout the capital. His opponents vowed to block the move and mounted street protests.
    (AP, 11/17/02)

2002        Nov 30, A fire ripped through the packed La Guajira nightclub in downtown Caracas, killing 50 people, most of them suffocated by smoke in what was one of the deadliest blazes in Venezuela's recent history.
    (AP, 12/3/02)(AP, 11/30/03)

2002        Dec 2, Venezuela's opposition launched a general strike to protest President Hugo Chavez's defiant refusal to call a referendum on his rule, closing hundreds of businesses in Caracas.
    (AP, 12/2/02)

2002        Dec 6, In Venezuela at least one gunman opened fire on a Caracas square packed with opponents of Pres. Hugo Chavez, killing three people as strikers trying to force a change of government. Captains and officers of 12 of the nation’s 13 oil tankers joined the strike.
    (Reuters, 12/6/02)(SFC, 12/7/02, p.A1)

2002        Dec 9, In Venezuela a general strike aimed at ousting leftist President Hugo Chavez sparked panic buying at supermarkets and gasoline stations and forced the national guard to commandeer delivery trucks and ensure that service stations opened.
    (AP, 12/9/02)

2002        Dec 15, In Venezuela hundreds of thousands of people marched through the capital demanding Pres. Chavez step down. The strike had cut oil output by at least 70%.
    (WSJ, 12/14/02, p.A12)(AP, 12/15/02)

2002        Dec 20, In Venezuela hundreds of thousands of whistle-blowing demonstrators demanding President Hugo Chavez's resignation took to the streets on the 19th day of a general strike.
    (AP, 12/20/02)

2002        Henrique Capriles, one of the 5 mayors of Caracas, was put under detention for “abuse of power,” following a protest in front of the Cuban Embassy. By 2004 he was still under detention with no formal charges filed.
    (WSJ, 6/25/04, p.A11)

2002        In Venezuela Pres. Chavez cut off supplies to Industrias Veneco Ca after CEO Pedro Carmona’s brief 2-day coup. Franklin Duran and Carlos Kauffman purchased Veneco and the company grew with new government contracts.
    (WSJ, 3/10/08, p.A5)

2002        Under Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, the Oct 12 holiday name Día de la Raza was changed to Día de la Resistencia Indígena (Day of Indigenous Resistance) to commemorate the Indigenous peoples' resistance to European settlement. Between 1921 and 2002, Venezuela had celebrated Día de la Raza along with many other Latin American nations. The holiday was officially established in 1921 under President Juan Vicente Gomez.
    (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_Indigenous_Resistance)

2003        Jan 3, In Caracas, Venezuela, clashes between opponents and supporters of Pres. Chavez left at least eighty people wounded.
    (AP, 1/3/03)

2003        Jan 9, Thousands of Venezuelan bank workers stayed home to support a nationwide strike seeking new presidential elections.
    (AP, 1/9/04)

2003        Jan 10, In Venezuela opponents of President Hugo Chavez took to the streets as a bank strike prompted authorities to suspend dollar auctions for a second day in a row after Venezuela's currency fell.
    (AP, 1/10/03)

2003        Jan 15, Venezuela's VP said the government would respect the high court if it approves a Feb. 2 referendum on President Hugo Chavez's rule.
    (AP, 1/15/03)

2003        Jan 18, In Venezuela at least 100,000 anti-government protesters staged a candlelight march in Caracas.
    (AP, 1/19/03)

2003        Jan 25, In Venezuela opponents of Pres. Hugo Chavez launched a 24-hour street demonstration to protest a court ruling that postponed a referendum on Chavez's rule.
    (AP, 1/25/03)

2003        Feb 4, Venezuela's government suggested a referendum on his rule later this year as a way out of the country's political crisis.
    (AP, 2/4/03)

2003        Feb 8, Tens of thousands of Venezuelans marched in support of 9,000 oil workers fired for leading a two-month strike against President Hugo Chavez that battered the economy of this oil-dependent nation.
    (AP, 2/8/03)

2003          Feb 18, In Venezuela police reported that the bodies of 3 soldiers, who had called for "civic disobedience" against President Hugo Chavez’s government, had been found with their hands tied and faces wrapped with tape.
    (AP, 2/18/03)

2003          Feb 19, In Venezuela the secret police (DISIP) arrested Carlos Fernandez, head of the largest business federation, for his role in the general strike.
    (SFC, 2/21/03, A10)

2003          Mar 9, In Venezuela Pres. Hugo Chavez claimed an international campaign involving the US was trying to discredit his government and he warned other countries not to be fooled by the so-called smear tactics.
    (AP, 3/9/03)

2003        Apr 3, Venezuela’s government fired 828 more employees from Petroleos de Venezuela (PDVSA), the state oil monopoly, for participating in a two-month strike to oust Pres. Chavez. PDVSA lost many of its most experienced and best-qualified employees.
    (AP, 4/4/03)(Econ, 8/12/06, p.56)

2003        Apr 11, The Venezuela government of Hugo Chavez and his opponents agreed to a plan for a referendum on his presidency, and the chief of state pledged to leave office if he loses.
    (AP, 4/11/03)

2003        Apr 18, In north central Venezuela a fight between inmates wielding homemade knives and machetes left 11 dead and 40 injured inside a maximum security prison.
    (AP, 4/19/03)

2003        Apr 23, Colombia and Venezuela agreed Wednesday to build a $120 million pipeline to deliver natural gas to northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela.
    (AP, 4/23/03)

2003        Aug 18, In Venezuela 9 workers died as 8 tried to rescue a comrade who was felled by toxic industrial gases at an animal feed plant outside Caracas.
    (WSJ, 8/19/03, p.A1)

2003        Aug 20, Opposition leaders turned in 2.7 million signatures to demand a referendum on ending Hugo Chavez's tumultuous four-year presidency in Venezuela.
    (AP, 8/20/03)

2003        Sep 9, In western Venezuelan 2 passengers buses crashed in separate highway accidents, killing 45 people and injuring dozens of others.
    (AP, 9/9/03)

2003        Oct 23,  Venezuelan troops and police killed 7 heavily armed gunmen during a raid on a drug trafficking ring in northeast Venezuela.
    (AP, 10/24/03)

2003        Oct 24, Venezuelan troops and police killed seven heavily armed gunmen during a raid on a drug trafficking ring in northeast Venezuela, officials said Friday.
    (AP, 10/24/03)

2003        Dec 2, In Venezuela opposition leaders claimed that more than 3.6 million people had signed a petition demanding a recall referendum on Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 12/2/03)

2003        Dec 19, Venezuela's opposition turned in 3.4 million signatures to demand a recall referendum on Hugo Chavez' rule.
    (AP, 12/19/03)

2003        Dec 20, Four Venezuelan National Guard soldiers were killed in an ambush while patrolling an area near the Colombian border.
    (AP, 12/21/03)

2003        Dec 23, Venezuelan opposition leaders turned in more than a million signatures to demand recall referendums against 26 lawmakers aligned with President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 12/24/03)

2003        Pres. Hugo Chavez, under advice from Cuba, began creating emergency health, education and welfare programs called “missions” to provide public services and subsidies to the poor. They were paid for by a budget controlled by the president without going through social ministries.
    (Econ, 2/18/06, p.36)

2003        Venezuela's tax collection was reported up 28% under a "Zero Evasion" campaign.
    (WSJ, 1/23/04, p.A10)

2003        The Bolivarian University was founded in Venezuela as an alternative to a university system Chavez accuses of being elitist. The main campus in Caracas was set up in a 10-story building formerly used by the state oil company. The government seized the building and converted its offices into classrooms after firing thousands of oil workers who participated in an anti-government strike.
    (AP, 7/29/05)

2004        Jan 27, Venezuela's central bank agreed to allow commercial banks to tap into their reserves by as much as 2% to finance agricultural programs. Venezuela require banks to maintain a 15% deposit as a guarantee against runs.
    (WSJ, 1/28/04, p.A15)

2004        Feb 9, Venezuela devalued its currency by 17 percent against the U.S. dollar, a surprise decision that could fuel inflation but help the government meet financing needs.
    (AP, 2/9/04)

2004        Feb 27, In Venezuela clashes between police and thousands of protesters pressing for the recall of President Hugo Chavez overshadowed a summit of developing nations, with at least two people killed and dozens injured. Chavez opened a two-day summit with the leaders of 18 other developing nations in Caracas, urging them to reject free-market policies imposed by industrialized nations.
    (AP, 2/28/04)

2004        Mar 2, In Venezuela demonstrators hurled rocks and gasoline bombs at soldiers as protests intensified after the elections council ruled against an opposition petition to force a presidential recall referendum.
    (AP, 3/3/04)

2004        Mar 6, Hundreds of thousands of Venezuelans marched through Caracas to protest the rejection of a petition aimed at recalling President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 3/7/04)

2004        Mar 15, In Venezuela opponents of President Hugo Chavez celebrated a Supreme Court ruling that signatures on petitions seeking a presidential recall vote were valid unless citizens disclaim them.
    (AP, 3/16/04)

2004        Mar 23, A chamber of Venezuela's Supreme Court dealt a blow to opponents of President Hugo Chavez by overruling fellow justices on a petition for recalling him from office.
    (AP, 3/23/04)

2004        May 27, Vito Bigione (52), one of Italy's most-wanted Mafia suspects, was captured in Venezuela. He was accused of a key role in international drug trafficking and flown back to Italy. Bigione had spent years living in Namibia and only recently moved to Venezuela.
    (AP, 5/29/04)

2004        Jun 5, In Venezuela tens of thousands of opposition supporters marched through Caracas to celebrate a recent announcement by election authorities that President Hugo Chavez likely will face a recall referendum on his rule.
    (AP, 6/6/04)

2004        Jun 8, In Venezuela, elections officials said President Hugo Chavez must face a recall vote on Aug 15. Should Chavez lose a recall before Aug. 19, the completion of the fourth year of his six-year term, presidential elections would be held within a month. After Aug 19, Chavez's vice president, Jose Vicente Rangel, would serve out the remainder of Chavez's term.
    (AP, 6/9/04)

2004        Jul 6, President Hugo Chavez announced that Venezuela has granted citizenship to 216,000 immigrants since May under a fast-track nationalization plan.
    (AP, 7/6/04)

2004        Jul 30, A Venezuelan judge ordered the arrests of 59 former military officers on suspicion of plotting against President Hugo Chavez's government.
    (AP, 7/31/04)

2004        Aug 15, In Venezuela the opposition's long and bitter campaign to oust Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez finally came down to a recall referendum. Chavez survived a referendum to oust him.
    (AP, 8/16/04)

2004        Aug 16, Election officials in Venezuela announced that voters had overwhelmingly chosen to keep President Hugo Chavez in office.
    (AP, 8/16/05)

2004        Aug 18, In Venezuela opposition leaders charged that as many as 500 of 8,900 polling stations used voting machines that were programmed with an artificial cap to limit the number of votes cast in favor of recalling Pres. Chavez. In 2003 the Chavez regime has purchased 28% of Bizta Software, owned and operated by 2 Venezuelans, who also supplied the election machinery (Smartmatic Corp). Bizta bought back the shares after the story broke and after the 2 companies received a significant part of the $91 million referendum contract.
    (WSJ, 8/19/04, p.A11,12)

2004        Aug 21, The head of the Organization of American States said the results of an audit supported the official vote count showing that President Hugo Chavez won this month's recall referendum in Venezuela.
    (AP, 8/22/04)
2004        Aug 21, A military plane crashed into a mountain in central Venezuela, killing 25 people, including five children.
    (AP, 8/22/04)

2004        Sep 10, President Bush ordered a partial cut in U.S. assistance to Venezuela because of its alleged role in the international trafficking of women and children for sexual exploitation.
    (AP, 9/10/04)

2004        Sep 13, In Venezuela at least five people were killed and a dozen injured in heavy rains, flooding and giant waves from Hurricane Ivan. Nine people were reported missing on a small boat off the coast. Some 350 homes were damaged and 21 destroyed.
    (AP, 9/14/04)

2004        Sep 17, Gunmen killed a Venezuelan oil engineer and six soldiers near the border with Colombia in an attack that officials suspected was carried out by Colombian rebels.
    (AP, 9/19/04)

2004        Sep 21, Inmates rioted at a western Venezuela prison, killing at least six fellow inmates and injuring 35 others before hundreds of national guardsmen restored order.
    (AP, 9/22/04)

2004        Oct 17, Military helicopters doused a 730-foot office tower in Caracas' Parque Central complex, one of Venezuela's tallest buildings, bringing under control a blaze that many feared would cause the tower to collapse.
    (AP, 10/17/04)

2004        Oct 31, In Venezuela candidates backed by President Hugo Chavez swept all but two of 23 governorships in regional elections.
    (AP, 11/1/04)

2004        Nov 19, In Caracas a truck owned by a prosecutor pressing charges against supporters of Venezuela's failed 2002 coup exploded. Prosecutor Danilo Anderson was inside. In 2005 a court convicted 3 men in the murder of Anderson, who had been investigating opponents of Pres. Chavez and sentenced them to up to 30 years in prison. In 2008 Giovanny Vasquez, a star witness, recanted his testimony saying he testified against suspects after receiving $500,000 from a government official.
    (AP, 11/19/04)(AP, 12/21/05)(AP, 4/9/08)

2004        Nov 23, In Venezuela lawyer Antonio Lopez, a suspect in the slaying of a top prosecutor last week, was killed in a shootout with police.
    (AP, 11/23/04)

2004        Nov 24, Venezuela’s Congress passed a bill that lays down strict guidelines for sex and violence in broadcast programming and threatens multimillion dollar fines or even closure for media outlets that disobey.
    (AP, 11/25/04)

2004        Dec 9, In Venezuela a law that gives the government control over the content of radio and television programs took effect.
    (AP, 12/9/04)

2004        Dec 10, A Venezuelan military plane crashed in a mountainous region near Caracas on Friday, killing 16 people, including high-ranking officers.
    (AP, 12/10/04)

2004        Dec 13, In Venezuela President Hugo Chavez's allies in Congress appointed 17 new justices to the supreme court.
    (AP, 12/13/04)
2004        Dec 13, Rodrigo Granda, the principle international spokesperson for the most powerful revolutionary guerrilla group in Latin America, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), was kidnapped in broad daylight (4pm) in the center of Caracas.
    (www.rebelion.org/noticia.php?id=10216)(Econ, 1/22/05, p.36)

2004        Cristina Marcano and Alberto Barrera Tyszka authored the biography “Hugo Chavez.” In 2007 Kristina Cordero translated it to English.
    (Econ, 8/4/07, p.70)

2004        Venezuela’s government built a $9 million outpost on Isla de Aves, 380 miles from its coast and much closer to Dominica, Antigua and Puerto Rico. The island measured 1,900 feet long and 1,640 feet wide. Fishing waters offshore teem with tuna, grouper and red snapper, while oil and natural gas are thought to lie under the sea floor.
    (AP, 10/17/05)

2005        Jan 1, Venezuela was forecast for 4.1% annual GDP growth with a population at 26.5 million and GDP per head at $4,140.
    (Econ, 1/8/05, p.93)

2005        Jan 4, Venezuela's left-leaning government promised to grant poor farmers at least 100,000 plots of land carved from either state property or large private holdings, a step toward implementing a controversial agrarian reform law.
    (AP, 1/4/05)

2005        Jan 8, Venezuela government officials escorted by troops and police descended on a privately owned cattle ranch to determine whether some lands may be turned over to poor farmers as part of an agrarian reform. The owner of the 32,000 acre El Charcote Ranch, Agropecuaria Flora C.A., is a subsidiary of the British-owned Vestey Group Ltd. and a major beef producer. The company insists that it can prove ownership back to 1830. A 1998 census found that 60 percent of Venezuelan farmland was owned by less than 1 percent of the population.
    (AP, 1/8/05)

2005        Jan 10, Venezuela's President Chavez declared that farmland nationwide would be inspected and some of it given to the poor, expanding agrarian reforms with a pledge to fight "the large estates."
    (AP, 1/11/05)

2005        Jan 14, President Hugo Chavez said that diplomatic and commercial relations with Colombia would be put on hold until it apologizes for paying bounty hunters to abduct rebel leader Rodrigo Granda from inside Venezuela.
    (AP, 1/14/05)

2005        Jan 28, Colombia and Venezuela announced a settlement in a bitter dispute over the capture of a Colombian rebel on Venezuelan soil.
    (AP, 1/29/05)(Econ, 1/22/05, p.36)

2005        Feb 1, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez said he intends to sell his country’s interests in 8 US oil refineries.
    (WSJ, 2/2/05, p.A2)

2005        Feb 9, Helicopters rescued stranded Venezuelans after flood waters struck the mountainous central coast, triggering landslides, destroying homes and washing out roads. Officials said at least 13 people were killed and thousands of others were forced from their homes.
    (AP, 2/9/05)

2005        Feb 11, Venezuela's vice president said US objections will not prevent Venezuela from going ahead with its plans to purchase 100,000 Kalashnikov assault rifles and dozens of Mi35 helicopters from Russia.
    (AP, 2/11/05)(Econ, 2/26/05, p.35)

2005        Feb 13, Floods and landslides in Colombia and Venezuela over the past few days cut a trail of destruction through small Andean towns and killed at least 64 people.
    (AP, 2/13/05)(WSJ, 2/14/05, p.A1)

2005        Feb 14, Brazil and Venezuela signed 25 accords dealing with energy and economic cooperation, including the joint development of the Mariscal Sucre offshore natural gas project.
    (WSJ, 2/15/05, p.A16)

2005        Mar 2, It was reported that the bodies of at least 34 men found in Venezuela's central Guarico state in the past three years had burns, bruises and cuts suggesting they were tortured before being executed.
    (AP, 3/2/05)

2005        Mar 4, President Hugo Chavez said Venezuela wants to supply crude oil to India, Asia's third-biggest consumer, under a long-term agreement.
    (AP, 3/4/05)

2005        Mar 5, India clinched a deal to operate a Venezuelan oilfield and import the output as Asia's third largest consumer and the world's No.5 oil exporter vowed to strengthen ties.
    (AP, 3/5/05)

2005        Mar 10, Iran’s Pres. Khatami began a 3-day visit to Venezuela and planned to strengthen political and economic ties with Pres. Chavez.
    (WSJ, 3/10/05, p.A15)

2005        Mar 13, Venezuela announced that it would seize parts of 4 large estates, some 270,000 acres of farmland, after finding irregularities in their ownership status.
    (WSJ, 3/15/05, p.A18)

2005        Mar 29, In Venezuela a crowded bus overturned on a highway and plunged 50 feet down a hill, killing 25 people.
    (AP, 3/29/05)

2005        Apr 22, The US Embassy in Caracas announced that President Hugo Chavez's government has unexpectedly ended a military exchange program with US.
    (AP, 4/22/05)

2005        Apr 23, President Hugo Chavez says "Don Quixote" is a must-read for Venezuelans — and his government has printed 1 million free copies to mark the 400th anniversary of the classic tale of the knight who dared to dream.
    (AP, 4/23/05)

2005        May 4, It was reported that Cuba and Venezuela agreed to start a joint shipyard in Venezuela, the latest sign of strengthening economic ties between the Latin nations.
    (AP, 5/4/05)

2005        May 17, Russia and Venezuela signed a contract for 100,000 Russian assault rifles to be provided to the Latin American nation.
    (AP, 5/18/05)

2005        May 21, In eastern Venezuela armed gunmen stole a 2nd government-owned helicopter before dawn after taking 3 security guards hostage at an airport in Ciudad Bolivar.
    (AP, 5/21/05)

2005        May 29, In Venezuela tens of thousands of marched in Caracas demanding the US extradite a Cuban militant wanted for his alleged role in the 1976 bombing of a Cuban airliner.
    (AP, 5/29/05)

2005        May, Energy ministers from Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela agreed to develop a field in Venezuela’s heavy-oil belt in the Orinoco, a refinery in Brazil’s north-east and an oil and gas venture in Argentina under the name Petrosur.
    (Econ, 7/30/05, p.33)

2005        Jun 11, Jose Maria Corredor, a Colombian drug smuggler wanted by the US, bribed his way out of Venezuela's secret police headquarters with help from federal agents.
    (AP, 6/14/05)

2005        Jun 18, Venezuela said another land holding of Britain’s Vestey Group Ltd. has been found to be idle and rightfully belongs to the state. The 67,000-acre ranch, owned by Vestey subsidiary Agroflora, was reported to be underutilized.
    (WSJ, 6/21/05, p.A14)

2005        Jun, Venezuela set up Petrocaribe under which it offered 12 Caribbean countries cheap credit for oil imports.
    (Econ, 7/30/05, p.33)

2005        Jul 21, Venezuelan leaders condemned a U.S. decision to transmit broadcasts to this South American country to ensure its citizens receive "accurate news."
    (AP, 7/21/05)

2005        Jul 22, At a meeting of Andean presidents Pres. Chavez proposed Petroandina, under which oil-producing countries would cooperate on pipelines and refining.
    (Econ, 7/30/05, p.33)
2005        Jul 22, Seniat, Venezuela’s tax authority, presented Harvest Natural Resources with an $85 million retroactive income tax bill. Royal Dutch Shell received a bill a week earlier and was seeking talks on its bill.
    (WSJ, 7/25/05, p.A13)

2005        Jul 24, Telesur, a new TV station backed by Venezuela's government, began transmitting in various countries across Latin America. The station, funded by Venezuela and also backed by Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba, has drawn concern in the US Congress, where House members last week approved a measure to transmit radio and television broadcasts to Venezuela to ensure citizens receive "accurate news."
    (AP, 7/24/05)(Econ, 7/30/05, p.33)

2005        Jul 28, In Panama a 2-day summit started for 25 members of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS). Venezuela said it will continue offering crude on favorable terms, and even in barter trades, to countries in the region. Thirteen of the 15 members of the narrower Caribbean Community group, or Caricom, mainly island nations, have already signed onto Venezuela's oil initiative.
    (AP, 7/29/05)

2005        Aug 7, Voters across Venezuela cast ballots to select thousands of local officials in elections that could predict how well President Hugo Chavez's political allies will fare in key congressional elections in December.
    (AP, 8/7/05)

2005        Aug 9, Six of Venezuela's indigenous communities received title to their ancestral lands in a ceremony that Venezuela's president said reversed centuries of injustice. An estimated 300,000 Venezuelans belong to 28 indigenous groups, many living in the country's sparsely populated southeast.
    (AP, 8/9/05)

2005        Aug 10, In Venezuela lawmakers approved a transfer of $14 million (30.6 billion bolivars) as seed money for a new Treasury Bank to handle government banking needs.
    (WSJ, 8/11/05, p.A11)

2005        Aug 11, Venezuela's major newspapers calculated that pro-Chavez candidates won some 47 percent of city council posts across the country, while opposition candidates won 17 percent and other independent parties had 18 percent of posts in the Aug 7 elections.
    (AP, 8/11/05)
2005        Aug 11, Argentina and Venezuela signed an accord to set up a joint trust fund aimed at providing export financing to small businesses. Presidents Kirchner and Chavez signed a series of accords during the Chavez visit that included an expansion of Venezuelan fuel oil imports. Kirchner thanked Chavez for the purchase of $500 million of Argentine government bonds over the last few months.
    (WSJ, 8/12/05, p.A7)

2005        Aug 12, Venezuela’s Vice President Jose Vicente Rangel said American citizens could be denied visas to visit Venezuela in response to a US decision to revoke the visas of three Venezuelan military officers.
    (AP, 8/12/05)

2005        Aug 16, A chartered jet filled with tourists returning home from Panama to the French Caribbean island of Martinique crashed in western Venezuela, killing all 160 people on board. The pilot had been attempting an emergency landing after both engines failed.
    (AP, 8/16/05)(WSJ, 8/17/05, p.A1)

2005        Aug 22, Religious broadcaster Pat Robertson suggested that American agents assassinate Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to stop his country from becoming "a launching pad for communist infiltration and Muslim extremism." Robertson later apologized, saying he had spoken out of frustration.
    (AP, 8/23/06)

2005        Aug 24, Venezuela condemned American religious broadcaster Pat Robertson for suggesting President Hugo Chavez should be killed, saying he committed a crime that is punishable in the United States.
    (AP, 8/24/05)
2005        Aug 24, Government officials from Ecuador and Venezuela singed a preliminary agreement by which Venezuela would lend Ecuador a million barrels of crude oil between September and October. A loan of naphtha and diesel was also part of the deal.
    (WSJ, 8/25/05, p.A7)

2005        Aug 29, The Rev. Jesse Jackson met with President Hugo Chavez in hopes of reducing tensions between the US and Venezuela after religious broadcaster Pat Robertson called for the assassination of Chavez.
    (AP, 8/30/05)

2005        Aug, In Caracas, Venezuela, 3 male students were shot to death while dropping off a friend at her home in a dangerous slum. In 2006 a court sentenced 19 soldiers and five police to prison terms of 10 to 30 years in the shooting deaths of the 3 students.
    (AP, 8/31/06)

2005        Sep 1, Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez offering planeloads of soldiers and aid workers to help American victims of Hurricane Katrina, while at the same time taking aim at the US government for its handling of the crisis. He called Bush "the king of vacations" and noted he had been at his Texas ranch and when the storm hit and didn't provide leadership.
    (AP, 9/1/05)

2005        Sep 3, It was reported that Venezuela’s worker co-operatives under Pres. Chavez had increased from less than 1000 in 1998 to an estimated 67,000.
    (Econ, 9/3/05, p.34)

2005        Sep 5, A Venezuela official said a state governor allied to leftist Pres. Hugo Chavez has ordered troops to seize an abandoned tomato-processing plant owned by the H.J. Heinz Co.
    (AP, 9/5/05)

2005        Sep 6, Nine countries: Antigua, Belize, Grenada, Guyana, Dominica, Suriname, St. Kitts, St. Vincent and the Dominican Republic, signed oil deals with Venezuela in Jamaica. Cuba and Jamaica had previously signed. Chavez urged Caribbean governments to consider Cuba-style socialism as an alternative to capitalism.
    (AP, 9/11/05)

2005        Sep 13, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez extended a preferential oil trade deal to 13 Caribbean countries in what he says is part of a plan to challenge U.S. economic domination of the region. The plan includes a $50 million fund to pay for social programs across the Caribbean, similar to those Chavez has started at home with rising oil profits.
    (AP, 9/14/05)

2005        Sep 15, Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez took Pres. Bush to task in front of a global summit for waging war in Iraq without UN consent and won rousing applause for his critique.
    (AP, 9/16/05)

2005        Sep 16, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said he has documentary evidence that the United States plans to invade his country. Chavez, interviewed on ABC's "Nightline," said the plan is called "Balboa" and involves aircraft carriers and planes.
    (AP, 9/17/05)

2005        Sep 21, In Venezuela Pres. Chavez said his government would cancel existing mining concessions and not award new ones.
    (WSJ, 9/23/05, p.A15)

2005        Sep 23, Colombia's 2nd-largest rebel group, the ELN, accepted an offer from Venezuela to host peace talks between the guerrillas and the Colombian government.
    (AP, 9/24/05)

2005        Sep 26, Hugo de los Reyes Chavez, father of Venezuelan Pres. Hugo Chavez and governor of Barinas state, ordered the seizure of a plant owned by the country's largest food company, the latest move in the federal government's land reform program.
    (AP, 9/26/05)
2005        Sep 26, A judge in El Paso, Texas, cited conventions against sending a person to a country where he could face torture. Luis Posada Carriles, a Cuban militant, was wanted in Venezuela for a 1976 airliner bombing. President Hugo Chavez said the decision by a US immigration judge in the case of Posada protects a terrorist and shows the "cynicism of the empire," a term he uses for President Bush's government.
    (AP, 9/28/05)

2005        Sep 30, South American presidents committed themselves to establishing a continental free trade zone. The South American summit was attended by the presidents of Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay, Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil and Argentina.
    (AP, 10/1/05)

2005        Sep, Some National Guard generals in Venezuela, suspected of easing drug movement through the country, were quietly removed from their posts.
    (Econ, 9/24/05, p.48)

2005        Oct 4, Venezuela said it has reduced its holdings of US Treasury securities and moved some foreign exchange reserves into European investments.
    (SFC, 10/5/05, p.A18)

2005        Oct 8, Thousands of poor farmers marched through Venezuela's capital demanding that the government expand its initiative to expropriate what they called "idle" land, a program that has raised the ire of cattle ranchers across the country.
    (AP, 10/9/05)

2005        Oct 12, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez ordered a U.S.-based Christian missionary group working with indigenous tribes to leave the country, accusing the organization of "imperialist infiltration" and links to the CIA. Chavez said missionaries of the New Tribes Mission, based in Sanford, Fla., were no longer welcome during a ceremony in a remote Indian village where he presented property titles to several indigenous groups.
    (AP, 10/12/05)

2005        Oct 13, Spanish authorities said police have seized 3.5 tons of cocaine in a fishing boat bound for Spain from Venezuela after tip-offs from U.S. authorities.
    (AP, 10/13/05)

2005        Oct 15, Members of a Venezuelan indigenous tribe criticized President Hugo Chavez's order to expel a U.S. missionary group he accused of links to the CIA, saying the decision goes against the interests of their impoverished communities.
    (AP, 10/16/05)

2005        Oct 25, A Venezuela military court sentenced 3 former Venezuelan military officers and 27 Colombians to prison terms ranging from two to nine years for an alleged plot in May 2004 to kill President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 10/26/05)

2005        Oct 26, The Mormon Church, citing difficulties with the government of President Hugo Chavez in renewing visas or obtaining new ones, said it is pulling its foreign missionaries out of Venezuela and reassigning them to other countries.
    (AP, 10/26/05)

2005        Oct 31, Live news broadcasts began on a new Latin American TV station backed by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez as an alternative to large corporate media outlets.
    (AP, 10/31/05)

2005        Nov 14, Mexico said it will sever diplomatic ties with Venezuela if Pres. Chavez doesn't apologize for warning Mexican leader Vicente Fox: "Don't mess with me." Mexico and Venezuela called their ambassadors home in a sharp dispute between presidents Hugo Chavez and Vicente Fox over the latter's relations with Washington.
    (AP, 11/14/05)(AP, 11/15/05)

2005        Nov 17, In Venezuela officials said the government will expand a land reform program next year to take control of some 3.7 million acres of "idle" farm land and turn it over to cooperatives of poor farmers.
    (AP, 11/17/05)

2005        Nov 21, In Venezuela Pres. Chavez pledged to help build a natural gas pipeline stretching from Venezuela to Argentina during talks with Argentine leader Nestor Kirchner.
    (AP, 11/21/05)

2005        Nov 22, Massachusetts signed an agreement with Venezuela to obtain discounted home heating oil. Democrat Rep. William Delahunt helped broker the deal.
    (WSJ, 11/23/05, p.A14)

2005        Nov 24, Colombian President Alvaro Uribe met with Venezuela's Hugo Chavez to try to help bridge differences in Latin America.
    (AP, 11/24/05)

2005        Nov 28, Spain agreed to sell 12 military planes and eight patrol boats to Venezuela in a $2 billion deal that the United States has threatened to block.
    (AP, 11/29/05)

2005        Dec 3, A rupture in an oil pipeline caused a fire in western Venezuela, but firefighters quickly brought the blaze under control. Evidence of sabotage was soon found. [see Dec 5]
    (AP, 12/04/05)(AP, 12/05/05)

2005        Dec 5, In Venezuela President Hugo Chavez's governing party won full control of the 167-National Assembly, claiming a sweeping victory in congressional elections boycotted by major opposition parties.
    (AP, 12/05/05)
2005        Dec 5, In Venezuela a Dec 3 explosion that damaged an oil pipeline supplying the country's largest refinery was reported to have been caused by government foes attempting to disrupt congressional elections. Interior Minister Jesse Chacon said investigators found remnants of C-4 explosives at three spots on the pipeline.
    (AP, 12/05/05)

2005        Dec 26, In southeastern Venezuela an accidental fireworks explosion touched off a blaze that raced through a busy strip mall, killing at least 12 people and injuring five others.
    (AP, 12/27/05)

2005        Venezuela’s government in 2005 approved plans for 20 co-management operations. Some 200 small companies had voluntarily applied for co-management status in exchange for government funds. Pres. Chavez vowed to continue taking over companies and converting them to co-managed entities.
    (WSJ, 12/27/05, p.A12)

2005        Transparency Int’l. placed Venezuela 130th out of 159 countries in its annual survey of perceptions of corruption.
    (Econ, 4/1/06, p.31)

2005        Venezuela’s Ministry of Justice reported 9,402 homicides nationwide for 2005. Deaths by gunfire per capita was the highest in the world at 34.3 per 100,000.
    (SFC, 10/6/06, p.A14)

2006        Jan 1, In Venezuela 32 privately operated oil fields returned to state control. A 2001 hydrocarbons law had required oil production to be carried out by companies majority-owned by the government.
    (WSJ, 1/3/06, p.A14)

2006        Jan 3, Venezuela President Hugo Chavez offered Bolivia's president-elect Evo Morales diesel fuel, trade benefits and help in financing his social reforms as the two leftists cemented ties, reasserting their opposition to US policy in Latin America.
    (AP, 1/3/06)

2006        Jan 5, In Venezuela a viaduct, carrying the motorway that crosses the mountains between Caracas and the int’l. airport, was closed due to geologic and structural problems. Travel time one way rose up to 5 hours.
    (Econ, 1/14/06, p.44)

2006        Jan 6, Venezuela said it will expand a program to provide discounted home heating oil to low-income Americans, bringing savings to some Indian tribes in Maine.
    (AP, 1/6/06)

2006        Jan 7, American singer Harry Belafonte led a delegation of Americans including the actor Danny Glover and the Princeton University scholar Cornel West in a meeting with Venezuela’s president Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 1/8/06)

2006        Jan 8, In Venezuela American singer and activist Harry Belafonte called President Bush "the greatest terrorist in the world" and said millions of Americans support the socialist revolution of Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 1/8/06)

2006        Jan 13, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez on blasted an attempt by the US to block Spain from selling Venezuela 12 military planes with American parts.
    (AP, 1/13/06)

2006        Jan 19, Venezuelan officials said that they have approved a new anti-drug agreement with the US, months after suspended cooperation amid allegations of US spying.
    (AP, 1/19/06)

2006        Jan 24, In Venezuela activists gathering for the six-day World Social Forum in Caracas. 2 other gatherings were set in Mali and Pakistan. The World Social Forum was first held in Brazil in 2001 and coincides each year with the market-friendly World Economic Forum of political and business leaders in Davos, Switzerland.
    (AP, 1/24/06)(SFC, 1/24/06, p.A2)

2006        Jan 25, Venezuela’s VP Jose Vicente Rangel said that some Venezuelan military officers have been detained after they allegedly passed information to US officials.
    (AP, 1/26/06)
2006        Jan 25, In Venezuela thousands of activists marched through Caracas demanding an end to the war in Iraq and shouting slogans against U.S. imperialism at the opening of the World Social Forum backed by President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 1/25/06)

2006        Jan, The presidents of Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil met in Brazil and promised to come up with the first set of preliminary studies in March for a $20 billion, 5,000-mile gas pipeline, stretching from Venezuela to Argentina.
    (AP, 1/26/06)

2006        Feb 2, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela is expelling a US Navy officer for allegedly passing secret information from the Venezuelan military to the Pentagon and warned he will throw out all US military attaches if further espionage occurs.
    (AP, 2/2/06)

2006        Feb 3, Responding to Venezuela's expulsion of a US naval officer from Caracas, the State Department declared a senior Venezuelan diplomat persona non grata and gave her 72 hours to leave the United States.
    (AP, 2/3/06)
2006        Feb 3, Some 200,000 Cubans crowded Revolution Plaza for a ceremony granting Hugo Chavez UNESCO's 2005 Jose Marti International Prize. President Castro himself handed over the framed certificate to Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez. UNESCO introduced the Marti prize in 1994 to recognize an individual or institution contributing to the unity and integration of countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
    (AP, 2/3/06)

2006        Feb 9, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez unleashed more criticism toward President Bush and accused the US and Britain of planning to invade Iran.
    (AP, 2/9/06)

2006        Feb 23, Venezuela said it will prohibit Continental and Delta Airlines from flying into this South American nation. Initially effective March 1, the ban was soon delayed to Mar 30. The ban was in response to a 1996 FAA ban on commercial jets registered in Venezuela, because Venezuela allegedly didn't meet international safety standards. Venezuelan officials say they have improved safety standards since then.
    (AP, 2/24/06)(WSJ, 2/27/06, p.A6)

2006        Feb, In Venezuela parliamentary hearings exposed some $1.5 million in bribes, kickbacks and commissions involving the opening of the new Ezequiel Zamora Agroindustrial Sugar Complex in Sabaneta, Barinas state, where the father of Hugo Chavez is governor.
    (Econ, 4/1/06, p.31)

2006        Mar 2, Venezuela's VP Jose Vicente Rangel said that the US was the world's biggest consumer of illegal drugs and had no "moral authority" to criticize Venezuela for failing to control narcotics.
    (AP, 3/2/06)

2006        Mar 7, Venezuela's solidly pro-Chavez National Assembly gave final approval to changes in the flag proposed by the socialist president: an eighth star and a turnabout of the horse that until now has galloped to the right.
    (AP, 3/8/06)

2006        Mar 20, Venezuela agreed to sell fuel under preferential terms to an El Salvador association created by a group of leftist mayors.
    (AP, 3/20/06)

2006        Mar 21, An international audit concluded there are tens of thousands of dead voters listed on Venezuela's voter rolls, but the country's top electoral official said that those errors are being fixed and do not amount to significant flaws.
    (AP, 3/21/06)

2006        Mar 23, The US ambassador said that the US and Venezuela had reached a temporary agreement that will avoid a proposed ban on flights by most US airlines to Venezuela.
    (AP, 3/23/06)

2006        Mar 29, In Venezuela the body of Filippo Sindoni (74), a prominent businessman who owned a TV station, newspaper and pasta company, was found a day after he was abducted by men wearing police uniforms.
    (AP, 3/30/06)

2006        Apr 3, Venezuela seized control of oil fields from France's Total SA and Italy's Eni SPA in a show of force against those resisting President Hugo Chavez's efforts to pry more profits from the industry at a time of high oil prices.
    (AP, 4/4/06)

2006        Apr 4, Venezuelan authorities found the bullet-ridden bodies of three Canadian boys who had been kidnapped more than a month ago. John Faddoul (17), along with his brothers Kevin (13) and Jason (12) were abducted Feb. 23 when unidentified men dressed as police stopped their car at a checkpoint in Caracas as the boys were on their way to school.
    (AP, 4/5/06)

2006        Apr 5, In Venezuela Jorge Aguirre, a photographer for the Caracas daily El Mundo, was shot and killed on the way to an anti-crime protest. He managed to take a picture of his assailant fleeing on a motorcycle. Homicide charges were filed on April 15 against Boris Lenis Blanco (33), a police officer, who was arrested April 13.
    (AP, 4/16/06)

2006        Apr 7, Venezuela Attorney General Isaias Rodriguez said that five suspects were being charged with willful homicide in the slayings of the 3 Faddoul brothers, whose bodies were found April 4. Supporters of President Hugo Chavez pelted the car of the US ambassador with eggs and tomatoes, then chased after his convoy on motorcycles.
    (AP, 4/7/06)(AP, 4/8/06)

2006        Apr 10, Cuba and Venezuela signed agreements for a joint venture to revamp an unfinished Soviet-era refinery in Cuba and supply it with oil from Venezuela.
    (WSJ, 4/12/06, p.A7)
2006        Apr 10, Mexican soldiers seized 5 1/2 tons of cocaine worth more than $100 million from a commercial plane arriving from Venezuela.
    (AP, 4/12/06)

2006        Apr 19, In Venezuela a riot erupted at a western prison, leaving 10 inmates dead and one wounded. A day earlier authorities had seized weapons and illegal drugs from gang members in the jail.
    (AP, 4/19/06)

2006        Apr 21, US aviation authorities upgraded Venezuela's safety ranking, averting a ban that would have blocked most US airlines from flying to the country.
    (AP, 4/22/06)

2006        Apr 22, Thousands of Venezuelans lay in the outlines of bodies chalked on a main avenue to protest against President Hugo Chavez's handling of violent crime, while supporters held a separate demonstration backing his social policies.
    (AP, 4/22/06)

2006        Apr 29, Bolivia's new left-leaning president, Evo Morales, signed a pact with Cuba and Venezuela on rejecting US-backed free trade and promising a socialist version of regional commerce and cooperation. Bolivia became the 3rd member of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA).
    (AP, 4/29/06)(Econ, 5/6/06, p.38)
2006        Apr 29, Peru recalled its ambassador from Venezuela over what it called President Hugo Chavez's "persistent and flagrant interference" in its upcoming presidential elections.
    (AP, 4/29/06)

2006        May 4, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said he was withdrawing his ambassador from Peru as a matter of principle after Peru called home its ambassador.
    (AP, 5/4/06)
2006        May 4, Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva met with Argentina’s Pres. Nestor Kirchner, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez and Bolivia’s Pres. Morales in response to Bolivia’s decision to nationalize its oil and gas industry. Morales offered to refrain from cutting off supplies and to negotiate prices.
    (Econ, 5/13/06, p.43)
2006        May 4, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Norman Caldera asked Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to butt out of his country's political affairs after Chavez signed a favorable oil pact with dozens of leftist Nicaraguan mayors.
    (AP, 5/5/06)

2006        May 15, Washington banned all US arms sales to Venezuela, punishing President Hugo Chavez for his ties with Cuba and Iran and for what it believes is his inaction against guerrillas from neighboring Colombia.
    (Reuters, 5/15/06)

2006        May 17, In Libya Venezuela's anti-American president was given a warm welcome in Tripoli by Col. Moammar Gadhafi. Chavez and Gadhafi planned to discuss "social programs based on oil revenues."
    (AP, 5/17/06)

2006        May 24, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela will buy Russian jets because of a dispute over parts for US-made aircraft, launching yet another verbal assault on Pres. Bush.
    (AP, 5/24/06)

2006        May 26, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez moved to expand his oil-rich country's influence in Bolivia with a set of accords to secure Venezuela's role in the impoverished Andean nation's recently nationalized energy industry.
    (AP, 5/26/06)

2006        Jun 3, President Hugo Chavez inaugurated a Venezuelan film studio to counter what he called Hollywood's cultural "dictatorship." Venezuela received 30,000 Russian-made assault rifles, the first shipment in a deal for 100,000 rifles.
    (AP, 6/3/06)

2006        Jun 14, Pres. Hugo Chavez said Venezuela will buy 24 Russian-made Sukhoi fighter jets this year, and his government will build a factory to produce Kalashnikov assault rifles.
    (AP, 6/15/06)

2006        Jun 26, In central Venezuela a riot by inmates fighting for control of cell blocks within a prison left seven prisoners dead and 11 wounded.
    (AP, 6/27/06)

2006        Jul 4, President Hugo Chavez marked Venezuela's entry into the South American trade bloc Mercosur with a six-nation summit, an alliance that he says should be a common front against US free trade deals.
    (AP, 7/4/06)

2006        Jul 5, Venezuela marked its Independence Day showcasing recent arms deals that have alarmed Washington. Pres. Chavez proposed that Mercosur members: Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, Uruguay and Paraguay, should one day join their militaries to guarantee the region's security.
    (AP, 7/5/06)

2006        Jul 17, In western Venezuela a fire broke out at the Amuay oil refinery. Officials said it was soon extinguished without reported injuries or loss of deliveries.
    (AP, 7/17/06)

2006        Jul 20, Luis Jefferson Lira Rodriguez (20), a Venezuelan soldier, massacred 8 people at Ranch Adi, but said he acted on orders from at least one other lieutenant who claimed there was a Colombian rebel camp nearby. Officials later said rape was the motive and that the soldier acted alone.
    (AP, 8/17/06)

2006        Jul 21, Venezuela formally entered Mercosur, increasing the South American trade bloc's economic might and vowing to transform the policy organization into a force for profound social change. Cuba’s Fidel Castro signed a modest trade at the 2-day Mercosur meeting in Cordoba, Argentina.
    (AP, 7/21/06)(Econ, 7/29/06, p.36)

2006        Jul 24, In Belarus leftist Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez exchanged declarations of solidarity with the authoritarian leader of isolated Belarus, who shares his anti-US views. During the talks with Lukashenko, the two sides signed seven agreements on military-technical cooperation, economic and other ties as well as a declaration pledging a strategic partnership. Bilateral trade was just under $16 million in 2005.
    (AP, 7/24/06)

2006        Jul 27, The head of Russia's state arms-trading agency said that Russia has signed contracts with Venezuela for 24 military planes and 53 helicopters.
    (AP, 7/27/06)

2006        Jul 29, In Tehran the presidents of Iran and Venezuela pledged to support one another in disputes with Washington, with the Iranian calling Hugo Chavez "a brother and trench mate."
    (AP, 7/29/06)

2006        Jul 31, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez praised Vietnam for its battle against "imperialism" and pledged to help the communist country develop its nascent oil and gas industry during a two-day state visit.
    (AP, 8/1/06)

2006        Aug 7, Venezuelan authorities captured Elias Verde, the alleged head of an international drug trafficking group that was involved in a major cocaine smuggling operation earlier this year in France.
    (AP, 8/8/06)

2006        Aug 9, In Venezuela 8 candidates opposing Pres. Chavez called off a primary and agreed to support front runner Gov. Manuel Rosales in the Dec 3 presidential balloting.
    (SFC, 8/10/06, p.A8)

2006        Aug 13, In Venezuela prison officials discovered that Carlos Ortega, an anti-Chavez union leader, had slipped out of the Ramo Verde prison west of Caracas, where he was serving a 16-year sentence for civil rebellion. Three convicted military officers also escaped.
    (AP, 8/14/06)

2006        Aug 22, In China visiting Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said China will expand its cooperation in oil exploration and help his country build a fiber-optic communications network under agreements to be signed in Beijing this week.
    (AP, 8/22/06)

2006        Aug 30, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said in Damascus that he and Syrian President Bashar Assad shared a "decisive and firm" stance against American "imperialism" and "domination."
    (AP, 8/30/06)

2006        Sep 7, American officials said the US government has ordered Venezuela to close its military purchasing office in Miami after suspending arms sales to the South American country.
    (AP, 9/7/06)

2006        Sep 17, Iran's president made his first visit to Venezuela, seeking to strengthen ties with a government that also opposes the US.
    (AP, 9/17/06)

2006        Sep 20, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez took his verbal battle with the US to the floor of the UN General Assembly, calling President Bush "the devil." "The devil came here yesterday," Chavez said. "He came here talking as if he were the owner of the world."
    (AP, 9/20/06)

2006        Sep 21, In NYC Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez visited the Mount Olive Baptist Church in Harlem and promised to double the amount of discounted heating oil his country is shipping to needy Americans. His offer included 100 gallons of heating oil for each of 12,000 households in rural Alaska.
    (SFC, 9/22/06, p.A3)(SSFC, 10/8/06, p.A27)

2006        Sep 27, In Venezuela’s Los Roques islands Elena Vecoli (34), a newly married Italian woman, was murdered and her husband, Riccardo Prescendi (46) beaten inside an inn popular with foreign tourists. Police identified 3 suspects the next day.
    (AP, 9/29/06)

2006        Sep, In Venezuela soldiers killed 6 miners from La Paragua in the Caroni basin, where mining was banned. 14 officers and men later arrested in the case. Another 4 men drowned while allegedly fleeing an army operation on the upper Carua River. 18 soldiers were later accused of abuse of authority.
    (Econ, 10/28/06, p.44)

2006        Oct 3, In Venezuela 2 boys, Renzo Festa (9) and Domenico Festa (12), were abducted along with their mother, Nathaly Gotera de Festa, as she drove them to school. Gotera (35) was married to Italian-Venezuelan businessman Domenico Festa and was in the process of obtaining her Italian citizenship.
    (AP, 10/7/06)

2006        Oct 7, In Caracas, Venezuela, thousands marched in the biggest show of public support yet for Manuel Rosales, the main opposition presidential candidate, who pledged to undo what he called the ills of President Hugo Chavez's government.
    (AP, 10/8/06)

2006        Oct 9, In Venezuela spending exceeded gains from oil sales and the government expected to see a deficit for the year of 4.3% of GDP.
    (WSJ, 10/10/06, p.A6)

2006        Oct 16, Guatemala topped Venezuela in the first round of voting for a UN Security Council seat, but it failed to get the necessary two-thirds majority to win a two-year term on the decision-making body. The 192-nation General Assembly elected South Africa, Indonesia, Italy and Belgium for the four other open seats in a secret ballot. 10 rounds of voting failed to anoint a winner to fill the spot reserved for Latin America.
    (AP, 10/16/06)(AP, 10/17/06)

2006        Nov 1, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez handed public workers $3 billion in Christmas bonuses 1 1/2 months early, angering opposition leaders who called it part of a cynical pattern of public handouts ahead of a December presidential election.
    (AP, 11/2/06)
2006        Nov 1, Venezuela and US-backed Guatemala agreed to withdraw from the race and support Panama, a compromise reached after voting in the UN General Assembly dragged through 47 rounds of balloting.
    (AP, 11/2/06)

2006        Nov, Venezuela inaugurated its Venirauto car factory, a joint venture with Iran. The first 300 units were released on July 9, 2007.
    (Econ, 11/28/09, p.42)(www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/2491)

2006        Dec 3, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez won re-election, defeating Manuel Rosales, governor of the western state of Zulia. With 78% of voting stations reporting, Chavez had 61% of the vote, to 38% for Rosales.
    (Econ, 11/11/06, p.44)(AP, 12/3/06)(AP, 12/3/07)

2006        Dec 18, Venezuela's ruling party took the first step toward creating a single pro-government party, a move opponents criticized as a push to consolidate more power in the hands of President Hugo Chavez after his landslide re-election. Chavez met with Malaysia's PM Abdullah Ahmad Badawi to discuss expanding trade and deepening ties.
    (AP, 12/18/06)

2006        In Caracas, Venezuela, the annual murder rate was 107 per 100,000.
    (SSFC, 11/16/08, p.A16)

2007        Jan 2, Rival gangs battled for control of Uribana Prison in eastern Venezuela, killing 16 inmates and injuring 13. National Guard troops restored order after the riot broke out overnight. The death toll in riots this week rose to 22.
    (AP, 1/2/07)(AP, 1/3/07)

2007        Jan 8, Venezuela’s Pres. Hugo Chavez announced plans to nationalize power and telecommunications companies and make other bold changes to increase state control as he promised a more radical push toward socialism. Chavez stated that he had been a “communist” since at least 2002.
    (AP, 1/9/07)(Econ, 1/13/07, p.34)

2007        Jan 18, Venezuelan lawmakers gave initial approval to a bill granting President Hugo Chavez the power to rule by decree for 18 months so that he can impose sweeping economic, social and political change.
    (AP, 1/19/07)

2007        Jan 21, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez told US officials to "Go to hell, gringos!" and called Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice "missy" on his weekly radio and TV show, lashing out at Washington for what he called unacceptable meddling in his country's affairs.
    (AP, 1/21/08)

2007        Jan 23, Hundreds of Venezuelans protested against a congressional measure that would grant President Hugo Chavez the power to pass laws by decree in areas from the economy to defense.
    (AP, 1/23/07)

2007        Jan 30, Venezuela said it plans to obtain air defense missiles to guard strategic sites such as oil refineries and major bridges against any air strike.
    (AP, 1/30/07)

2007        Jan 31, A Congress wholly loyal to President Hugo Chavez met at a downtown plaza to give the Venezuelan leader authority to enact sweeping measures by presidential decree.
    (AP, 1/31/07)

2007        Feb 7, Officials in Venezuela confirmed that Venezuela will buy whatever legal products Bolivia can make from coca leaf as part of an effort to wean farmers from the cocaine industry.
    (SFC, 2/8/07, p.A2)

2007        Feb 8, President Hugo Chavez's government moved to nationalize Venezuela's largest private electric company, signing an agreement to buy a controlling stake in Electricidad de Caracas from its US-based owner, AES Corp.
    (AP, 2/8/07)

2007        Feb 11, In Venezuela officials said President Hugo Chavez's government has drafted a decree allowing officials to take control of food distribution chains, including supermarkets and storage depots, if services are interrupted.
    (AP, 2/11/07)

2007        Feb 12, Venezuela signed a preliminary agreement to purchase Verizon Communications Inc.'s stake in the country's largest telecommunications company, the latest move by President Hugo Chavez toward nationalizing strategic sectors of the economy.
    (AP, 2/12/07)

2007        Feb 26, President Hugo Chavez ordered by decree the takeover of oil projects run by foreign oil companies in Venezuela's Orinoco River region.
    (AP, 2/26/07)

2007        Mar 2, Venezuela accused US anti-drug agents of collaborating with traffickers and rejected Washington's allegations that rampant corruption has allowed illegal drug smuggling to thrive in the South American country.
    (AP, 3/3/07)

2007        Mar 6, Venezuelan authorities arrested, Gen. Ramon Guillen Davila, a retired National Guard general, on accusations that he plotted to overthrow President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 3/7/07)

2007        Mar 9, Nearly 20,000 fans gathered at a stadium in Buenos Aires, not to watch soccer but to hear Hugo Chavez bash George W. Bush.
    (AP, 3/10/07)

2007        Mar 10, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez visited flood-ravaged Bolivia to show off the fact that his country has pledged 10 times more aid than the Bush administration. But local leaders gave him a cool reception, accusing him of meddling in Bolivian politics.
    (AP, 3/10/07)

2007        Mar 11, In Bolivia Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez called for a socialist counterattack against the American "empire," taking his campaign to upstage President Bush's Latin American tour to a packed gymnasium in a poor, indigenous Bolivian city.
    (AP, 3/12/07)

2007        Mar 12, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez shadowed his political foil President Bush on a tour of Western Hemisphere nations, stopping in Haiti after passing through Jamaica to promote aid packages and discuss development projects.
    (AP, 3/12/07)

2007        Mar 25, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez said that his administration plans to create "collective property" as part of sweeping reforms toward socialism, and that officials would move to seize control of large ranches and redistribute lands deemed "idle."
    (AP, 3/25/07)

2007        Apr 19, Venezuela launched a Zeppelin to patrol Caracas, seeking to fight crime in one of Latin America's most dangerous cities but also raising fears that President Hugo Chavez could be turning into Big Brother.
    (Reuters, 4/19/07)

2007        Apr 21, Venezuelans marched amid heavy security in the opposition's largest show of support yet for a television station targeted by President Hugo Chavez, whom they accuse of suppressing freedom of speech and democratic rights.
    (AP, 4/21/07)

2007        Apr 24, Yanis Chimaras (51), a Venezuelan soap opera actor, was stabbed to death when he came upon a robbery in a Caracas suburb. The Justice Ministry reported 9,402 homicides nationwide in 2005.
    (AP, 4/26/07)

2007        Apr 25, In Venezuela officials from Chevron, BP PLC, France’s Total SA and Norway’s Statoil ASA signed memorandums of agreement to give state-owned Petroleos de Venezuela SA a majority stake in 3 projects. ConocoPhillips resisted giving up control of 2 projects.
    (SFC, 4/27/07, p.D3)

2007        Apr 28, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela is ready to become the sole energy supplier to Cuba, Bolivia, Nicaragua and Haiti, presenting the countries with his most generous offer yet of oil-funded diplomacy in the region.
    (AP, 4/29/07)

2007        Apr 29, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela hopes to gradually sell off its refineries in the United States and build a new network of refineries in Latin America, part of a plan to offer his leftist allies in the region a stable oil supply.
    (AP, 4/30/07)

2007        Apr 30, President Hugo Chavez announced he would pull Venezuela out of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, a largely symbolic move because the nation has already paid off its debts to the lending institutions.
    (AP, 5/1/07)

2007        May 1, President Hugo Chavez's government took over Venezuela's last privately run oil fields, intensifying a struggle with international firms over the development of the world's largest known petroleum deposit.
    (AP, 5/1/07)

2007        May 3, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez warned he will nationalize the country's banks and largest steel producer in an apparent bid to strong-arm the businesses to contribute more to local industry.
    (AP, 5/4/07)

2007        May 5, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela's largest steel maker, Sidor, will not be allowed to make any more exports until it meets domestic needs, and threatened to expropriate the Argentine-controlled company if it resists.
    (AP, 5/5/07)

2007        May 7, Venezuela said it will not allow US agents to carry out counter-drug operations in the country, accusing the US Drug Enforcement Administration of being a "new cartel" that aids traffickers.
    (AP, 5/7/07)

2007        May 12, A cutter of the Dominican Republic picked up 3 men hauling in bales of cocaine dropped from a plane that had originated in Venezuela. A US plane and British helicopters took part in the seizure of a half-ton of cocaine as Colombian drug traffic via Venezuela escalated.
    (SFC, 7/2/07, p.A17)

2007        May 15, Venezuela’s health minister said Venezuela will impose a limited smoking ban in bars and restaurants but has no plans to halt the production of cigarettes and tobacco.
    (AP, 5/15/07)

2007        May 19, Tens of thousands of Venezuelans marched to support a TV station aligned with opponents of President Hugo Chavez, whose government plans to kick the channel off the air next week by not renewing its license.
    (AP, 5/19/07)

2007        May 26, Tens of thousands of Venezuelans took to the streets chanting "Freedom, Freedom!" to protest President Hugo Chavez's decision not to renew the broadcast license of the country's most-watched TV station, an outlet for the opposition.
    (AP, 5/26/07)

2007        May 28, RCTV, Venezuela's oldest private television station, was pushed off the air as President Hugo Chavez's government replaced the popular opposition-aligned network with a new state-funded channel. Police fired tear gas and plastic bullets into a crowd of thousands protesting the decision by President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 5/28/07)(AP, 5/29/07)(Econ, 6/2/07, p.14)

2007        May 30, In Venezuela a top opponent of President Hugo Chavez demanded the release of jailed protesters as university students poured into the streets for a third day to protest the removal of a leading opposition TV station from the air.
    (AP, 5/30/07)

2007        Jun 4, In Venezuela thousands of university students, their hands painted white as a symbol of nonviolence returned to the streets of Caracas, keeping up a week of protests against President Hugo Chavez's decision to force a popular TV station off the air.
    (AP, 6/5/07)

2007        Jun 6, President Hugo Chavez called for the creation of a common defense pact between Venezuela, Cuba, Nicaragua and Bolivia. The leftist Latin American bloc announced the creation of a development bank to finance joint projects.
    (AP, 6/7/07)

2007        Jun 9, Venezuelan authorities seized 2.5 tons of cocaine bound for Africa and arrested nine suspects including four federal police officers and a US citizen.
    (AP, 6/10/07)

2007        Jun 26, It was reported that ConocoPhillips planned to walk away from its Venezuelan investments, rather than agree to a government takeover of assets, and preserve its right to seek international arbitration. Exxon Mobil Corp. and ConocoPhillips refused to sign deals to keep pumping heavy oil under tougher terms in Venezuela's Orinoco River basin, signaling their departure from one of the world's largest oil deposits. 7 of the 11 companies agreed to new terms with Petroleos de Venezuela SA (PdVSA).
    (WSJ, 6/26/07, p.A7)(AP, 6/26/07)(WSJ, 6/27/07, p.A1)(Econ, 6/30/07, p.46)

2007        Jun 28, President Vladimir Putin welcomed Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez for talks at the Russian presidential retreat outside Moscow, saying economic affairs and military-technical cooperation were on the agenda.
    (AP, 6/29/07)

2007        Jun 29, In Minsk Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez called for a strategic partnership with Belarus, calling his counterpart a "brother-in-arms" and lamenting the pressure he said the US was putting on Minsk and Caracas.
    (AP, 6/29/07)

2007        Jun 30, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez arrived in Iran for a two-day visit.
    (AP, 7/1/07)

2007        Jul 3, President Hugo Chavez said his government will nationalize Venezuela's privately owned hospitals and clinics if they fail to reduce health care costs.
    (AP, 7/3/07)
2007        Jul 3, Venezuela’s energy minister said in newly published comments that Venezuela has agreed to sell gasoline to Iran.
    (AP, 7/3/07)

2007        Jul 16, In Venezuela RCTV resumed broadcasting on cable and satellite TV channels. The station had been pushed off public access on May 28.
    (Econ, 7/21/07, p.38)(www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=22903)

2007        Aug 1, An opposition-aligned television channel (RCTV), already booted from the airwaves, faced a deadline to agree to carry speeches by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez or be yanked from the cable lineup.
    (AP, 8/1/07)

2007        Aug 3, In Venezuela US actor Sean Penn accompanied Pres. Chavez on a visit to western Venezuela. "I'm also here as a journalist and so I owe it to that medium to wait until I've digested, fact-checked and finished my journey here" before saying more, Penn said. He thanked Chavez for the visit.
    (AP, 8/4/07)

2007        Aug 7, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said Venezuela would invest in a regasification plant for liquid natural gas for Argentina, which is weathering an energy crisis. Chavez was in Argentina as part of a regional tour.
    (AP, 8/8/07)

2007        Aug 8, Venezuela's socialist President Hugo Chavez took a campaign of petrodollar diplomacy to Uruguay, seeking stronger political ties while offering energy aid from one of the world's largest oil producers.
    (AP, 8/8/07)
2007        Aug 8, Argentine authorities said they were investigating why Venezuelan businessman Antonini Wilson was carrying $800,000 in undeclared cash aboard an executive jet charted by Argentina's state energy company. In December US prosecutors said that the suitcase full of Venezuelan cash was intended to finance the presidential campaign of Cristina Kirchner.
    (AP, 8/8/07)(AP, 12/13/07)

2007        Aug 9, In Ecuador Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez offered to help Ecuador build a $5 billion oil refinery, as the socialist leader pledged to spread his government's oil wealth to another South American ally.
    (AP, 8/10/07)

2007        Aug 16, Opponents of President Hugo Chavez vowed to block his plans to radically overhaul the constitution, warning the changes would give him unlimited power and cripple democracy in Venezuela.
    (AP, 8/16/07)

2007        Aug 21, Venezuela's National Assembly, dominated by allies of President Hugo Chavez, gave unanimous initial approval to constitutional reforms that would allow him to run for re-election and possibly govern for decades to come.
    (AP, 8/22/07)

2007        Aug 31, Colombia's Alvaro Uribe and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez agreed to allow a representative of Colombia's largest guerrilla group to travel to Caracas for talks aimed at freeing dozens of rebel-held hostages, including three U.S. defense contractors.
    (AP, 8/31/07)

2007        Sep 1, In Venezuela more than two dozen Colombian prisoners arrested three years ago in an alleged plot against President Hugo Chavez were freed in a goodwill gesture he hopes will help facilitate a prisoner exchange in Colombia.
    (AP, 9/1/07)

2007        Sep 12, Exxon Mobil Corp. said in a filing with the SEC that it had filed a request with the Int’l. Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes for arbitration over compensation from the Venezuelan government for seized oil production assets.
    (WSJ, 9/14/07, p.A9)

2007        Sep 17, President Hugo Chavez threatened to take over any private schools refusing to submit to the oversight of his socialist government, a move some Venezuelans fear will impose leftist ideology in the classroom.
    (AP, 9/17/07)

2007        Sep 27, Iran’s President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad traveled stopped in Bolivia, where he pledged $1 billion in investment. He pledged investment over the next five years to help the poor Andean nation tap its vast natural gas reserves, extract minerals, generate more electricity and fund agricultural and construction projects. He then visited Venezuela to meet President Hugo Chavez. Chavez embraced the Iranian leader, calling him "one of the greatest anti-imperialist fighters" and "one of the great fighters for true peace."
    (AP, 9/28/07)

2007        Oct 3, President Hugo Chavez accused the US of trying to spur a military rebellion, saying the CIA is behind the distribution of leaflets inside army barracks calling for his ouster.
    (AP, 10/3/07)

2007        Oct 19,     Armed with clubs and waving provincial flags, thousands of residents of Bolivia's wealthiest province seized control of Santa Cruz’s Viru Viru airport from troops sent in by President Evo Morales. The previous day Morales had ordered 220 troops to take control of the airport after workers threatened to block flights that did not pay landing fees to local officials rather than the national airport authority. Television footage showed a Venezuelan air force plane and uniformed personnel at the site.
    (AP, 10/19/07)(Econ, 8/1/09, p.32)

2007        Oct 23,     In Venezuela thousands of university students scuffled with police and government supporters during a protest against constitutional reforms that would let President Hugo Chavez run for re-election indefinitely.
    (AP, 10/23/07)

2007        Oct 29,     Patrick Duddy, the new US ambassador to Venezuela met with President Hugo Chavez, calling it a positive start toward improving tense relations.
    (AP, 10/30/07)

2007        Nov 1, Soldiers used tear gas, plastic bullets and water cannons to scatter tens of thousands who massed to protest constitutional reforms that would permit Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to run for re-election indefinitely.
    (AP, 11/2/07)

2007        Nov 2, Venezuela's pro-government National Assembly overwhelmingly approved constitutional reforms that would greatly expand the power of President Hugo Chavez and permit him to run for re-election indefinitely.
    (AP, 11/2/07)

2007        Nov 7, Masked gunmen opened fire on students returning from a march in which tens of thousands of Venezuelans denounced President Hugo Chavez's attempts to expand his power through constitutional changes. At least eight people were injured.
    (AP, 11/8/07)

2007        Nov 16, Guyana rushed troops and police to its western border a day after Venezuelan soldiers allegedly blew up two Guyanese gold-mining dredges on a river near the frontier.
    (AP, 11/16/07)

2007        Nov 19, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez made his fourth trip to Iran in two years, as the two countries sought to strengthen ties while their leaders exhort the international community to resist US policies.
    (AP, 11/19/07)

2007        Nov 21, In Venezuela tens of thousands of President Hugo Chavez's supporters filled the streets to back his proposed constitutional changes, while anti-government student leaders announced a bold plan to march on the presidential palace.
    (AP, 11/21/07)
2007        Nov 21, Colombia's government said it was canceling Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez's mediation role with leftist rebels in a possible hostage swap, dealing a blow to efforts to free three kidnapped US contractors and a former presidential candidate.
    (AP, 11/22/07)

2007        Nov 29, in Venezuela more than 100,000 people flooded the streets to protest constitutional changes that would boost President Hugo Chavez's power. Students again showed they are a key force behind the re-energized opposition.
    (AP, 11/30/07)

2007        Nov 30, In Venezuela some 200,000 gathered in Caracas as President Hugo Chavez urged supporters to approve constitutional changes that he said could keep him in power for life and threatened to cut off oil exports to the US if it tries to meddle in the Dec 2 vote.
    (AP, 12/1/07)

2007        Dec 2, Venezuelans voted in a referendum on granting President Hugo Chavez expanded powers and ending term limits under sweeping constitutional changes. Voters narrowly rejected changes to 69 of 350 articles in the 1999 constitution by 51% to 49%.
    (AP, 12/2/07)(AP, 12/3/07)(Econ, 12/8/07, p.30)

2007        Dec 3, In Venezuela President Hugo Chavez, humbled by his first electoral defeat ever, said he may have been too ambitious in asking voters to let him stand indefinitely for re-election and endorse a huge leap to a socialist state.
    (AP, 12/3/07)

2007        Dec 8, Venezuela’s Pres. Hugo Chavez promised to supply the oil needs of Belarus for years to come and dismissed Western accusations that Pres. Alexander Lukashenko is a dictator. Chavez presented Lukashenko with a medal, and they signed an agreement pledging military cooperation.
    (AP, 12/9/07)

2007        Dec 11, US officials in Florida arrested 4 people, 3 from Venezuelan and one from Uruguay, and accused them of being agents of the Venezuelan government. Prosecutors later said the 4 were seeking to silence Guido Alehandro Antonini Wilson, a citizen of both the USA and Venezuela. In August Wilson was detained in Argentina for carrying $800,000 in a suitcase, which prosecutors said was intended to aid the campaign of Cristina Kirchner. Franklin Duran, multimillionaire owner of Industrias Venoco CA, was one of the arrested Venezuelans. In 2008 a federal jury convicted Duran on charges that he was a foreign agent involved in a conspiracy.
    (WSJ, 12/13/07, p.A16)(WSJ, 3/10/08, p.A5)(SFC, 11/4/08, p.A4)

2007        Dec 18, The leaders of Argentina and Venezuela closed ranks against the United States, rejecting US court charges in a campaign cash scandal as one more example of Americans treating their nations like subservient colonies.
    (AP, 12/19/07)

2007        Dec 21, Caribbean leaders gathered in Cuba for a regional oil summit. Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez presided at a regional petroleum summit, pressing his efforts to counter US influence in Latin America and the Caribbean by suggesting more of his neighbors could pay for cheap oil with goods or services in lieu of cash.
    (AP, 12/21/07)

2007        Dec 31, President Hugo Chavez granted amnesty to many opponents accused of supporting a failed 2002 coup that briefly drove him from power. Chavez said he signed an amnesty decree that would also pardon others accused of attempting to overthrow his government in recent years.
    (AP, 1/1/08)
2007        Dec 31, A Venezuelan-led mission to rescue three hostages, including a 3-year old boy, from leftist rebels in Colombia's jungles fell apart as the guerrillas accused Colombia's military of sabotaging the promised handoff.
    (AP, 1/1/08)

2007        Inflation in Venezuela rose 22.5% for the year. Some 13,000 people were murdered this year producing a murder rate of 48 per 100,000, the 2nd highest in the world after El Salvador. In Caracas there were 2,710 murders, or 130 per 100,000 citizens.
    (Econ, 1/12/08, p.32)(Econ, 7/19/08, p.47)(SSFC, 11/16/08, p.A16)

2008        Jan 1, Venezuela launched a new currency with the new year, lopping off three zeros from denominations in a bid to simplify finances and boost confidence in a money that has been losing value due to high inflation.
    (AP, 1/1/08)

2008        Jan 3, President Hugo Chavez shuffled his Cabinet, naming a retired military officer as vice president and other changes aimed at tackling corruption and inefficiencies in his socialist government.
    (AP, 1/3/08)

2008        Jan 4, A private plane carrying 14 people, including 8 Italians, crashed into the sea after taking off from Venezuela's Los Roques islands.
    (AP, 1/5/08)(AP, 1/7/08)

2008        Jan 10, Helicopters sent by Venezuela's president picked up two hostages freed by Colombian rebels in the jungle and flew the women across the border. Clara Rojas was an aide to Colombian presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt in February 2002 when the two were kidnapped on the campaign trail. Rojas gave birth in captivity to a boy fathered by one of the guerrillas. Betancourt is still being held. The other freed hostage, former congresswoman Consuelo Gonzalez de Perdomo, had been abducted in September 2001. FARC, in a statement published on a pro-rebel Web site, said the unilateral release demonstrated the group's "unquestionable willingness" to engage the government in talks over the release of remaining hostages. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia is thought to still hold more than 700 others.
    (AP, 1/11/08)(Econ, 1/19/08, p.39)

2008        Jan 12, In Venezuela Commander Hugo Chavez, spearheaded the installation of the Founding Congress of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV) at the San Carlos quarter in Caracas.
    (www.rnv.gov.ve/noticias/index.php?act=ST&f=31&t=58972)

2008        Jan 16, The Venezuelan Observatory of Prisons said more than an inmate a day died violently in Venezuela's crowded prisons last year. Some 498 prisoners were killed in riots and other violent acts in 2007, up from 412 in 2006.
    (AP, 1/17/08)

2008        Jan 25, In Miami Moises Maionica (36) of Venezuelan pleaded guilty in a scheme to cover up the source of $800,000 seized in a suitcase in Argentina that was allegedly sent by Venezuelans as a donation to Cristina Fernandez's presidential campaign.
    (AP, 1/25/08)

2008        Jan 26, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and allies Nicaragua, Bolivia and Cuba, members of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), launched a regional development bank intended to strengthen their alliance and promote independence from US-backed lenders like the World Bank as Chavez hosted a summit with ALBA leaders.
    (AP, 1/26/08)

2008        Jan 29, In Venezuela 4 gunmen held more than 30 people hostage inside a bank during a lengthy and tense standoff with police that began with a botched robbery in the town of Altagracia de Orituco. The 4 gunmen surrendered to police after freeing dozens of hostages and a high-speed chase, ending an ordeal that lasted more than 30 hours.
    (AP, 1/29/08)(AP, 1/30/08)

2008        Jan 30, Wilber Varela, one of Colombia's most-wanted drug lords, was found slain in Merida, Venezuela. Varela's war with his rival within the Norte del Valle cartel, Diego Montoya, plagued the city of Cali and much of southwestern Colombia, killing more than 1,000 people in several years.
    (AP, 2/1/08)

2008        Feb 8, It was reported that Exxon Mobil Corp. has obtained a court order freezing over $12 billion in bank accounts and assets in Europe, the Caribbean and New York belonging to Venezuela’s state oil company in a dispute over compensation for expropriated assets.
    (WSJ, 2/8/08, p.A3)

2008        Feb 10, President Hugo Chavez threatened to cut off oil sales to the United States in an "economic war" if Exxon Mobil Corp. wins court judgments to seize billions of dollars in Venezuelan assets.
    (AP, 2/10/08)

2008        Feb 12, Venezuela's state petroleum company PDVSA said it suspended oil supplies to ExxonMobil in retaliation for the US energy giant's effort to freeze billions of dollars in global PDVSA assets.
    (AP, 2/12/08)

2008        Feb 21, In Venezuela a plane carrying 46 people crashed in the western mountains, 6 miles from the airport in the Andean city of Merida. All aboard were believed killed.
    (AP, 2/22/08)

2008        Feb 24, In Venezuela a blast near the entrance of the Fedecamaras business chamber headquarters in Caracas killed a 44-year-old man suspected of trying to plant the bomb. The next day Venezuela's justice minister blamed "anarchists" for the explosion and vowed to capture those responsible.
    (AP, 2/25/08)

2008        Feb 27, Two Venezuelan helicopters left for Colombia on a mission to pick up four hostages held by rebels for more than six years. Rebels turned over four ex-lawmakers to representatives from Venezuela in the same region where they released two others on Jan 10.
    (AP, 2/27/08)(AP, 2/28/08)

2008        Feb 29, Peruvian officials arrested seven members from the Coordinadora Continental Bolivariana, a Venezuela-based leftist movement, including the group's alleged leader, Roque Gonzalez, who spent eight years in prison for kidnapping a Bolivian politician. Two more alleged members were arrested on March 17 trying to carry in $65,000 from Ecuador, money Peruvian authorities suspect is Venezuelan. Coordinadora founder Fernando Rivero told The Associated Press in Venezuela that the group is entirely autonomous.
    (AP, 3/22/08)
2008        Feb 29, Italy’s Eni SpA signed a major oil production agreement with Venezuela. Last month Eni said it had reached a compensation deal in which Venezuela agreed to a payment in excess of $700 million.
    (WSJ, 3/1/08, p.A5)

2008        Mar 1, Colombia's defense minister said security forces killed Raul Reyes (59), a leading commander of the FARC rebel group, in combat and air strikes in neighboring Ecuador. Reyes was the nom de guerre of Luis Edgar Devia. 23 other rebels were also killed and a laptop computer was seized with documents indicating a close relationship between the rebels and Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez. Colombia later acknowledged that an Ecuadorean was killed during the raid.
    (AP, 3/1/08)(AP, 3/5/08)(Econ, 3/8/08, p.43)(AP, 3/24/08)

2008        Mar 2, Venezuela and Ecuador ordered troops to their borders with Colombia, sharply raising tensions after Colombia killed a top rebel leader on Ecuadorean soil. Ecuadorean troops recovered the seminude bodies of 15 rebels in their jungle camp. Soldiers also found three wounded women at the camp, a Mexican philosophy student injured by shrapnel and two Colombians, who were evacuated by helicopter to be treated.
    (AP, 3/3/08)

2008        Mar 3, Ecuador's president said that his government was in "very advanced" talks with Colombian rebels to free 12 hostages, including former presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt and three US contractors, but was thwarted by Colombia’s military raid. Venezuela and Ecuador expelled Colombia’s diplomats and cracked down on trade across the border.
    (AP, 3/4/08)

2008        Mar 5, The Washington-based OAS declared Colombia’s attack on rebels in Ecuador a violation of Ecuador's sovereignty and called for OAS Secretary-General Jose Miguel Insulza to lead a delegation to both countries to ease tensions. But the resolution stopped short of explicitly condemning the assault. Pres. Chavez said Venezuela will search for other countries like Ecuador, Brazil and Argentina to replace products imported from Colombia.
    (AP, 3/6/08)

2008        Mar 7, At a summit in the Dominican Republic the presidents of Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador agreed to end a bitter dispute triggered by a Colombian cross-border raid with testy handshakes and an apology.
    (AP, 3/8/08)

2008        Mar 21, In Venezuela a riot broke out between prison gangs at the San Fernando de Apure lockup. 9 inmates were left dead and 20 more wounded.
    (SSFC, 3/23/08, p.A3)

2008        Mar 26, Venezuela's National Assembly opened an investigation into a congressman's accusations that two of President Hugo Chavez's brothers acquired 17 ranches in recent years.
    (AP, 3/26/08)

2008        Mar 28, Combat helicopters and F-16 fighter jets opened fire at a clandestine airstrip in Venezuela's remote southern plains as part of a government counter-drug effort. Army Gen. Jesus Gonzalez told state television that so far this year, the military has demolished 67 airstrips used by drug traffickers to smuggle cocaine from neighboring Colombia to the United States and Europe. Another 90 are to be destroyed next week.
    (AP, 3/28/08)

2008        Apr 3, President Hugo Chavez ordered the nationalization of Venezuela's cement industry, saying his government cannot allow businesses to continue exporting raw materials needed to help tackle a domestic housing shortage.
    (AP, 4/4/08)

2008        Apr 9, President Hugo Chavez's government said it will nationalize Sidor, Venezuela's largest steel maker and a unit of Ternium SA, bringing one more key industry under state control in its drive toward a socialist economy. Ternium, based in Luxembourg, was controlled by Argentine owners.
    (AP, 4/9/08)(SFC, 4/10/08, p.A9)
2008        Apr 9, Venezuela forced US cartoon "The Simpsons" off its airwaves, calling the show a potentially bad influence on children, and filled its morning slot with reruns of the beach-and-bikini show "Baywatch."
    (Reuters, 4/9/08)

2008        Apr 13, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said his government is working to create a NATO-like South America defense council along with Brazil and other countries.
    (AP, 4/14/08)

2008        Apr 15, Venezuela moved to take a greater cut of windfall oil profits, approving a 50 percent tax on foreign oil companies when crude tops US$70 a barrel.
    (AP, 4/15/08)

2008        Apr 23, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez joined with his leftist allies to create a $100 million program to fight the rising cost of food for Latin America's poor.
    (AP, 4/24/08)

2008        Apr 24, The Washington-based Cato Institute announced that Yon Goicoechea (23), a law student in Venezuela, was winner of the $500,000 Milton Friedman Prize for Advancing Liberty. Goicoechea took a central role last year in rallying students to oppose what he sees as threats to personal liberties and democracy in Venezuela.
    (AP, 4/24/08)

2008        Apr 29, A power outage left wide swaths of Venezuela without electricity, including much of the capital. The blackout was caused by a forest fire that overheated power lines in the central state of Guarico.
    (AP, 4/29/08)

2008        Apr 30, President Hugo Chavez ordered the expropriation of Sidor, Venezuela's largest steel maker, after attempts by the government to acquire a majority stake in the company failed. Chavez said Venezuela will turn Siderurgica del Orinoco, which was controlled by Luxembourg-based Ternium SA., into "a socialist company."
    (AP, 5/1/08)

2008        May 28, Venezuela announced that the new Intelligence and Counterintelligence Law, passed by Pres. Chavez, would replace the Disip secret police and Military Intelligence Directorate with 4 new agencies. Under the law citizens who refuse to act as informants for intelligence agencies could face as much as 4 years in prison.
    (WSJ, 6/4/08, p.A17)(www.venezuelanalysis.com/news/3505)

2008        Jun 2, In Venezuela the vice president of a Venezuelan newspaper was shot and killed by a gunman who police said could have confused the victim for his brother, the president of Reporte Diario de la Economia, a daily that has closely covered corruption cases.
    (AP, 6/3/08)

2008        Jun 7, President Hugo Chavez said that his government will rewrite a new intelligence law to calm fears in Venezuela that the decree could be used to stifle dissent. Thousands of opponents of President Hugo Chavez protested a "blacklist" unveiled by Venezuela's top anti-corruption official that bars key opposition candidates from running in upcoming elections.
    (AP, 6/8/08)

2008        Jun 8, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez urged Colombian rebels to lay down their weapons, unilaterally free dozens of hostages and end a decades-long armed struggle.
    (AP, 6/8/08)

2008        Jun 10, In Venezuela the new intelligence system, dubbed the “Gestapo law,” was repealed less than a fortnight after its introduction.
    (Econ, 6/14/08, p.47)

2008        Jun 14, Annualized inflation in Venezuela stood at around 30% amidst an economic slowdown and an unprecedented crime-wave.
    (Econ, 6/14/08, p.47)

2008        Jun 15, Javier Garcia, a Venezuelan television anchorman, was found slain in his apartment, his body riddled with stab wounds.
    (AP, 6/16/08)

2008        Jun 18, Venezuela's national electoral council dealt a setback to President Hugo Chavez's foes by tentatively accepting a blacklist barring nearly 400 potential candidates, most from the opposition. Venezuela's government started posting National Guard troops on buses to try to prevent violent crime.
    (AP, 6/18/08)(AP, 6/19/08)

2008        Jul 11, Venezuela's Hugo Chavez and Colombia's Alvaro Uribe mended relations after months of sniping that threatened trade and unleashed a diplomatic crisis.
    (AP, 7/11/08)

2008        Jul 12, President Hugo Chavez said that he is expanding his Venezuela's Petrocaribe oil-supply pact to include Guatemala.
    (AP, 7/13/08)
2008        Jul 12, Thousands of Venezuelans protested in the capital demanding that the Supreme Court overturn a "blacklist" blocking key opponents of President Hugo Chavez from running in upcoming elections.
    (AP, 7/12/08)

2008        Jul 14, In Vietnam Dayana Mendoza, Miss Venezuela, was crowned Miss Universe 2008 in a contest marked by the spectacle of Miss USA falling down during the evening gown competition for the second year in a row.
    (AP, 7/14/08)

2008        Jul 17, Venezuela's ruling party pledged to seek to reform the nation's constitution to let President Hugo Chavez seek indefinite re-election.
    (AP, 7/18/08)
2008        Jul 17, Six prominent members of Colombia’s largest rebel group FARC met this day with Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega according to Nicaragua’s La Prensa newspaper. The members of the guerrilla organization arrived in Nicaragua in a Cessna airplane from Venezuela. Both Ortega and Venezuela denied the newspaper report.
    (http://colombiareports.com/2008/07/23/ortega-met-with-farc-delegation-says-la-prensa/)

2008        Jul 20, In central Bolivia a Venezuelan military helicopter often used to transport Bolivian President Evo Morales crashed. Four Venezuelan military personnel and a Bolivian officer were reported killed.
    (AP, 7/21/08)

2008        Jul 23, Venezuela signed over three more oil fields to a joint venture with Belarus, with Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez declaring that the two nations were strongly united in their resistance to "US imperialism" and Washington's "lackeys."
    (AP, 7/23/08)

2008        Jul 31, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez said his government will nationalize Banco de Venezuela, the local unit of the Spanish banking giant Banco Santander.
    (WSJ, 7/31/08, p.A6)

2008        Jul, In Venezuela inflation was running at 32%.
    (Econ, 7/19/08, p.47)

2008        Aug 3, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez says 24 Sukhoi fighter jets have been delivered to Venezuela, and are ready to defend his country from "imperialist" aggressions.
    (AP, 8/4/08)

2008        Aug 4, In Venezuela changes in areas from the military to small business loans were pushed through by the president in 26 laws released in the official gazette. Chavez approved them on the final day of an 18-month period during which lawmakers had granted him special legislative powers.
    (AP, 8/4/08)

2008        Aug 5, Venezuela's Supreme Court ruled that a list barring hundreds of candidates suspected of corruption from running in elections is constitutional, despite complaints that it singles out opponents of President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 8/5/08)

2008        Aug 6, Riot police used tear gas as they blocked hundreds of Venezuelans protesting what they call new moves by President Hugo Chavez to concentrate his power.
    (AP, 8/7/08)

2008        Aug 8, Researchers said at least 38 Warao Indians have died in remote villages in Venezuela since June 2007. Medical experts suspected an outbreak of rabies spread by bites from vampire bats.
    (AP, 8/8/08)

2008        Aug 12, Venezuela raised the regulated prices of foods ranging from bread to beef by up to 50 percent and removed price controls from other goods in a bid to ease sporadic shortages in supermarkets.
    (AP, 8/12/08)
2008        Aug 12, Spanish officials said local police acting on a tip-off from US authorities have seized 1.4 tons of cocaine and arrested eight South American suspects, 6 from Colombia and 2 from Venezuela.
    (AP, 8/12/08)

2008        Aug 18, Mexico’s Cemex SAB rejected Venezuela’s $500 bid for the companies assets in Venezuela. At midnight oil workers and Venezuelan soldiers occupied Cemex facilities around the country.
    (WSJ, 8/19/08, p.A10)

2008        Aug 19, The Dutch Navy and a squad of US Coast Guard raiders seized 4.6 tons (4,200 kilograms) of cocaine from a Panamanian-flagged freighter that had set sail from Venezuela. The freighter was boarded on Aug 17 and it took 36 hours of searching to find the drugs.
    (AP, 8/23/08)

2008        Aug 31, Venezuela rejected US requests to resume cooperation in the war on drugs, saying it has made progress despite an alleged fourfold-gain in the amount of Colombian cocaine now passing through its territory.
    (AP, 8/31/08)

2008        Sep 2, South Africa signed an energy agreement with oil-rich Venezuela as President Hugo Chavez arrived on his first state visit. Political, trade and economic relations were on the agenda with President Thabo Mbeki.
    (AFP, 9/2/08)(AFP, 9/3/08)

2008        Sep 11, Venezuela interrogated military officers named in recordings of an apparent plan to kill President Hugo Chavez, in what may the firmest evidence in years of a barracks plot to oust him. Chavez ordered the US ambassador to leave Venezuela within 72 hours, accusing the diplomat of conspiring against his government and saying he would also withdraw his own envoy from Washington immediately.
    (AP, 9/12/08)(Reuters, 9/12/08)

2008        Sep 12, The US accused Rodriguez Chacin and 2 other top aides to Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez of helping Colombian guerrillas traffic cocaine and procure weapons for FARC. Chacin had just resigned on Sep 8 from Venezuela’s Interior Ministry.
    (SFC, 9/13/08, p.A5)

2008        Sep 23, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez arrived in China to hold talks with his counterpart Hu Jintao and sign a deal for combat aircraft in a visit likely to irk the US. Chavez said Venezuela and China agreed to jointly build 2 oil refineries, one in each country.
    (AP, 9/23/08)(WSJ, 9/24/08, p.A25)

2008        Sep 28, President Hugo Chavez said that Russia will help Venezuela develop nuclear energy, a move likely to raise US concerns over increasingly close cooperation between Caracas and Moscow.
    (AP, 9/29/08)

2008        Oct 1, In Venezuela Julio Soto, a student leader at the University of Zulia, was killed by unidentified gunmen in the western city of Maracaibo. Assailants sprayed his vehicle with gunfire and then fled without taking anything. Soto had helped organize protests against constitutional amendments proposed by President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 10/1/08)

2008        Oct 12, In Venezuela Pres. Chaves, on Indigenous Resistance Day, presented the Yukpa Indians titles to some blocks of land. This fell short of the 150,000 acres they claimed as ancestral territory.
    (Econ, 1/17/09, p.41)

2008        Oct 13, A Venezuelan court issued arrest warrants for eight suspects in the Oct 1 killing of Julio Soto, a student leader who helped organize protests against constitutional amendments proposed by President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 10/14/08)

2008        Oct 29, Venezuela launched its first satellite from Sichuan, China. It will begin carrying radio, television and other data transmissions in early 2009 after three months of tests.
    (AP, 10/29/08)

2008        Nov 8, Kenneth Dale Peters (55), an American tourist, was shot and killed and a friend wounded, in an apparent robbery attempt aboard a sailboat on Venezuela's Caribbean coast. On Nov 12 regional police arrested Jose Rodriguez, Jonas Marcano and Johan Isazis. They will face charges of homicide and attempted homicide.
    (AP, 11/10/08)(AP, 11/13/08)

2008        Nov 17, Venezuela and Iran announced a plan to start a new university program in the South American country with a focus on teaching socialist principles.
    (AP, 11/17/08)

2008        Nov 20, Vietnam's president Nguyen Minh Triet was set to meet Venezuelan leader Hugo Chavez, during the first visit by a head of state from the communist nation here, mainly focused on oil and gas ties.
    (AP, 11/20/08)

2008        Nov 23, In Venezuela President Hugo Chavez sought to hold on to his dominance in state and municipal elections, facing an opposition aiming to win back power in key states and cities. Chavez's opponents made important gains in local elections, capturing the Caracas mayor's office and three of the most populous states, but his allies won a strong majority.
    (AP, 11/23/08)(AP, 11/24/08)

2008        Nov 25, Russian warships arrived in Venezuela in a show of strength aimed at the United States as Moscow seeks to expand its influence in Latin America.
    (AP, 11/25/08)

2008        Nov 26, In Venezuela Russian President Dmitry Medvedev agreed to help start a local nuclear energy program and said Moscow is willing to participate in a socialist trade bloc in Latin America led by President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 11/27/08)

2008        Dec 11, Venezuelan prosecutors formally charged Manuel Rosales, a leading opposition figure, with corruption, as President Hugo Chavez pushed forward with plans for a referendum to end term limits. Rosales denied any wrongdoing, saying the accusations are politically motivated.
    (AP, 12/11/08)

2008        Dec 13, Cuban President Raul Castro arrived in Venezuela on his first international visit as Cuba's leader.
    (AP, 12/13/08)

2009        Jan 5, Former US Representative Joseph P. Kennedy said Citgo Petroleum, the US refiner owned by the Venezuelan government, planned to stop deliveries to his Boston-based nonprofit, Citizens’ Energy, due to falling oil prices. The stop order was removed 2 days later.
    (WSJ, 1/6/09, p.A7)(AP, 1/8/09)

2009        Jan 6, Venezuela ordered Israel's ambassador expelled from the country in protest over the Israeli military offensive in the Gaza Strip.
    (AP, 1/6/09)
2009        Jan 6, Turkey held a shipment bound for Venezuela from Iran saying it contains equipment that can make explosives.
    (WSJ, 1/7/09, p.A1)

2009        Jan 7, Venezuela's Citgo Petroleum Corp. announced its fuel oil aid program would continue, just two days after its partner nonprofit group, Boston-based Citizens Energy, said Citgo had halted the free fuel shipments due to the world economic crisis.
    (AP, 1/8/09)

2009        Jan 14, Venezuelan lawmakers approved a proposed constitutional amendment that would allow President Hugo Chavez to run for re-election indefinitely, the final step before the proposal goes before voters in a referendum.
    (AP, 1/14/09)
2009        Jan 14, Venezuela and Bolivia broke off diplomatic relations with Israel to protest its military offensive in Gaza.
    (AP, 1/14/09)

2009        Jan 16, In Venezuela a takeover of the Caracas City Hall began violently when dozens of armed Chavez supporters wearing ski masks stormed in after shooting at the building and tying up security guards. Chavez backers occupied the civil registry and other municipal buildings to protest Ledezma's decision to cut them off the city payroll. Caracas Mayor Antonio Ledezma took to working from an undisclosed friend's office.
    (AP, 1/31/09)

2009        Jan 20, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez challenged President Barack Obama to remake US policy toward Latin America, but said he isn't holding out much hope for major changes. Police used tear gas, plastic bullets and a water cannon to break up a protest by university students against Chavez's attempt to eliminate term limits.
    (AP, 1/20/09)

2009        Jan 30, In Venezuela an armed group vandalized Caracas' oldest synagogue, shattering religious objects and spray-painting walls in what Jewish leaders called the worst attack ever on their community. On March 26 prosecutors filed charges against eight police officers and three other people, accusing them of involvement in the attack.
    (AP, 2/1/09)(AP, 3/26/09)

2009        Feb 7, In Venezuela tens of thousands of protesters marched in Caracas to oppose a constitutional amendment that could allow President Hugo Chavez to run for re-election indefinitely.
    (AP, 2/7/09)

2009        Feb 12, In Venezuela tens of thousands clad in red flooded the streets of Caracas, saying a referendum that would end term limits is the only way President Hugo Chavez can complete what he calls a socialist revolution.
    (AP, 2/12/09)

2009        Feb 15, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez tried for a second time to win the right to seek re-election far into the future with a referendum widely regarded as a way to cement socialism. Some 55% percent of the voters approved the amendment.
    (AP, 2/15/09)(AP, 2/16/09)(Econ, 2/21/09, p.39)

2009        Feb 26, Venezuela condemned a US State Department report on human rights problems in the South American country, saying Washington has no right to pass judgment on its record.
    (AP, 2/26/09)

2009        Feb 28, President Hugo Chavez ordered troops to intervene in Venezuelan rice processing businesses, saying some have balked at producing under regulated prices.
    (AP, 2/28/09)

2009        Mar 4, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez ordered the expropriation of the rice operations of US grain giant Cargill Inc. and threatened to take over beer and food manufacturer Polar, the country’s largest private company.
    (WSJ, 3/5/09, p.A9)

2009        Mar 10, Venezuela's National Guard destroyed an elaborate network of clandestine cocaine-processing laboratories along the country's border with Colombia as part of its anti-drug efforts.
    (AP, 3/10/09)
2009        Mar 10, In northern Honduras a plane from Venezuela that was carrying more than 2 tons of cocaine crashed, killing the pilot. 2 US Drug Enforcement Administration helicopters were allegedly pursuing the aircraft when it went down near El Negrito town.
    (AP, 3/11/09)

2009        Mar 14, A Russian Air Force chief said that Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez has offered an island as a temporary base for strategic Russian bombers. Maj. Gen. Anatoly Zhikharev also said Cuba could be used to base the aircraft.
    (AP, 3/14/09)

2009        Mar 15, President Hugo Chavez dispatched the navy to Venezuela's seaports, warning that state governors who challenge a new law bringing transportation hubs under federal control could end up in prison. Chavez also said that Russian bombers would be welcome in Venezuela, but he denied that his country would offer Moscow its territory for a military base.
    (AP, 3/15/09)

2009        Mar 19, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez announced the nationalization of Banco de Venezuela, a unit of Spain’s Banco Santander SA.
    (WSJ, 3/20/09, p.A10)

2009        Mar 21, Venezuela's federal government seized seaports and airstrips in at least four states, a move critics say is meant to limit the powers of mayors and governors opposed to President Hugo Chavez.
    (AP, 3/21/09)

2009        Mar 22, Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, who has for years funneled state oil income into sweeping social programs, vowed to cut nonessential state spending and order a review of top officials' salaries as oil income plunges. Chavez also called President Barack Obama "ignorant," saying he has a lot to learn about Latin America.
    (AP, 3/22/09)

2009        Mar 23, In Venezuela thieves in Caracas ransacked the offices of the Ibrahim Al-lbrahim mosque, stealing jewels, computers and other objects and throwing books across the floor. The Ibrahim Al-lbrahim building is Latin America's second largest mosque after the Rey Fahd Islamic Cultural Center in Argentina.
    (AP, 3/24/09)

2009        Mar 25, US authorities arrested Florida businessman Rama K. Vyasulu  and froze his Rosemont Finance Corp. following a federal grand jury indictment in Boston indicting him on charges of laundering $900,000 in drug profits. His firm served as a key US clearing house for dozens of black market brokerages selling dollars in Venezuela, despite an official ban on private firms buying an d selling currency at unofficial rates. An estimated $100 million was believed to be frozen.
    (WSJ, 3/28/09, p.A1)

2009        Mar 26, The UN's top human-rights body approved a proposal by Muslims nations urging passage of laws around the world to protect religion from criticism. The resolution was sponsored by Pakistan, Belarus and Venezuela.
    (AP, 3/26/09)(Econ, 4/4/09, p.17)

2009        Mar 31, In Qatar Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez sought Arab support for a proposed oil-backed currency to challenge the US dollar in his latest swipe at Washington's dominance in global financial affairs.
    (AP, 3/31/09)

2009        Mar, In Venezuela Manuel Rosales, a leading opposition figure, stepped down as mayor of Maracaibo and went into hiding following politically motivated corruption charges. Rosales entered Peru as a tourist on April 4 and sought asylum there.
    (AP, 12/11/08)(SFC, 4/21/09, p.A2)(AP, 4/21/09)

2009        Apr 2, Venezuelan authorities arrested retired Gen. Raul Baduel, a former defense minister and a prominent critic of President Hugo Chavez, on corruption charges. The former ally of Pres. Chavez went into opposition 18 months earlier.
    (AP, 4/2/09)(Econ, 4/11/09, p.36)
2009        Apr 2, Washington expressed no interest in an offer by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez to take in any of the 240 remaining Guantanamo detainees after they are released from the US military prison.
    (AP, 4/2/09)

2009        Apr 3, In Venezuela 3 of the capital’s former police chiefs were sentenced to 30 years in prison. They were accused without evidence of complicity in the murder of several supporters of Pres. Chavez, who died during a coup attempt in 2002.
    (Econ, 4/11/09, p.36) 

2009        Apr 6, Japan’s Finance Minister Kaoru Yosano said PM Taro Aso has ordered a $100 billion stimulus plan to boost the national economy. PM Aso and Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez agreed to deepen ties in energy, investment and trade, with Japanese companies ready to participate in gas and crude production in the Latin American country.
    (WSJ, 4/7/09, p.A8)(AP, 4/6/09)

2009        Apr 8, In China visiting Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez said the world's center of gravity has moved to Beijing, as he focused on boosting Chinese oil purchases.
    (AP, 4/8/09)

2009        Apr 8, The US Coast Guard located a Venezuela-flagged fishing boat 500 miles east of Brazil, boarded the vessel and found about 2,500 pounds (1,135 kilograms) of cocaine. They planned to turn over the boat, the drugs, the prisoners to Venezuelan authorities.
    (AP, 4/10/09)

2009        Apr 18, Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez said that he is restoring Venezuela's ambassador in Washington, voicing hopes for a "new era" in relations after exchanging greetings with US President Barack Obama at a regional summit in Trinidad. Chavez presented Obama with a Spanish hardcover edition of "Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent" (1971), by Uruguayan journalist Eduardo Galeano.
    (AP, 4/18/09)(WSJ, 4/27/09, p.A13)

2009        Apr 20, In Florida 7 more Venezuelan polo horses sickened just before a tournament died overnight, raising the death toll to 21. Officials said they may have been killed by some type of poison.
    (AP, 4/20/09)

2009        Apr 27, Palestinian officials established formal ties with Venezuela and opened a diplomatic mission in the South American country.
    (AP, 4/28/09)

2009        Apr 27, Peru's government said that it has granted political asylum to Manuel Rosales, a Venezuelan opposition leader, who faced corruption allegations in his homeland but claimed to be persecuted by leftist President Hugo Chavez..
    (AP, 4/27/09)

2009        Apr 28, Venezuela recalled its ambassador to protest Peru's decision to grant political asylum to a prominent opponent of President Hugo Chavez, calling it a mockery of international law and escalating a diplomatic dispute.
    (AP, 4/28/09)

2009        May 1, In Venezuela police and national guard troops broke up an opposition march in Caracas as thousands of opponents and supporters of Pres. Chavez held separate May Day marches.
    (SFC, 5/2/09, p.A2)

2009        May 3, Sixteen Venezuelan soldiers and a civilian were killed when a military helicopter crashed near the Colombian border. A brigadier general was among those killed.
    (AP, 5/3/09)

2009        May 6, Venezuelan prosecutors filed embezzlement and other charges against a former Caracas mayor who supports the government of President Hugo Chavez. Juan Barreto, mayor from 2004 to 2008, denied the allegations and vowed to clear his name in court.
    (AP, 5/6/09)

2009        May 8, Venezuelan police uncovered a cache of weapons and explosives at a Caracas apartment. The discovery led to the detention of 3 citizens of the Dominican Republic, Luini Omar Campusano de la Cruz (38); Edgar Floiran Sanchez (29); and Diomedis Campusano Perez (31) and a Frenchman, Laurent Frederic Bocquet, on suspicion of planning terrorist acts.
    (AP, 5/9/09)
2009        May 8, Venezuela’s National Guard began occupying dozens of oil rigs, docks and boats operated by private contractors, both local and foreign, hired by PDVSA, the state oil company. It appeared that PDVSA had run out of cash.
    (Econ, 5/16/09, p.44)

2009        May 9, In Venezuela police and soldiers discovered 4,370 pounds (1,983 kilograms) of cocaine during a raid on a ranch in central Miranda state. A Colombian and two Venezuelans were detained.
    (AP, 5/11/09)

2009        May 10, A small plane filled with cocaine crashed in Honduras. The plane registered in Venezuela was carrying around 3,300 pounds (1,500 kilograms) of cocaine when it crashed on Utila, one of the Bay Islands off the country's northern coast.
    (AP, 5/11/09)

2009        May 20, In Venezuela thousands of university students marched through Caracas demanding more state financial aid for public universities after President Hugo Chavez's government reduced funding by 6 percent.
    (AP, 5/20/09)

2009        May 21, In Venezuela police and soldiers raided a property belonging to the head of the only anti-government news network amid a growing confrontation between the station and President Hugo Chavez's government.
    (AP, 5/22/09)

2009        May 25, It was reported that a secret Israeli government report said Venezuela and Bolivia are supplying Iran with uranium for its nuclear program.
    (AP, 5/25/09)

2009        May 26, Wilmer Ignacio Guerrero Ibanez (40), a suspected trafficker accused of smuggling cocaine through Venezuela was deported to Colombia, where officials took him into custody at an international bridge linking the countries.
    (AP, 5/27/09)

2009        May 27, In Venezuela hundreds of opponents of President Hugo Chavez marched in support of press freedom, two years after his government refused to renew the concession of an opposition-aligned television station.
    (AP, 5/27/09)

2009        Jun 4, Venezuelan prosecutors charged Guillermo Zuloaga (67), president of the anti-government television station Globovision,  with usury. This ended a weeks-long investigation into his business activities that Zuloaga called politically motivated.
    (AP, 6/5/09)

2009        Jun 5, Venezuela's tax agency ordered an anti-government news network to pay $2.3 million in back taxes, a day after its president was charged in a separate investigation and troops raided his home.
    (AP, 6/5/09)

2009        Jun 20, Venezuela’s Commerce Minister Eduardo Saman, a close confidant of President Hugo Chavez, announced that the government would annul patents on some medicines under a reform of existing intellectual property laws. Industry leaders soon responded saying the action could cause shortages and scare off foreign investment.
    (AP, 6/21/09)
2009        Jun 20, In Venezuela authorities arrested Salvatore Miceli, suspected of being a key intermediary in the drug trafficking trade and one of Italy's most dangerous Mafia fugitives, as he left his apartment in Caracas. Police also picked up two other Italian suspects.
    (AP, 6/21/09)

2009        Jun 24, Venezuela and the United States said they will restore their ambassadors more than nine months after President Hugo Chavez expelled the US envoy in his final diplomatic bout with the Bush administration.
    (AP, 6/24/09)

2009        Jun 27, Thousands of Venezuelans held separate protests to support and condemn an opposition-aligned TV station that President Hugo Chavez's government has threatened with closure.
    (AP, 6/27/09)

2009        Jul 3, The head of Venezuela's telecommunications regulatory agency said that 240 radio stations will have their licenses revoked for failing to update their registrations with the government. The government now controls six television channels, including the Caracas-based international network Telesur, two national radio networks and other smaller media outlets including 600 radio stations and 72 community TV stations.
    (AP, 7/3/09)

2009        Jul 9, In Venezuela’s top telecommunications official said President Hugo Chavez's government is imposing new regulations on cable television while revoking the licenses of more than 200 radio stations.
    (AP, 7/9/09)

2009        Jul 14, Venezuela's oil minister Rafael Ramirez said workers at the state oil company must support President Hugo Chavez's endeavors or be suspected of conspiring against his socialist revolution.
    (AP, 7/14/09)

2009        Jul 15, In Venezuela National Guard troops seized a police station controlled by a leading opponent of President Hugo Chavez, sparking clashes between soldiers and protesters that authorities said injured eight people.
    (AP, 7/15/09)

2009        Jul 20, In Venezuela Alicia Torres, a judge handling one of Venezuela's most politically charged cases, said that she was fired after complaining about pressure to rule against an opponent of President Hugo Chavez. Torres said last week she was pressured by a superior to prohibit Guillermo Zuloaga, president and owner of the Globovision TV channel, from leaving the country.
    (AP, 7/20/09)

2009        Jul 27, Sweden said it was demanding an explanation as to why Swedish-made anti-tank rocket launchers, sold to Venezuela years ago, were obtained by Colombia's main rebel group. Three launchers were recovered in October in a FARC arms cache belonging to a rebel commander known as "Jhon 40" and Colombia only recently asked Sweden to confirm whether they had been sold to Venezuela.
    (AP, 7/27/09)

2009        Jul 28, Venezuela’s Pres. Hugo Chavez recalled his ambassador from Bogota and threatened to halt Colombian imports after the neighboring country said anti-tank weapons found in a rebel arms cache came from Venezuela.
    (AP, 7/28/09)

2009        Jul 30, Venezuela's top prosecutor, Attorney General Luisa Ortega, insisted that freedom of expression in Venezuela "must be limited" and proposed legislation that would slap additional restrictions on the country's news media.
    (AP, 7/30/09)

2009        Jul 31, Venezuelan regulators revoked the broadcast rights of 34 radio stations for allegedly failing to submit the proper paperwork to the broadcasting regulator, deepening a rift between President Chavez's government and the private media. Venezuelan lawmakers approved an election law to redraw voting districts, a step that President Hugo Chavez's opponents say will give his party a big advantage in next year's congressional vote.
    (AP, 7/31/09)(AP, 8/1/09)(Econ, 8/8/09, p.32, 34)

2009        Aug 3, In Venezuela a far-left party led by Lina Ron attacked the opposition-aligned Globovision TV station. The next day Pres. Chavez condemned the attack and had Ron arrested for taking part in the assault.
    (SFC, 8/5/09, p.A2)

2009        Aug 5, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez said his government will buy dozens of Russian tanks because Venezuela feels threatened by a pending deal for the US military to increase its presence in neighboring Colombia.
    (AP, 8/6/09)

2009        Aug 8, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez said he's returning his ambassador to Colombia, moving to resolve rising diplomatic tensions after weapons sold to Venezuela were found in a rebel cache.
    (AP, 8/8/09)

2009        Aug 13, In Venezuela attackers injured 12 of the journalists as they passed out leaflets warning against a new education law that critics fear could lead to indoctrination in schools. Their fliers warned against a provision for sanctions against reports that "produce terror" among children or incite hate.
    (AP, 8/15/09)

2009        Aug 14, In Venezuela lawmakers loyal to President Hugo Chavez gave final approval on to legislation that has raised fears among government opponents of impending socialist indoctrination in schools. The National Assembly also approved a law that paves the way for the government to take over private buildings and land in urban areas.
    (AP, 8/14/09)

2009        Aug 19, US authorities in collaboration with Venezuela led to the seizure of about a ton of cocaine aboard a ship in the Caribbean Sea. Two Venezuelans and a Colombian were arrested.
    (AP, 8/20/09)

2009        Aug 22, Venezuelan police dispersed opponents of Pres. Chavez's government as thousands demonstrated both for and against an education law that critics fear will lead to political indoctrination in schools.
    (AP, 8/23/09)

2009        Aug 23, In the Bahamas Stefania Fernandez (18), Miss Venezuela, was the fairest of them all once again, winning the 2009 Miss Universe crown for the second year straight and the sixth time since the pageant's creation.
    (AP, 8/24/09)

2009        Sep 2, In Algeria Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez called for closer economic ties with Algeria, notably in the energy sector, during a two-day visit here.
    (AFP, 9/3/09)

2009        Sep 4, Thousands of opponents of Hugo Chavez marched against the Venezuelan president across Latin America, accusing him of everything from authoritarianism to international meddling. The protests, coordinated through Twitter and Facebook, drew more than 5,000 people in Bogota, and thousands more in the capitals of Venezuela and Honduras. Smaller demonstrations were held in other Latin American capitals, as well as New York and Madrid.
    (AP, 9/5/09)

2009        Sep 6, In Iran Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez sealed an agreement to export 20,000 barrels per day of gasoline to Iran. The deal would give Tehran a cushion if the West carries out threats of fuel sanctions over Iran's nuclear program. The two countries also agreed to set up a bank together to help finance joint projects.
    (AP, 9/7/09)

2009        Sep 10, In Russia Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez recognized the pro-Russian rebel regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as independent states, a rare boost to the Kremlin's campaign for their international acceptance.
    (Reuters 9/10/09)

2009        Sep 11, In Spain Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez paid a brief courtesy call on King Juan Carlos and met briefly with PM Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero to discuss energy issues and Spanish investment in oil-rich Venezuela.
    (AP, 9/11/09)
2009        Sep 11, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez returned home from a world tour. He said he has signed military agreements with Russia and is soon expecting the arrival of some "little rockets," which reach up to 186 miles (300km) and are strictly for defense purposes.
    (AP, 9/12/09)

2009        Sep 12, In Venezuela opposition Mayor Lluvane Alvarez was shot by unidentified assailants as he entered his home in western Tachira state, which is plagued by crime related to drug trafficking and other illicit activities.
    (AP, 9/12/09)

2009        Sep 13, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez said Russia has opened a $2.2 billion line of credit for Venezuela to purchase weapons including armored vehicles and surface-to-air missiles.
    (AP, 9/14/09)

2009        Sep 16, In Venezuela the collision of a truck carrying chlorine gas and a cargo vehicle killed nine people and provoking breathing problems in 326 others.
    (AP, 9/17/09)

2009        Sep 18, In Venezuela an emergency meeting of the Inter American Press Association (IAPA) took place in Caracas. Former presidents from Peru and Bolivia joined newspaper editors from across the Americas in condemning what they call a series of attempts by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez, and some of his allies, to clamp down on the news media.
    (AP, 9/19/09)

2009        Sep 22, Venezuelan police have captured Julio Mendez (38), an American pilot wanted  since 2007 on cocaine smuggling charges in the United States.
    (AP, 9/23/09)

2009        Sep 24, Venezuela’s Justice Minister Tareck El Aissami said the animated television series "Family Guy." should be pulled from the airwaves because it promotes the use of marijuana. He said that cable networks that broadcast "Family Guy" would be fined by Venezuela's telecommunications regulator if they refuse to dump the program.
    (AP, 9/25/09)

2009        Sep 26, In Venezuela some 30 African and South American leaders met for a 2-day summit on Margarita Island seeking to build on their alliances. Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi called for a NATO-like defense alliance for Africa and South America as leaders from the two continents agreed to link up to gain more clout as economic and political blocs.
    (AP, 9/26/09)(AP, 9/27/09)

2009        Sep 27, In Venezuela Pres. Hugo Chavez proposed that South American and African nations unite to create a cross-continental mining corporation to keep control of their resources. Chavez made diplomatic inroads in Africa at a summit of South American and African leaders where he offered Venezuela's help in oil projects, mining and financial assistance. Venezuela signed agreements to work together on oil projects with South Africa, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan and Cape Verde.
    (Reuters, 9/27/09)(AP, 9/28/09)

2009        Sep 28, In Venezuela Pres. Hugo Chavez and Libya's Muammar Gaddafi called for a new global definition of terrorism. Meeting a day after the end of a summit of African and South American leaders in Venezuela, the two men signed a declaration urging a global conference be held to sketch out new terms defining terrorism.
    (Reuters, 9/28/09)

2009        Sep 30, In Venezuela more than 150 university students ended a hunger strike after the Organization of American States (OAS) agreed to hear their concerns over alleged political persecution by President Hugo Chavez's government.
    (AP, 10/1/09)

2009        Oct 1, Venezuela's top security official said Julio Mendez (37), an American pilot wanted in the United States on cocaine-smuggling charges, has been turned over to representatives of the US State Department to be taken home.
    (AP, 10/1/09)

2009        Oct 3, Some 2,000 people marched across Venezuela's capital to protest what they say is the persecution of President Hugo Chavez's opponents.
    (AP, 10/3/09)

2009        Oct 11, In Venezuela 12 men were kidnapped from a field where they were playing soccer. On Oct 25 the bodies of 10 of the men, most of them Colombians, were found with multiple spots in western Tachira state. A single survivor, Manuel Cortez (19) of Colombia, was shot in the neck.
    (AP, 10/26/09)

2009        Oct 12, In Venezuela thousands of people congregated for candlelit rituals on a remote mountainside where adherents make an annual pilgrimage to pay homage to an indigenous goddess known as Maria Lionza. The traditions, hundreds of years old, draw on elements of the Afro-Caribbean religion Santeria and indigenous rituals, as well as Catholicism. Believers often ask for spiritual healing or protection from witchcraft, or thank the goddess for curing an illness.
    (AP, 10/13/09)

2009        Oct 22, Venezuela deported Luis Cediel to the US. The Colombian man had links to a pyramid scheme that bilked Colombians out of hundreds of millions of dollars.
    (SFC, 10/23/09, p.A2)

2009        Oct 27, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez said two Colombian spies have been captured and will go on trail for conducting espionage within his country. Colombia's security agency denied sending any agents into Venezuela.
    (AP, 10/28/09)

2009        Nov 2, In Venezuela a lone gunman approached Gustavo Gonzalez, a member of the Copei opposition party, at a restaurant, fatally shot the politician in the head and fled on a motorcycle driven by an accomplice. 2 National Guard soldiers were shot multiple times at a roadside checkpoint near the border with Colombia. Prosecutors believed the troops were attacked by four men on two motorcycles. Johan Manuel Mora Rodriguez (20) was detained at a National Guard checkpoint near where the killings occurred in western Tachira state.
    (AP, 11/3/09)

2009        Nov 4, The London-based indigenous rights group Survival International said Swine flu has appeared among the Yanomami Indians of Venezuela, one of the largest isolated indigenous groups in the Amazon. A local doctor and that the virus is suspected in seven deaths, including six infants.
    (AP, 11/4/09)

2009        Nov 8, Colombia said it will appeal to the UN Security Council and the OAS after Hugo Chavez, the fiery leftist president of neighboring Venezuela, ordered his army to prepare for war in order to assure peace.
    (Reuters, 11/9/09)

2009        Nov 11, Venezuelan authorities destroyed more than 30,000 illegal firearms as part of an effort to combat soaring crime. The government stopped releasing complete annual murder figures in 2005, but in 2008 the Justice Ministry said homicides averaged 152 a week, or roughly 7,900 for 12 months.
    (AP, 11/11/09)

2009        Nov 14, Colombia’s government 4 soldiers from Venezuela's National Guard captured in Colombian territory will be repatriated in a bid to ease tensions between the South American neighbors. The Colombian navy intercepted the men Nov 13 in El Aceitico along the border.
    (AP, 11/15/09)

2009        Nov 19, Venezuelan authorities captured Magally Moreno (39), a former Colombian official, wanted for collaborating with outlawed right-wing paramilitary fighters. Moreno was wanted by Colombian authorities on charges of aggravated homicide and Interpol had called for her arrest.
    (AP, 11/21/09)

2009        Nov 20, Hugo Chavez has defended the alleged terrorist mastermind Carlos the Jackal, aka Ilich Sanchez Ramirez, saying the Venezuelan imprisoned in France was an important "revolutionary fighter" who supported the cause of the Palestinians. Ramirez gained international notoriety during the 1970s and 80s as the alleged mastermind of a series of bombings, killings and hostage dramas. He is serving a life sentence in France for the 1975 murders of two French secret agents and an alleged informant.
    (AP, 11/21/09)

2009        Nov 25, Iranian Pres. Ahmadinejad arrived in Caracas for a meeting with President Hugo Chavez, as the two outspoken anti-US leaders try to boost ties.
    (AFP, 11/25/09)

2009        Nov 27, Venezuela’s President Chavez said he plans to open an embassy in Palestinian territories and upgrade its ties to ambassadorial level, to support Palestinians in their struggle against Israel.
    (Reuters, 11/27/09)

2009        Dec 7, President Hugo Chavez said that Venezuela has received thousands of Russian-made missiles and rocket launchers as part of his government's military preparations for a possible armed conflict with neighboring Colombia.
    (AP, 12/7/09)

2009        Dec 8, In Venezuela a group of college students ended a hunger strike after 17 days following a meeting with Organization of American States representatives to air their concerns about human rights. A dozen students started the protest Nov. 21 outside the OAS office in Caracas, aiming to press the body to look into their complaints, including allegations that President Hugo Chavez's government abuses the legal system to persecute opponents. Jesus Ramirez Bello (20), a student, was shot and killed during a protest in the southwestern city of San Cristobal, Tachira state. 2 suspects were later detained in the killing.
    (AP, 12/9/09)(AP, 12/11/09)

2009        Dec 10, In Venezuela Judge Maria Afiuni was jailed on charges of corruption and abuse of power for freeing a high-profile banker while he awaited trial. An angry President Hugo Chavez demanded she be kept in a cell for the maximum sentence, 30 years.
    (AP, 12/15/09)

2009        Dec 15, In Venezuela lawmakers loyal to President Hugo Chavez inaugurated a state-run radio station that replaces a previous broadcaster that sandwiched criticism of Venezuela's socialist leader between jazz and salsa music.
    (AP, 12/16/09)

2009        Dec 24, In Venezuela Rafael Antonio Caldera (b.1916), former two-time president (1969-1974 and 1994-1999), died. He is considered as one of the founders of Venezuelan democracy (1958) after decades of dictatorship.
    (AP, 12/24/09)

2010        Jan 8, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez issued a presidential decree devaluing the currency by up to 50%. Finance minister Ali Rodriguez admitted that this would boost the inflation rate, 27% last year, by 3-5 percentage points.
    (Econ, 1/16/10, p.39)
2010        Jan 8, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez said his government is determined to keep Guri Dam from falling to a critical level that would cause its electricity-generating turbines to fail. The dam, which supplies 73% of Venezuela's electricity, was at dangerous lows.
    (AP, 1/10/10)

2010        Jan 10, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez says there's too much capitalism on Venezuelan TV. So he's urging producers to start making films and TV shows that stress socialist values.
    (AP, 1/11/10)

2010        Jan 13, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez indefinitely suspended rolling blackouts in Caracas, just a day after they began, and sacked his electricity minister saying he was responsible for mistakes in the way the rationing plan was applied.
    (AP, 1/14/10)

2010        Jan 15, Venezuela’s President Hugo Chavez announced a 25% increase in the minimum wage to try to blunt the effects of soaring inflation, and playing down criticism of his government's handling of an energy crisis and other domestic problems.
    (AP, 1/16/10)

2010        Jan 16, Venezuelan authorities said they have captured Salomon Camacho Mora (65), a prominent Colombian drug trafficker wanted by the United States. Venezuelan intelligence and counter-drug agents captured Mora during the past week in the city of Valencia.
    (AP, 1/16/10)

2010        Jan 23, In Venezuela tens of thousands opposed to President Hugo Chavez took to the streets, blaming him for rolling blackouts, water rationing, widespread crime and other problems they say are making daily life increasingly difficult. This day marked the 1958 uprising that ousted Venezuela’s last military dictator. The Chavez regime told cable TV operators to stop carrying RCTV, a pro-opposition channel.
    (AP, 1/24/10)(Econ, 1/30/10, p.44)

2010        Jan 24, In Venezuela a cable television channel critical of President Hugo Chavez was yanked from the airwaves for defying new regulations requiring it to televise the socialist leader's speeches.
    (AP, 1/24/10)

2010        Jan 25, In Venezuela police and supporters of President Hugo Chavez clashed with students in cities across the country during protests over the government forcing an opposition channel off cable TV. One youth was reported killed and 16 people suffered injuries. A government official said that Pres. Chavez has accepted the resignation of Ramon Carrizalez, who also served as defense minister. Carrizalez’s wife, the environment minister, also resigned.
    (AP, 1/25/10)(Econ, 1/30/10, p.46)

2010        Jan 26, In Venezuela thousands of university students again protested against Pres. Chavez, accusing the socialist leader of forcing an opposition-allied TV channel off cable and satellite as a means of silencing his critics.
    (AP, 1/26/10)

2010        Jan 28, In Venezuela police fired tear gas to chase off thousands of students demonstrating in the capital, a fifth day of protests against President Hugo Chavez for pressuring cable and satellite TV providers to drop an opposition channel.
    (AP, 1/28/10)

2010        Feb 2, Venezuela deported alleged major drug traffickers to the US and France. Suspected Colombian drug kingpin Salomon Camacho Mora, French smuggling suspect Jean Marie Bonnamy and alleged Colombian paramilitary member Oscar Ospino were ferried to the nation's main airport for deportation.
    (AP, 2/3/10)

2010        Feb 4, Venezuelan police used tear gas, plastic bullets and water cannons to scatter hundreds of students protesting against the government, as Pres. Chavez's supporters celebrated the 18th anniversary of his failed coup as an army officer.
    (AP, 2/4/10)

2010        Feb 6, Venezuela’s government announced that it will spend $15 billion over the next 5 years to increase electricity production.
    (SSFC, 2/7/10, p.A6)

2010        Feb 8, Venezuela’s Pres. Chavez declared a national emergency in the electricity sector as the worst drought in 50 years dried up water supplies in hydroelectric dams.
    (SFC, 2/10/10, p.A3)

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