Today in History - March 25
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The Catholic Feast of the Annunciation.
(HFA, '96, p.26)
Feast of St. Dismas, the patron of undertakers and prisoners.
Dismas was the repentant thief crucified with Christ.
(WSJ, 11/2/98, p.B1)
31CE Mar 25, The
1st Easter, according to calendar-maker Dionysius Exiguus.
(MC, 3/25/02)
421 Mar 25, Venice was founded on
a Friday at 12 PM.
(MC, 3/25/02)
708 Mar 25, Constantine began his
reign as Catholic Pope.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1067 Mar 25, William the Conqueror
ordered the 1st Doomsday Survey of England.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1133 Mar 25, Henry II, King of
England (1154-1189) , was born.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1306 Mar 25, Robert the Bruce
(1274-1329) was crowned king of Scotland as the successor to King John.
(HN, 7/11/01)(ON, 2/08, p.6)
1532 Mar 25, Pietro Pontio,
composer, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1537 Mar 25, The 5th Lithuanian
war with Russia (1534-1537) ended with a peace treaty. It lasted until
the start of war with the Livonian Order (1562-1582).
(LHC, 3/25/03)
1584 Mar 25, Sir Walter Raleigh,
English explorer, courtier, and writer, renewed Humphrey Gilbert's
patent to explore North America. He went on to settle the Virginia
colony on Roanoke Island, naming it after the virgin queen.
(TL-MB, 1988, p.23)(MC, 3/25/02)
1609 Mar 25, Henry Hudson embarked
on an exploration for Dutch East India Co.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1634 Mar 25, English colonists
sent by Cecil Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore, arrived in
present-day Maryland. Maryland was founded as a Catholic colony.
(HN, 3/24/98)(AP, 3/25/08)(AH, 4/07, p.30)
1655 Mar 25, Puritans jailed
Governor Stone after a military victory over Catholic forces in the
colony of Maryland.
(HN, 3/25/99)
1655 Mar 25, Christiaan Huygens,
Dutch inventor and astronomer, discovered Titan, Saturn's largest
satellite.
(www.xs4all.nl/~carlkop/huyglens.html)
1668 Mar 25, The first horse race
in America took place.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1669 Mar 25, Mount Etna, Sicily,
erupted and destroyed Nicolosi, killing 20,000. [see Mar 11]
(MC, 3/25/02)
1741 Mar 25, The London Foundling
Hospital opened in temporary accommodations in Hatton Garden following
extensive efforts by former sea captain Thomas Coram (1668-1751).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital)
1752 Mar 25, The first issue of
the Halifax Gazette appeared.
(CFA, '96, p.42)
1753 Mar 25, Voltaire left the
court of Frederik II of Prussia.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1762 Mar 25, Francesco Giuseppi
Pollini, composer, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1767 Mar 25, Joachim Murat
(d.1815), Napoleon's brother in law, was born in Labastide-Murat. He
was a French marshal and became king of Naples (1808-1815).
(WUD, 1994, p.941)(HN, 3/25/99)(HN, 3/25/99)
1774 Mar 25, English Parliament
passed the Boston Port Bill.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1776 Mar 25, The Continental
Congress authorized a medal for General George Washington.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1782 Mar 25, Carolina [Maria A]
Bonaparte, (countess Lipona), sister of Napoleon), was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1797 Mar 25, John Winebrenner,
U.S. clergyman who founded the Church of God, was born.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1801 Mar 25, Anthony Ziesenis
(69), architect, sculptor (Camper), died.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1807 Mar 25, William Wilberforce
(1759-1833), evangelical member of Parliament, piloted a slave-trade
abolition bill through the British House of Commons. This led to a
labor problem in South Africa. In 1833 Britain abolished slavery
throughout the British Empire when the Slavery Abolition Bill was read
a third time
(HN, 3/24/98)(WSJ, 5/26/04,
p.A8)(www.anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/huk-wilberforce.htm)
1807 Mar 25, 1st railway passenger
service began in England.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1812 Mar 25, (OS) Alexander Herzen
(d.1870), Russian author, was born. "Life has taught me to think, but
thinking has not taught me how to live."
(AP,
8/15/99)(www.bookrags.com/biography/aleksandr-ivanovich-herzen/)
1813 Mar 25, The first U.S. flag
flown in battle was on the frigate Essex in the Pacific.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1817 Mar 25, Tsar Alexander I
recommended the formation of Society of Israeli Christians.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1821 Mar 25, Greece gained
independence from Turkey (National Day). [see Mar 28]
(MC, 3/25/02)
1823 Mar 25, Coelestin Jungbauer
(75), composer, died.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1825 Mar 25, The first Brazilian
Constitution was promulgated by Peter I and solemnly sworn in the
Cathedral of the Empire.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil)
1839 Mar 25, William Bell Wait,
educator of the blind, was born.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1843 Mar 25, Seventeen Texans, who
picked black beans from a jar otherwise filled with white beans, were
executed by a Mexican firing squad. After months of raiding, captivity
and escapes in Northern Mexico, Mexican president Antonio Lopez de
Santa Anna ordered the execution of one tenth of the 176 Texas
freebooters of the Mier Expedition. The event was later depicted by
artist Theodore Gentilz.
(HNPD, 3/27/00)
1843 Mar 25, England’s Thames
Tunnel opened 18 years after construction began. It was completed under
engineer Isambard Brunel, the son of Marc Brunel, who began the project
in 1824.
(ON, 4/06,
p.9)(www.bris.ac.uk/is/services/specialcollections/brunelchronology.html)
1856 Mar 25, A.E. Burnside
patented the Burnside carbine.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1857 Mar 25, Frederick Laggenheim
took the 1st photo of a solar eclipse.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1863 Mar 25, US Sec. of War Edward
Stanton awarded Corp. William Pittenger of the 2nd Ohio Regiment and 5
other Union soldiers the first US Medals of Honor. Pittenger had been a
member of Andrews Raiders who stole the locomotive General in Georgia
on April 12, 1862. Civilian spy James Andrews and 7 other were hanged
in 1862 following a Confederate court martial.
(ON, 8/08, p.12)
1863 Mar 25, There was a skirmish
at Brentwood, Tennessee.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1864 Mar 25, Battle of Paducah, KY
(Forrest's raid).
(MC, 3/25/02)
1865 Mar 25, Battle of Mobile, AL
(Spanish Fort, Fort Morgan, Fort Blakely).
(MC, 3/25/02)
1865 Mar 25, Battle of Bluff
Spring, FL.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1865 Mar 25, Confederate forces
captured Fort Stedman during the siege of Petersburg, Va., but were
forced to withdraw by counterattacking Union troops.
(AP, 3/25/97)(HN, 3/24/01)
1867 Mar 25, Gutzon Borglum,
sculptor of Mount Rushmore, was born.
(HN, 3/25/01)
1867 Mar 25, Arturo Toscanini
(d.1957), Italian-US temperamental conductor (NBC), was born in Parma,
Italy.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1872 Mar 25, Vito Pardo, Italian
sculptor (Columbus monument in Argentina), was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1877 Mar 25, Alphonse de
Chateaubriand, French writer (Instantanes aux Pays-Bas), was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1879 Mar 25, Japan invaded the
kingdom of Liuqiu (Ryukyu) Islands, formerly a vassal of China.
(HN, 3/25/99)
1880 Mar 25, Joseph Rummel (61),
composer, died.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1882 Mar 25, 1st demonstration of
pancake making was in a NYC Dept store.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1894 Mar 25 Jacob S. Coxey began
leading an "army" of unemployed from Massillon, Ohio, to Washington,
D.C., to demand help from the federal government. Coxey
advocated, as a way to provide jobs and increase the amount of money in
circulation, a public works program of road construction and local
improvements to be financed by the issuance of $500 million in legal
tender notes. Coxey's Army of unemployed disbanded when Coxey and two
other leaders were arrested for trespassing on the White House lawn in
1894.
(AP, 3/23/97)(HNQ, 8/24/99)
1896 Mar 25, The 1st modern
Olympic Games officially opened in Athens. Greece was on the old Julian
calendar at this time. The revival was masterminded by Baron Pierre de
Coubertin of France. [see Apr 6]
(Econ, 5/29/04, p.81)(www.forthnet.gr/olympics)
1902 Mar 25, Irving W. Colburn
patented a sheet glass drawing machine.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1905 Mar 25, Rebel battle flags
that were captured during the war were returned to the South.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1906 Mar 25, Alan John Percivale
Taylor, English historian, was born. He pioneered the presentation of
the history lecture on British television.
(HN, 3/25/99)
1906 Mar 25, Jean Sablon, French
crooner, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1908 Mar 25, Bridget D'Oyly Carte,
British theater and hotel director, was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1908 Mar 25, David Lean (d.1991),
British film director (Bridge on the River Kwai, Lawrence of Arabia),
was born in Croydon, England.
(HN, 3/25/01)(AP, 3/25/08)
1911 Mar 25, The Triangle
Shirtwaist Factory Fire killed 146 immigrant workers. 13 girls survived
the fire that broke out on the top three floors of the 10-story New
York’s Asch Building as the workday was ending. No one knows what
caused the fire, but it spread quickly, fueled by the fabric scraps and
sewing machine oil used in the manufacture women’s blouses. The three
avenues of escape were almost immediately clogged with panicked
workers, mostly young immigrant women. Then, to the horror of
spectators seven stories below, the desperate women began to jump to
their deaths. Appalled by the tragedy, the New York State legislature
formed a commission whose findings led to the creation of new fire and
building codes that were soon adopted in cities throughout America.
(HNPD, 3/25/00)(SFC, 4/27/98, p.A8)(SFC, 2/24/99,
p.C4)(AP, 3/23/08)
1913 Mar 25, The home of
vaudeville, the Palace Theatre, opened in New York City starring Ed
Wynn.
(AP, 3/24/98)(MC, 3/25/02)
1913 Mar 25, Great Dayton, Ohio,
flood. [see Mar 25]
(MC, 3/25/02)
1914 Mar 25, Norman Borlaug
(d.2009), later agricultural scientist and Nobel Prize winner (1970),
was born on a farm near Cresco, Iowa.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Borlaug)(WSJ,
9/5/06, p.D8)(SFC, 9/14/09, p.A7)
1914 Mar 25, Frederic Mistral,
French poet (Nobel-1904), died.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1915 Mar 25, The first submarine
disaster occurred when a U.S. F-4 sank off the Hawaiian coast. 21
people were killed.
(HN, 3/24/98)(MC, 3/25/02)
1918 Mar 25, Howard Cosell,
sportscaster (Monday Night Football), was born in Winston-Salem, NC.
(Internet)
1918 Mar 25, Claude Debussy (55),
French composer, died in Paris. In 1962 Edward Lockspeiser authored
“Debussy,” a look at how the composer shaped the work of Symbolist
writers.
(AP, 3/25/97)(WSJ, 3/1/08, p.W8)
1918 Mar 25, Belarus declared
independence.
(LHC, 3/25/03)
1919 Mar 25, Jeanne Cagney,
actress (Lion is in the Streets, Quicksand), was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1919 Mar 25, The Paris Peace
Commission adopted a plan to protect nations from the influx of foreign
labor.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1920 Mar 25, Howard Cosell
(Cohen), was born. He came to be the most liked, and the most disliked,
sports journalist across America.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1920 Mar 25, Greek Independence
Day.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1921 Mar 25, Simone Signoret,
(Casque d'Or, Room at the Top), was born in Wiesbaden, Germany.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1924 Mar 25, Greece was made a
republic and King George II (1890-1947) was deposed in favor of a
non-royal government. King George was king from 1922-1923 and from
1935-1947.
(HN, 3/24/98)(WUD, 1994, p.593)
1925 Mar 25, Flannery O'Connor
(d.1964), novelist and short story writer, was born in Savannah,
Georgia.
(www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-498)(WUD, 1994 p.997)
1928 Mar 25, James A. Lovell Jr,
USN, astronaut (Gemini 7, 12, Apollo 8, 13), was born in Cleveland, Oh.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1931 Mar 25, In Alabama 9 young
black men, arrested at Paint Rock after riding a freight train, were
taken to Scottsboro. Victoria Price (21) and Ruby Bates (17), who had
worked as prostitutes in Huntsville, were also found on the train
dressed as boys. The 9 men were soon charged with raping the 2 white
woman, while riding on the freight train.
(WSJ, 6/20/07,
p.A17)(www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/SB_chron.html)
1931 Mar 25, Ida Wells-Barnett
(b.1862), black journalist, died. In 1893 she investigated the Kentucky
lynching of a black man accused of murdering 2 white girls. In 2008
Paula J. Giddings authored “Ida: A Sword among Lions.”
(WSJ, 3/8/08,
p.W8)(www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwells.htm)
1931 Mar 25, Fifty people were
killed in riots that broke out in India. Gandhi was one of many people
assaulted.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1934 Mar 25, Gloria Steinem,
political activist, editor, was born.
(HN, 3/25/01)
1935 Mar 25, Hitler declared that
the Soviets endangered peace in Europe.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1936 Mar 25, Britain, the U.S. and
France signed a naval accord in London.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1939 Mar 25, Billboard Magazine
introduced the hillbilly (country) music chart.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1940 Mar 25, Anita Bryant,
homophobe, singer (George Gobel Show), was born in Barnsdall, Okla.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1940 Mar 25, The U.S. agreed to
give Britain and France access to all American warplanes.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1941 Mar 25, Carolina Paprika
Mills in Dillon, SC, was incorporated.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1941 Mar 25, Yugoslavia joined the
Axis powers.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1942 Mar 25, Aretha Franklin,
American singer, the "Queen of Soul," was born in Memphis, Tenn.
(HN, 3/25/01)(SSFC, 6/30/02, Par p.30)
1942 Mar 25-26, The 1st 700 Jews
from Polish Lvov-district reached concentration camp Belzec. The
Germans began sending Jews to Auschwitz in Poland.
(HN, 3/25/98)(MC, 3/25/02)(SS, 3/26/02)
1943 Mar 25, Jimmy Durante and
Garry Moore premiered on radio.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1944 Mar 25, RAF Sgt. Nickolas
Alkemade survived a jump from his Lancaster bomber from 18,000 feet
without a parachute. [see Mar 23]
(MC, 3/25/02)
1945 Mar 25, US 1st army broke out
bridgehead near Remagen.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1947 Mar 25, Elton John, [Reginald
Kenneth Dwight], English singer (Rocketman), was born.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1947 Mar 25, A coal mine explosion
in Centralia, Ill., claimed 111 lives.
(AP, 3/25/97)
1948 Mar 25, The Italians banned a
compromise with Yugoslavia and demanded the return of Trieste.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1949 Mar 25, UC Pres. Robert
Gordon Sproul proposed a faculty loyalty oath. The Univ. of Calif.
Board of Regents later voted to require all employees to sign a loyalty
oath.
(SSFC, 6/9/02, p.F2)
1949 Mar 25, Hanns A. Rauter (54),
German SS-commandant in Netherlands, was executed.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1949 Mar 25, Soviet occupiers of
Lithuania began Operation “Priboj,” a 2nd major deportation program
(Mar 25-28).
(LHC, 3/25/03)
1952 Mar 25, The U.S., Britain,
and France rejected the Soviet proposal for an armed, reunified,
neutral Germany.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1953 Mar 25, The USS Missouri
fired on targets at Kojo, North Korea, the last time her guns fire
until the Persian Gulf War of 1992.
(HN, 3/25/99)
1954 Mar 25, RCA manufactured its
first color TV set and began mass production. The 1953 RCA design for
color TV was adopted as the national standard. The 12" screen TV was
priced at $1000. Westinghouse had introduced a color model a few weeks
earlier, but only 1 set was sold in the 1st month.
(HN, 3/24/98)(WSJ, 11/4/99, p.B6)(MC, 3/25/02)(SFC,
2/18/04, p.E1)
1954 Mar 25, At the Academy
Awards, "From Here to Eternity" won eight Oscars, including best
picture, best director (Fred Zinnemann), best supporting actor (Frank
Sinatra) and best supporting actress (Donna Reed). Audrey Hepburn won
best actress for "Roman Holiday" and William Holden best actor for
"Stalag 17."
(AP, 3/25/04)
1955 Mar 25, E. Germany was
granted full sovereignty by occupying power, USSR.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1957 Mar 25, US Police and customs
agents seized copies of “Howl” by Allen Ginsberg. In May Ferlinghetti
was arrested along with City Lights manager Shigeyoshi Murao (d.1999)
on obscenity charges. The defending attorney was J.W. Ehrlich. By the
Fall Judge Clayton Horn found the poem of "redeeming social
importance." Shig later managed City Lights and authored the occasional
"Shig's Review." In 2006 Bill Morgan and Nancy J. Peters edited “Howl
On Trial: The Battle for Free Expression.”
(SFEC, 11/28/99, BR
p.10)(www.citylights.com/His/CLhowlhist.html)(SSFC, 11/5/06, p.M3)
1957 Mar 25, The Treaties
establishing the European Economic Community and the European Atomic
Energy Community were signed in Rome. The Treaty of Rome enabled
people, goods, services and money to move unchecked throughout the
Union. The Council of Ministers represents the governments of the
members. Major decisions are made by the Council of Foreign Ministers.
A 20-member Commission composed of appointed representatives of each
member state serves as the administrative arm and members represent the
Union. The Commission proposes and executes laws and policies. A
European Parliament is composed of 626 members elected by the
electorates of the member states and they sit in party groups. The
Commission proposes, the Parliament advises, and the Council decides.
The goal was to create a common market for all products but especially
coal and steel.
(AP, 3/25/97)(HN,
3/24/98)(http://www.churchill-society-london.org.uk/eec.htm)
1958 Mar 25, Canada’s era of
supersonic flight began, when pilot Jan Zurakowski took off from Malton
Airport near Toronto in an Avro CF-105 Arrow for a 35-minute maiden
flight. Less than a month later, Zurakowski flew the Arrow at Mach 1.5
at an altitude of 50,000 feet. In spite of the aircraft’s early
promise, the Canadian government scrapped the project before the Arrow
could be put into production.
(HNPD, 8/21/00)
1960 Mar 25, The 1st guided
missile was launched from a nuclear powered sub, the Halibut.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1961 Mar 25, "Gypsy" closed at
Broadway Theater in NYC after 702 performances.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1961 Mar 25, Elvis Presley (26)
performed live on the USS Arizona, a fund raiser for a memorial. Col.
Parker, Presley's manager, came up with the brilliant idea to have
Elvis Presley give the benefit concert in the 4,000-seat Bloch Arena
next to the entrance to Pearl Harbor.
(Internet)(MC, 3/25/02)
1961 Mar 25, Sputnik 10 carried a
dog into Earth orbit; later recovered.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1962 Mar 25, French OAS-leader
ex-general Jouhaud was arrested.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1962 Mar 25, Auguste Piccard (78),
Swiss explorer, balloonist, died.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1964 Mar 25, Egypt ended a state
of siege (1952-64).
(MC, 3/25/02)
1965 Mar 25, The opera “Lizzie
Borden” premiered in NYC. It was composed by Jack Beeson with a
libretto by Kenward Elmslie. The initial scenario was written by
Richard Plant (d.1997 at 87).
(SFC, 3/17/98, p.A20)
1965 Mar 25, Martin Luther King
Jr. led a group of 25,000 to the state capital in Montgomery Ala. to
protest the denial of voting rights to blacks. Civil Rights pressures
increased in the US and blacks and whites marched in Selma and
Montgomery.
(TMC, 1994, p.1965)(AP, 3/25/97)(HN, 3/24/98)
1965 Mar 25, Viola Liuzzo
(b.1925), a white civil rights worker from Detroit, was shot and killed
by the Ku Klux Klan on a road near Selma, Ala. The later trial of
Collie Leroy Jenkins, one of 3 men charged in the killing, ended in a
hung jury. Jenkins was also acquitted at a 2nd trial but was later
convicted along with Eugene Thomas of civil rights violations in
federal court and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo)(SSFC,
7/20/08, p.B6)
1965 Mar 25, West German Bondsdag
extended war crimes retribution.
(MC, 3/25/02)
1969 Mar 25, John and Yoko Ono
staged a bed-in for peace in Amsterdam.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1969 Mar 25, Max Forrester Eastman
(b.1883), US critic and essayist, died. His books included “Love
and Revolution: My Journey Through an Epoch” (1964).
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Eastman)
1970 Mar 25, The Concorde, an
Anglo-French airplane, made its first supersonic flight.
(HN, 3/24/98)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde)
1971 Mar 25, Sheik Mujibur Rahman
was arrested in Dhaka. Pakistani forces started Operation Searchlight,
a systematic plan to eliminate any resistance. Thousands of people were
killed in student dormitories and police barracks in Dhaka.
(WUD, 1994, p.
1688)(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971)
1972 Mar 25, In El Salvador a
group of young army officers, led by Colonel Benjamin Mejia, launched a
coup. Their immediate goal was the establishment of a "revolutionary
junta." It seemed clear, however, that the officers favored the
installation of Jose Duarte as president.
(http://countrystudies.us/el-salvador/11.htm)
1973 Mar 25, Edward Steichen
(b.1879), pioneer US photographer, died.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Steichen)
1975 Mar 25, Hue was lost and Da
Nang was endangered. The U.S. ordered a refugee airlift to remove those
in danger.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1975 Mar 25, King Faisal ibn Abd
al-Aziz (b.1904) of Saudi Arabia was shot to death by a nephew with a
history of mental illness. The nephew was beheaded the following June.
In 2008 Joseph A. Kechichian authored “Faysal: Saudi Arabia’s King for
All Seasons.”
(AP, 3/25/00)(Econ, 10/04/08,
p.92)(www.geocities.com/saudhouse_p/alsaudf.htm)
1977 Mar 25, In Argentina
political writer Rodolfo Walsh was murdered one day after writing the
“Open Letter to the Military Junta” on the first anniversary of the
military coup. He had reported on tortures, mass killings, and
thousands of disappearances.
(http://americas.irc-online.org/am/3170)
1981 Mar 25, The US Embassy in San
Salvador was damaged when gunmen attacked, firing rocket propelled
grenades and machine guns.
(http://tinyurl.com/2s8s7h)
1982 Mar 25, The TV show “Cagney
and Lacey” featured Sharon Gless and Tyne Daly as female police
detectives. The show continued to 1988.
(LSA, Spring, 2009,
p.44)(www.imdb.com/title/tt0083395/)
1985 Mar 25, 57th Academy Awards
"Amadeus," F. Murray Abraham and Sally Field won.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/57th_Academy_Awards)
1985 Mar 25, British journalist
Alec Collett (64) was abducted in Beirut as he covered Lebanon’s civil
war. His remains were found in 2009 in the eastern Bekaa Valley. The
following year a group belonging to Palestinian guerrilla leader Abu
Nidal said it killed him in retaliation for US air raids on Libya.
(www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-3752719.html)(Reuters,
11/23/09)
1986 Mar 25, President Ronald
Reagan ordered emergency aid for the Honduran army. U.S. helicopters
took Honduran troops to the Nicaraguan border.
(HN, 3/24/98)
1986 Mar 25, US Supreme Court
ruled that the Air Force could ban wearing of yarmulkes.
(www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/goldman.html)
1987 Mar 25, The US Supreme Court
ruled employers may sometimes favor women and members of minority
groups over men and whites in hiring and promoting in order to achieve
better balance in the work force.
(AP, 3/25/97)
1988 Mar 25, In New York
City's so-called "preppie murder case," Robert E. Chambers Jr. pleaded
guilty to first-degree manslaughter in the death of 18-year-old
Jennifer Levin. Chambers was convicted of the killing after what he
described as a session of rough sex. Chambers received a sentence of
five to 15 years in prison. He walked out of the Auburn Correctional
Facility in Auburn, N.Y, Feb, 2003, after serving a full 15-year
maximum sentence for the 1986 Central Park killing.
(AP, 3/24/08)
1988 Mar 25, Robert Joffrey
(b.1930), founder of the Joffrey Ballet Company, died. In 1996 Sasha
Anawalt wrote: "The Joffrey Ballet: Robert Joffrey and the Making of an
American Dance Company."
(SFEC, 12/15/96, BR
p.4)(www.answers.com/topic/joffrey-robert)
1989 Mar 25, In the wake of the
Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska's chief
environmental officer, Dennis Kelso, criticized cleanup efforts as too
slow.
(AP, 3/25/99)
1990 Mar 25, Star Trek V won as
worst picture in the 10th Golden Raspberry Awards.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Golden_Raspberry_Awards)
1990 Mar 25 Eighty-seven
people, most of them Honduran and Dominican immigrants, were killed
when an arson fire raced through the illegal Happy Land Social Club in
New York City. Julio Gonzalez, 36, was charged with arson and murder.
Gonzalez was convicted in August 1991 and was sentenced to 174
twenty-five-year sentences (a total of 4,350 years), the longest
sentence ever handed down in New York. He is eligible for parole in
2015.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(arsonist))
1991 Mar 25, “Dances With Wolves”
won seven Oscars, including best picture, at the 63rd annual Academy
Awards. Kathy Bates won best actress for “Misery” and Jeremy Irons won
best actor for his role in “Reversal of Fortune.”
(AP, 3/25/01)
1991 Mar 25, Archbishop Marcel
Lefebvre, a rebellious conservative in the Roman Catholic Church, died
in Martigny, Switzerland, at age 85.
(AP, 3/25/01)
1992 Mar 25, Libyan leader Col.
Moammar Gadhafi backed away from an offer to turn over two suspects in
the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 to the Arab League.
(AP, 3/25/97)
1992 Mar 25, Soviet cosmonaut
Sergei Krikalev, who'd spent 10 months aboard the orbiting Mir space
station, thereby missing the upheaval in his homeland, finally returned
to Earth.
(AP, 3/24/98)
1993 Mar 25, The Senate approved
an outline of President Clinton's plan to spark the economy and trim
the budget deficit by a vote of 54-45.
(AP, 3/24/98)
1994 Mar 25, The US Senate
approved a $1.51 trillion budget.
(AP, 3/25/04)
1994 Mar 25, American troops
completed their withdrawal from Somalia following a largely
unsuccessful fifteen-month mission. 20,000 U.N. troops were left behind
to keep the peace and facilitate "nation building."
(AP, 3/25/99)
1995 Mar 25, Mike Tyson was
released from the Indiana Youth Center after serving three years for
the 1992 rape of Desiree Washington, a beauty pageant contestant.
(AP, 3/25/00)
1995 Mar 25, Two Americans who had
strayed across the Kuwaiti border into Iraq were sentenced to eight
years in prison. However, David Daliberti and William Barloon were
released by Iraq the following July.
(AP, 3/25/00)
1996 Mar 25, "Braveheart" won
Academy Awards for best picture and best director Mel Gibson; Nicolas
Cage won best actor for "Leaving Las Vegas," Susan Sarandon best
actress for "Dead Man Walking."
(AP, 3/25/97)
1996 Mar 25, The redesigned $100
bill went into circulation.
(AP, 3/25/97)
1996 Mar 25, First Lady Hillary
Rodham Clinton, accompanied by her daughter, Chelsea, visited U.S.
troops in Bosnia.
(AP, 3/25/97)
1996 Mar 25, A group of 18 people
including 3 children, who call themselves the Freeman, shut themselves
up on a 960 acre farm near Jordan, Montana. Many of them are wanted on
state and federal charges that include writing bad checks and
threatening a federal judge. Ongoing negotiations have proved fruitless
and the FBI ordered in 3 armored vehicles and a helicopter. The
standoff by the anti-government Freemen lasted 81 days.
(SFC, 6/1/96, p.A3)(AP, 3/25/01)
1996 Mar 25, China halted its
18-day intimidating naval exercises around Taiwan led by the new
guided-missile destroyer Harbin.
(SFC, 3/22/97, p.A3)
1996 Mar 25, France, Britain and
the US signed a treaty to ban nuclear weapons from the South Pacific.
(WSJ, 3/25/96, p.A-15)
1996 Mar 25, In Germany Jan
Philipp Reemtsma was attacked, beaten and abducted as he entered his
office in Hamburg. For 33 days he was chained to a cellar wall with a
ransom set at 30 million marks ($17.6 million). In 1999 he published
"In the Cellar," a chronicle of his captivity.
(WSJ, 2/26/99, p.W11)
1997 Mar 25, The Federal Reserve
nudged interest rates higher for the first time in two years, hoping to
stifle any threat of rising inflation.
(AP, 3/24/98)
1997 Mar 25, Georgia Gov. Zell
Miller signed into law a ban on a controversial form of late-term
abortion.
(AP, 3/24/98)
1997 Mar 25, Former President
George Bush, 73, parachuted from a plane over the Arizona desert.
(AP, 3/24/98)
1997 Mar 25, In Montenegro Prime
Minister Milo Djukanovic was given a vote of no confidence by his party
of hard-line supporters of Serbian Pres. Milosevic.
(SFC, 3/26/97, p.C2)
1997 Mar 25, In the Netherlands an
arson attack left a Turkish woman and 5 children dead in the Hague.
(SFC, 3/29/97, p.A9)
1998 Mar 25, Pres. Clinton visited
Rwanda. Shaken by horror stories from the worst genocide since World
War II, President Clinton grimly acknowledged during his Africa tour
that "we did not act quickly enough" to stop the slaughter of up to 1
million Rwandans four years earlier.
(SFC, 3/21/98, p.A13)(AP, 3/25/99)
1998 Mar 25, The FCC netted $578.6
million at auction for licenses for new wireless technology.
(AP, 3/25/99)
1998 Mar 25, The executive body of
the EU endorsed a proposal for 11 nations to be part of the new system.
These included Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium,
Portugal, Finland, Ireland, Austria and Luxembourg.
(SFC, 3/26/98, p.B3)
1998 Mar 25, Russia promised to
support a comprehensive arms embargo against Yugoslavia, but did not
support new sanctions urged by the US.
(SFC, 3/26/98, p.B2)
1998 Mar 25, In Tajikistan Islamic
rebels killed over 60 government troops and held another 60 hostage
after a 2-day battle near the capital.
(WSJ, 3/26/98, p.A1)
1999 Mar 25, Alexei Yagudin won
the men's title for the second time at the World Figure Skating
Championships held in Helsinki, Finland.
(AP, 3/25/00)
1999 Mar 25, NATO forces struck
Serbian air defenses and other sites for a second night as Serb forces
stepped up their efforts to crush resistance in Kosovo. The village of
Goden was burned by Serb forces and 174 residents were forced to leave.
20 men were kept back and presumed killed.
(SFC, 3/26/99, p.A1)(SFEC, 4/4/99, p.A1,8)(AP,
3/25/00)
1999 Mar 25, Some 70 men were
reported massacred at the village Bellacerk in Kosovo. In the village
of Velika Krusa 14 ethnic Albanians were killed and burned by Serb
police and paramilitaries. Selami Elshani played dead escaped to tell
the story.
(SFC, 4/6/99, p.A8)(SFEC, 4/18/99, p.1,4)
1989 Mar 25, In Colombia an arrest
warrant was issued for German Briceno, aka Grannobles, for the
kidnapping and killing of 3 Americans. Briceno was the brother of Jorge
Briceno, No. 2 leader of FARC.
(SFC, 3/27/99, p.C1)
1999 Mar 25, In Kosovo Serbian
police officers took away Bajram Kelmendi, a human rights lawyer, and
his 2 sons. Their bodies were found the next day.
(SFEC, 3/28/99, p.A17)
1999 Mar 25, In Haiti Pres. Preval
appointed a new government by decree.
(WSJ, 3/26/99, p.A1)
1999 Mar 25, In South Africa
Wouter Basson, the former head of chemical and biological warfare
dubbed "Doctor Death," was indicted on 64 charges that included murder,
theft and fraud. Conspiracy charges for offenses in Namibia, Swaziland,
Mozambique and Britain were later dismissed. 61 charges remained.
Basson was acquitted of 46 counts of murder, fraud and drug dealing in
2002.
(SFC, 3/26/99, p.A16)(SFC, 10/13/99, p.A12)(SFC,
4/12/02, p.A8)
2000 Mar 25, Pres. Clinton arrived
in Pakistan under heavy security, where he met with the new military
ruler, General Pervez Musharraf. Clinton urged the government to
restore democracy, reduce its nuclear arsenal, fight terrorism and find
a peaceful solution to the Kashmir crises with India.
(SFEC, 3/26/00, p.A1)(AP, 3/25/01)
2000 Mar 25, In Belarus thousands
of people demonstrated in Minsk against the rule of Pres. Lukashenko
and clashed with police.
(SFC, 3/27/00, p.A13)
2000 Mar 25, In Colombia guerrilla
attacks began in Antioquia state and 30 people were killed over the
next 2 days.
(SFC, 3/28/00, p.A14)
2000 Mar 25, In Israel Pope John
Paul II said Mass at the Basilica of the Annunciation in Nazareth,
where Catholics believe that archangel Gabriel told Mary that she would
bear the son of God.
(SFEC, 3/26/00, p.A19)(AP, 3/25/01)
2000 Mar 25, In Mozambique it was
reported that the Messalo river burst its banks after a week of rain.
The Limpopo was expected to flood again and the city of Chokwe was
again threatened.
(SFC, 3/25/00, p.A8)
2000 Mar 25, In Northern Ireland
David Trimble defeated Rev. Martin Smyth with 57% of the vote of the
ruling Ulster Party Council. Henry MacDonald was the author of a new
biography on Trimble.
(SFEC, 3/26/00, p.A21)
2000 Mar 25, In South Africa a
flashflood down the Storms River Gorge left 7 dead and 6 missing from a
group of 24 whitewater enthusiasts.
(SFC, 3/27/00, p.A12)
2001 Mar 25, In the Academy Awards
“Gladiator” won 5 Oscars including best picture and best actor for
Russell Crowe. Julia Roberts won best actress for “Erin Brockovich.”
“Crouching Tiger” won for best foreign film and best music score.
Steven Soderbergh won best director for “Traffic,” which also featured
Benicio Del Toro who won the best supporting actor. Marcia Gay Harden
won best supporting actress for her role in “Pollock.”
(SFC, 3/26/01, p.E5)
2001 Mar 25, In Macedonia the
government sent infantry troops backed by tanks and helicopters into
the hills above Tetovo to push back ethnic Albanian insurgents.
(SFC, 3/26/01, p.A8)
2001 Mar 25, In Saudi Arabia the
Higher Committee for Scientific Research and Islamic Law claimed that
Pokemon games and cards have “possessed the minds” of Saudi children.
(SFC, 3/27/01, p.F2)
2002 Mar 25, The Bush
administration released thousands of documents on its energy task force
just before a midnight deadline. They showed that Spencer Abraham, Sec.
of Energy, had relied almost exclusively on industry representatives
with no input from conservation or environmental groups.
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.A3)(SFC, 3/27/02, p.A3)
2002 Mar 25, The US pushed for
Ariel Sharon to allow Yasser Arafat to attend an Arab summit in Beirut.
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.A1)
2002 Mar 25, the National Parks
Conservation Association released its annual list of “America’s Ten
Most Endangered National Parks.”
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.A1)
2002 Mar 25, A 5.8-6.1 earthquake
in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan was centered 105 miles north
of Kabul and early reports of deaths reached to 1,800. The city of
Nahrin was reported destroyed. Deaths in Baghlan province were reduced
to 600-800 with 100,000 left homeless.
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.A6)(SFC, 3/27/02, p.A1)(SFC,
3/29/02, p.A9)(SFC, 3/30/02, p.A10)(AP, 6/22/02)(AP, 3/25/03)
2002 Mar 25, The Argentine peso
fell to 3.4-3.8 to the dollar. Long lines formed outside banks and
exchange houses in Buenos Aires.
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.B3)(WSJ, 3/26/02, p.A14)
2002 Mar 25, It was reported that
educational changes for younger students in Japan included every
Saturday off, a 30% decrease in rote learning, and new integral study
classes to foster thinking.
(WSJ, 3/25/02, p.A12)
2002 Mar 25, North and South Korea
issued a joint statement with plans to resume dialogue to improve
relations.
(SFC, 3/25/02, p.A8)
2002 Mar 25, In Madagascar
opposition supporters thwarted an attempt by the military to seize
control of Parliament.
(SFC, 3/26/02, p.A6)
2003 Mar 25, Celine Dion opened a
three-year gig in the new $95 million Colosseum theater at Caesars
Palace.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, Pres. Bush issued an
order to delay the release of millions of historical documents for more
than 3 years and to ease reclassification of data deemed of possible
harm to national security.
(WSJ, 3/26/03, p.A1)
2003 Mar 25, The Senate voted to
slash President Bush's proposed $726 billion tax-cutting package in
half, handing the president a defeat on the foundation of his plan to
awaken the nation's slumbering economy.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2003 Mar 25, Former Waterbury,
Conn., Mayor Philip Giordano was convicted by a federal jury of
violating the civil rights of two preteen girls by sexually abusing
them. Giordano was later sentenced to 37 years in federal prison.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2003 Mar 25, The US Navy brought
in 2 specially trained bottle-nosed Atlantic dolphins to help ferret
out mines in the approaches of the port of Umm Qasr.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, In the 7th day of
Operation Iraqi Freedom US aircraft dropped more than 2,000
precision-guided bombs on Iraq since the war's start. The "smart" bombs
were produced for a relatively cheap $20,000 each. Sandstorms slowed
coalition movement and air missions. US officials reported 150-200
Iraqi soldiers were killed near Najaf.
(AP, 3/25/03)(SSFC, 3/30/03, p.W12)(SSFC, 5/4/03,
p.C2)
2003 Mar 25, Six satellite jamming
devices, which Iraq was using to try to thwart American precision
guided weapons, were destroyed in the last 2 nights.
(AP, 3/25/03)
2003 Mar 25, Some 150-500 Iraqi
fighters were killed in fighting east of Najaf.
(AP, 3/25/03)(SFC, 3/26/03, p.W1)
2003 Mar 25, A light plane
carrying 3 Americans crashed in southern Colombia while searching for 3
other Americans captured by rebels last month.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, Muhamed Sacirbegovic
(46), former Bosnia ambassador to the US (1992-2000) was arrested in
NYC. The Bosnian government has accused him of stealing more than $2.4
million, about $1.8 million from the nation's Investment Fund Ministry
and more than $600,000 from the account of Bosnia's representation at
the UN.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, Israeli troops killed
2 wanted Hamas militants. Sprayed bullets also killed a girl (10). A
West Bank boy (14) throwing stones was shot dead.
(SFC, 3/26/03, p.A1)
2003 Mar 25, Philippine troops
killed a senior commander of the Muslim extremist Abu Sayyaf group in a
raid on his hideout.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, Saudi Arabia
contacted the United States and Iraq with a peace proposal and was
still awaiting a response.
(AP, 3/25/03)
2003 Mar 25, In Thailand police
said they shot and killed 42 people during a 7-week-old crackdown on
drugs that has drawn protest from human rights groups. Nearly 400 drug
makers and more than 12,000 dealers were arrested.
(AP, 3/26/03)
2003 Mar 25, In Uganda a gang of
ivory poachers killed six adult elephants and one calf in a "gruesome
massacre" in Queen Elizabeth National Park. The poachers used acid to
remove the tusks.
(AP, 4/4/03)
2004 Mar 25, The United States
used its veto power to quash a U.N. Security Council resolution
condemning Israel for killing Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin in a missile
strike.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, Howard Dean endorsed
John Kerry as the Democratic presidential candidate.
(WSJ, 11/3/04, p.A6)
2004 Mar 25, British PM Tony Blair
and Libyan leader Col. Moammar Gadhafi greeted each other with smiles
and handshakes in a meeting that marked a major step back into the
international mainstream for the North African state.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, A military truck
drove out of a Russian military base in Chechnya after curfew and hit a
mine planted outside to deter a rebel attack, killing 10 soldiers.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, China's Foreign
Minister Li Zhaoxing, arriving home from North Korea, saying his
three-day trip yielded an agreement from that country's reclusive
leader to "push forward" toward a third round of talks on its nuclear
program.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, In Colombia attackers
shot and killed three retired police officers, at least two of whom
were suspected of having links to drug traffickers.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, The Olympic torch was
lit in Ilida, Greece, and began its journey to herald the summer
Olympiad, Aug 13-29. A 6-continent tour was planned using 2 747s named
Zeus and Hera with a bill of $50 million.
(AP, 3/26/04)(WSJ, 7/19/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 25, An Indian court
sentenced four Pakistanis to death for "waging war" against India after
they were caught smuggling the deadly explosive RDX into the country in
1999.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, A U.S. soldier died
in a bombing north of Baghdad amid warnings that attacks will likely
increase with fewer than 100 days left before the coalition hands over
sovereignty.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, Rebels and the main
opposition party, Rally of Republicans, withdrew from Ivory Coast's
power-sharing government after security forces in Abidjan fired on
protesters demanding implementation of a peace deal. At least 25 people
were killed.
(AP, 3/25/04)(SFC, 3/26/04, p.A2)(SFC, 3/27/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 25, A Norwegian Academy
awarded the Abel Prize in Mathematics to Isadore M. Singer of MIT and
Sir Michael F. Atiyah of the Univ. of Edinburgh for discovering and
proving the mathematical concept called the "index theorem."
(SFC, 3/26/04, p.A15)
2004 Mar 25, Armed Palestinians in
wetsuits and flippers emerged from the Mediterranean and fired toward a
beachfront Israeli settlement of Tel Katifa in Gaza. Two attackers were
killed and a third was wounded and fled.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, In eastern Turkey a
5.1 earthquake centered at Cat left at least 9 people dead.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, US Congress passed
the Unborn Victims of Violence Act, making it a separate offense to
harm a fetus during violent federal crime.
(AP, 3/25/05)
2004 Mar 25, The US used its veto
power to quash a U.N. Security Council resolution condemning Israel for
killing Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin in a missile strike.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, Howard Dean endorsed
John Kerry as the Democratic presidential candidate.
(WSJ, 11/3/04, p.A6)
2004 Mar 25, British PM Tony Blair
and Libyan leader Col. Moammar Gadhafi greeted each other with smiles
and handshakes in a meeting that marked a major step back into the
international mainstream for the North African state.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, A military truck
drove out of a Russian military base in Chechnya after curfew and hit a
mine planted outside to deter a rebel attack, killing 10 soldiers.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, China's Foreign
Minister Li Zhaoxing, arriving home from North Korea, saying his
three-day trip yielded an agreement from that country's reclusive
leader to "push forward" toward a third round of talks on its nuclear
program.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, In Colombia attackers
shot and killed three retired police officers, at least two of whom
were suspected of having links to drug traffickers.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, The Olympic torch was
lit in Ilida, Greece, and began its journey to herald the summer
Olympiad, Aug 13-29. A 6-continent tour was planned using 2 747s named
Zeus and Hera with a bill of $50 million.
(AP, 3/26/04)(WSJ, 7/19/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 25, An Indian court
sentenced four Pakistanis to death for "waging war" against India after
they were caught smuggling the deadly explosive RDX into the country in
1999.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, A U.S. soldier died
in a bombing north of Baghdad amid warnings that attacks will likely
increase with fewer than 100 days left before the coalition hands over
sovereignty.
(AP, 3/25/04)
2004 Mar 25, Rebels and the main
opposition party, Rally of Republicans, withdrew from Ivory Coast's
power-sharing government after security forces in Abidjan fired on
protesters demanding implementation of a peace deal. At least 25 people
were killed.
(AP, 3/25/04)(SFC, 3/26/04, p.A2)(SFC, 3/27/04, p.A1)
2004 Mar 25, A Norwegian Academy
awarded the Abel Prize in Mathematics to Isadore M. Singer of MIT and
Sir Michael F. Atiyah of the Univ. of Edinburgh for discovering and
proving the mathematical concept called the "index theorem."
(SFC, 3/26/04, p.A15)
2004 Mar 25, Armed Palestinians in
wetsuits and flippers emerged from the Mediterranean and fired toward a
beachfront Israeli settlement of Tel Katifa in Gaza. Two attackers were
killed and a third was wounded and fled.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2004 Mar 25, In eastern Turkey a
5.1 earthquake centered at Cat left at least 9 people dead.
(AP, 3/26/04)
2005 Mar 25, Washington announced
it would sell F-16 fighters to Pakistan.
(Reuters, 3/26/05)
2005 Mar 25, Losing still more
legal appeals, Terri Schiavo's father, Bob Schindler, said his severely
brain-damaged daughter was "down to her last hours" as she entered her
second week without the feeding tube that had sustained her life for 15
years.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2005 Mar 25, Paul Henning (93),
producer of the TV series “The Beverly Hillbillies” (1962-1971) died in
Burbank, Ca. Henning also wrote the show’s theme song.
(SFC, 3/26/05, p.B5)
2005 Mar 25, Some 1000 Belarusian
demonstrators tried to rally outside the office of authoritarian
President Alexander Lukashenko to demand his ouster, but they were
beaten back by riot police swinging truncheons.
(AP, 3/25/05)
2005 Mar 25, Cambodia and Vietnam
each confirmed an additional death from bird flu, raising Southeast
Asia's death toll to 48.
(AP, 3/25/05)
2005 Mar 25, In Cairo, Egypt, the
new $30 million, 74-acre Al-Azhar, was to be inaugurated under the
auspices of Aga Khan.
(SFC, 3/12/05, p.F1)
2005 Mar 25, In Ghana sparks from
a welder's torch ignited a raging fire on MV Polaris, a Greek tanker
moored in Tema, killing three people and leaving 12 others feared dead.
(AP, 3/25/05)
2005 Mar 25, India announced that
it has agreed with the United States to a series of steps to boost
defense and energy ties.
(Reuters, 3/26/05)
2005 Mar 25, In Iraq Maj. Gen.
Salman Muhammad, head of an Iraqi national guard division in Basra, was
assassinated on route to a funeral. One of 2 sons was also killed.
(SFC, 3/26/05, p.A11)
2005 Mar 25, Japan’s world fair,
Aichi Expo 2005, opened.
(SSFC, 3/27/05,
p.F2)(www-2.expo2005.or.jp/en/index.html)
2005 Mar 25, In Kyrgyzstan
Kurmanbek Bakiyev (55) was appointed acting president by parliament.
The opposition scrambled to restore order in Bishkek, a capital
described as "gone mad" with looting and vandalism, after driving
President Askar Akayev from power.
(AP, 3/25/05)(SFC, 3/26/05, p.A3)
2005 Mar 25, The UN Security
Council voted to send 10,700 peacekeepers to Sudan to monitor a peace
deal ending a 21-year-civil war.
(AP, 3/25/05)
2005 Mar 25, An ailing, silent
Pope John Paul appeared to the faithful via video for Good Friday
services at the Vatican.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Some 500,000 people
rallied in Los Angeles to protest legislation in Congress that would
tighten enforcement against undocumented immigrants and erect more
walls along the southern border.
(SSFC, 3/26/06, p.A1)
2006 Mar 25, In SF an evangelical
Christian concert, dubbed “Battle Cry for a Generation,” drew some
25,000 teens to AT&T Park.
(SSFC, 3/26/06, p.B1)
2006 Mar 25, Aderian Gaines (36)
was shot and killed while hosting a party for teenagers in Berkeley,
Ca. On March 29 SWAT teams arrested James Freeman (29) in Berkeley and
Antonio Harris (18) in Oakland for the murder of Gaines. On Nov 27
Harris was sentenced to 9 years in prison.
(SFC, 3/30/06, p.B3)(SFC, 10/26/06, p.B3)(SFC,
11/28/06, p.B3)
2006 Mar 25, In Seattle, Wa.,
Aaron Kyle Huff (28) fatally shot 6 people at a party and then killed
himself.
(SFC, 3/27/06, p.A3)
2006 Mar 25, Buck Owens, US
country singer, (76) died. The flashy rhinestone cowboy shaped the
sound of country music with hits like "Act Naturally" and brought the
genre to TV on the long-running "Hee Haw."
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Richard Fleischer
(b.1916), film director, died in Woodland Hills, Ca. His films included
“20,000 Leagues Under the Sea” (1954) and “Conan the Destroyer” (1984).
His 1993 memoir was titled "Just Tell Me When to Cry."
(http://tinyurl.com/mdyck)
2006 Mar 25, Afghan and US troops
backed by American aircraft fought suspected Taliban in southern
Afghanistan, leaving one US service member and seven militants dead.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Researchers said a
prototype scramjet engine, that could ultimately lead to two-hour jet
flights from Australia to Britain, was launched in the South Australian
outback.
(AFP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, In Belarus riot
police clashed with protesters in Minsk, forcing demonstrators back and
hitting several with truncheons. Four explosions were heard, apparently
percussion grenades set off by police.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Kimmie Meissner won
the ladies' World Figure Skating Championships title in Calgary,
Alberta, Canada.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2006 Mar 25, Canadian hunters
started shooting and clubbing harp seal pups at the start of an annual
hunt that is the focus of a tech-savvy protest by animal rights groups.
(Reuters, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, It was reported that
Finnish 15-year-olds have the highest level of mathematical skills,
scientific knowledge and reading literacy of any rich industrialized
country.
(Econ, 3/25/06, p.58)
2006 Mar 25, In Haiti 17 human
skulls were found in a trash-strewn wooded lot outside Port-au-Prince,
including at least some discovered inside a container that had been
tossed from a passing car.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, In India PM Manmohan
Singh and Iranian Vice-President Rahim Mashaee held talks in New Delhi
during which they stressed the need to strengthen bilateral ties,
particularly in the energy sector.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, It was reported that
Indonesia was losing almost 2m hectares of forest a year, an area the
size of Massachusetts or Wales. Timber stock continued to disappear at
a rate of 3% a year and over the last 15 years has resulted in a loss
of a third of the country’s stock.
(Econ, 3/25/06, p.73)
2006 Mar 25, In Iraq more than 50
people were killed in violence, many in a gunbattle between Shiite
militia forces and insurgents south of Baghdad. A bomb exploded in a
booth for traffic police in north Baghdad, killing four civilians.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Morocco's King
Mohammed VI wrapped up a 6-day visit to Western Sahara with talks on a
plan to give the territory greater autonomy which will be submitted
soon to the UN.
(AFP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Nigeria said it will
send back to Liberia exiled ex-president and one-time warlord Charles
Taylor, wanted for trial on war crimes by a UN-backed court.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Nigeria announced a
two-day extension of a controversial census to allow for everyone in
Africa's most populous nation to be counted despite delays caused by
poor organization and violence.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, In Pakistan police
said they had arrested 57 renegade tribesmen over the last 24 hours in
connection with recent bomb and rocket attacks that have killed several
people in southwestern Pakistan.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, In Somalia hundreds
of heavily armed Islamic militiamen launched an offensive to try to
capture a key port and airstrip on the northeastern outskirts of
Mogadishu.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, Suspected Tamil
Tigers blew up their fishing boat to avoid capture by a navy patrol off
the west coast of Sri Lanka, leaving six rebels dead and eight sailors
missing.
(AP, 3/26/06)
2006 Mar 25, Taiwan’s annual 8-day
Matsu festival began. Tradition says she originated in the 11th century
in China's southern Fujian province, directly across from Taiwan. Once
revered as a protector of mariners and a guarantor of bountiful
harvests, she is now seen as an all-purpose purveyor of health, wealth
and happiness.
(AP, 3/31/06)
2006 Mar 25, Tens of thousands
rallied in Bangkok, begging their king to intervene in a last-ditch
effort to force PM Thaksin Shinawatra from office.
(AP, 3/25/06)
2006 Mar 25, The Vatican's foreign
minister said that the "time is ripe" for the Holy See and Beijing to
establish diplomatic relations, and confirmed it is ready to move its
embassy from Taiwan.
(AP, 3/26/06)
2007 Mar 25, In Ste. Genevieve,
Missouri, William Huck Sr. (60) was arrested on child sex charges and
has since told authorities he molested 40 children over a 30-year
period.
(AP, 4/6/07)
2007 Mar 25, Lynn Merrick
(b.1921), leading lady in American Western films, died in Florida. Her
over 40 films included “Two Gun Sheriff” (1940) and “I Love Trouble”
(1948).
(SFC, 4/3/07, p.D5)
2007 Mar 25, In Afghanistan
suspected Taliban militants attacked a district office in Wardak
province in a clash that left 15 militants and two officers dead. In
Ghazni province Afghan police and soldiers launched a joint operation
against militants in Andar district, which left five suspected Taliban
dead and seven wounded.
(AP, 3/27/07)
2007 Mar 25, Armenia’s PM Andranik
Margarian (55) died of heart failure.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, In Belarus security
forces prevented up to 1,500 opponents of President Alexander
Lukashenko from protesting in the same square where unprecedented
rallies shook the former Soviet republic a year ago.
(AFP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, British PM Tony Blair
said that the 15 British sailors and marines captured by Iran as they
searched for smugglers off the Iraqi coast were not in Iranian waters
and warned that Britain viewed their fate as a "fundamental" issue.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, European Union
leaders celebrated half a century of unity by hailing the bloc's
achievements in bolstering peace, democracy and prosperity, then
pledged to end two years of deadlock over plans to radically overhaul
the way the EU does business.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, In Germany Brigitte
Mohnhaupt (57), a one-time leader Germany's Red Army Faction, was
released after a quarter-century in prison for her involvement in some
of the radical left-wing group's most notorious murders.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, Incumbent Donald
Tsang trounced his challenger in Hong Kong's first contested leadership
race since it returned to Chinese rule, but the losing candidate said
the vote was rigged and demanded greater democracy. Tsang beat
pro-democracy lawmaker Alan Leong 649-123 in the vote by an election
committee loaded with tycoons and other elites.
(AP, 3/25/07)(AP, 3/26/07)
2007 Mar 25, Iran announced it was
partially suspending cooperation with the UN nuclear watchdog agency,
citing what it called “illegal and bullying” Security Council sanctions
imposed on the country for its refusal to stop enriching uranium.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2007 Mar 25, Suspected Shiite
militants bombed a Sunni mosque in Haswa in apparent retaliation for a
suicide attack the day before against a Shiite shrine in the same city
that killed 11 people. Gunmen and Iraqi security forces clashed in a
Sunni area in central Baghdad. At least two people were killed in
fighting. At least 27 Iraqis were reported killed. 5 US soldiers were
killed in roadside bombings.
(AP, 3/25/07)(SFC, 3/26/07, p.A5)
2007 Mar 25, A powerful earthquake
struck central Japan, killing at least one person and injuring 170
others as it toppled buildings, triggered landslides and generated a
small tsunami along the coast. The quake was followed throughout the
day by aftershocks.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, Citizens of
Mauritania went to the polls for the second time this month, choosing
between two men vying to usher Mauritania into civilian rule. Sidi Ould
Cheikh Abdallahi won Mauritania’s first free presidential election.
(AP, 3/25/07)(AP, 3/25/08)
2007 Mar 25, In Nigeria a
diplomatic source said an Indian and a Lebanese man kidnapped in
volatile southern Nigeria last week amid disputes over oil revenues
have been released.
(AFP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, Fire broke out in a
Moscow striptease club in the early hours, killing 10 people.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, European leaders
called for new international sanctions on Sudan over its treatment of
civilians in Darfur, where the new UN humanitarian chief warned that
humanitarian efforts were at risk of collapse.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, UN Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon, declaring the atmosphere "not fully ripe," shunned
officials from the Islamic militant Hamas group. Ban Ki-Moon toured a
Palestinian refugee camp and a stretch of Israel's separation barrier
in the West Bank, and said the visit strengthened his resolve to work
for Mideast peace.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, In Somalia one of the
elders involved in negotiations said talks between Ethiopian military
officials and elders of the dominant Hawiye clan in Mogadishu have
reached an impasse, threatening a two-day truce.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, In northern Sri Lanka
thousands of Tamil civilians were on the run as troops and Tiger rebels
traded artillery fire across a de facto border, with both sides
claiming heavy casualties.
(AP, 3/25/07)
2007 Mar 25, Venezuela’s President
Hugo Chavez said that his administration plans to create "collective
property" as part of sweeping reforms toward socialism, and that
officials would move to seize control of large ranches and redistribute
lands deemed "idle."
(AP, 3/25/07)
2008 Mar 25, The US Supreme Court
ruled that US ratification of certain treaties isn’t enforceable unless
Congress takes additional steps.
(WSJ, 3/26/08, p.A1)
2008 Mar 25, A widely watched
index of US home prices fell 11.4 percent in January, its steepest drop
since data for the indicator was first collected in 1987. The decline
reported in the Standard & Poor's/Case-Shiller index means prices
have been growing more slowly or dropping for 19 consecutive months.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, America’s baseball
season opened in Japan as the Boston Red Sox beat the Oakland Athletics
6-5.
(Econ, 3/29/08, p.83)
2008 Mar 25, In Florida part of a
construction crane fell 30 floors at the site of a Miami condo tower,
killing 2 workers and injuring 5.
(WSJ, 3/26/08, p.A1)
2008 Mar 25, US researchers, who
have identified all 1,116 unique proteins found in human saliva glands,
said the discovery could usher in a wave of convenient, spit-based
diagnostic tests that could be done without the need for a single drop
of blood.
(Reuters, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, In Afghanistan gunmen
have attacked a group of police along the border with Iran, killing
four police and two civilians.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, Argentina’s President
Cristina Fernandez refused to ease tax hikes on agricultural exports,
facing down angry farmers embroiled in a nationwide strike that has all
but halted production in one of the world's biggest beef-exporting
nations. The tax on soybeans had been raised to 40%, up from 27% in
2007.
(AP, 3/26/08)(Econ, 3/29/08, p.49)
2008 Mar 25, In western Austria
some 70 vehicles were involved in a pileup on an autobahn killing one
person and injuring at least 37 others.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, Belarus said it had
uncovered a spy ring working for Washington, deepening a diplomatic and
human rights row between the countries. Police beat demonstrators with
truncheons and hauled them into waiting trucks as thousands of
opposition protesters turned out in defiance of a government ban on the
anniversary of the 1918 short-lived declaration of independence.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, Director Koichiro
Matsuura said that Visegrad’s Mehmed Pasha Sokolovic bridge, a 16th
century stone bridge over the Drina River that links Bosnia and Serbia,
has been added to UNESCO's World Heritage List. A ceremony in Sarajevo
marked the event.
(AP, 3/26/08)
2008 Mar 25, Auctioneers said the
painting "La Surprise" (~1718) by French artist Jean-Antoine Watteau,
missing for 200 years, has been found in a British country house and
could now sell for up to five million pounds.
(AFP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, Troops from the
Indian Ocean archipelago nation of Comoros seized control of the rebel
island of Anjouan after a seaborne assault backed by the African Union.
(Reuters, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, In eastern Guatemala
at least nine people were killed and seven wounded in a shootout that
is likely tied to drug traffickers. Guatemalan drug boss Juan Jose
"Juancho" Leon was summoned by Mexican traffickers for what he was told
was business. Instead, dozens of attackers ambushed his entourage with
grenades and assault rifles, killing Leon and 10 others in a brazen
demonstration of power.
(AP, 3/25/08)(AP, 7/21/09)
2008 Mar 25, In western Honduras a
passenger bus plunged off a highway and rolled 500 yards down a
hillside, killing 26 people and injuring at least 19.
(AP, 3/26/08)
2008 Mar 25, Officials said
Indonesia plans to restrict access to pornographic and violent sites on
the Internet after the country's parliament passed a new information
bill.
(Reuters, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, Iraqi forces clashed
with Shiite militiamen in the southern oil port of Basra and least 22
people were killed. 5 suspected militants were killed in Basra while
attempting to place a roadside bomb. Gunmen patrolled several Baghdad
neighborhoods as followers of Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr ordered a
nationwide civil disobedience campaign to demand an end to the
crackdown on their movement. 2 bombs exploded in central Baghdad,
killing one civilian and wounding eight others. A US-allied Sunni
fighter was killed in a drive-by shooting northeast of the capital. In
August it was reported that a secret deal with an Iran-backed militia
kept British forces out of the battle, leaving US and Iraqi forces to
fight alone. The Ministry of Defense denied any deal was struck and
said it held back to ensure that the operation was seen as Iraqi-led.
The effect was that 4,000 British soldiers were kept out of action for
six days until a deal brokered in Iran ended heavy fighting.
(AP, 3/25/08)(AP, 8/5/08)
2008 Mar 25, In Nepal police armed
with bamboo sticks stopped a protest by Tibetan refugees and monks in
front of the Chinese Embassy and arrested about 100 participants.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2008 Mar 25, King Abdullah of
Saudi Arabia made a proposal for dialogue among the world’s
monotheistic religions. Abdullah said Saudi Arabia's top clerics gave
him a green light.
(AP, 3/26/08)
2008 Mar 25, In Sri Lanka fighting
across the war-ravaged northern district killed at least one soldier
and 19 rebels.
(AFP, 3/26/08)
2008 Mar 25, In Sudan a World Food
Program (WFP) driver was shot dead and his assistant seriously wounded
in South Darfur state.
(Reuters, 3/26/08)
2008 Mar 25, It was reported that
Syria is cracking down more on Internet use, imposing tighter
monitoring of citizens who link to the Web, as well as jailing bloggers
who criticize the government and blocking YouTube and other Web sites
deemed harmful to state security.
(AP, 3/25/08)
2009 Mar 25, Australia PM Kevin
Rudd visited the US and urged Americans not to view China as an enemy
but as a country offering huge economic opportunities, even though its
leaders have "done some bad things in the past."
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, The US House voted to
set aside over 2 million acres in 9 states as protected wilderness.
Legislators also approved a $400 million project to restore a 3-mile
stretch of the San Joaquin River in central California.
(SFC, 3/26/09, p.A1)(WSJ, 3/26/09, p.A5)
2009 Mar 25, One of the US Air
Force's top-of-the-line F-22 fighter jets crashed in the high desert of
Southern California, killing test pilot David Cooley (49), an employee
of prime contractor Lockheed Martin Corp.
(AP, 3/26/09)(WSJ, 3/26/09, p.A5)
2009 Mar 25, Arkansas Gov. Mike
Beebe signed 2 bills creating a state lottery, making his state the
43rd plus the district of Columbia to hold such contests.
(SFC, 3/26/09, p.A6)
2009 Mar 25, Conservation
International, a Washington D.C.-based conservation group, announced
the discovery of over 50 new animal species in a remote, mountainous
region of Papua New Guinea. The group spent the past several months
analyzing more than 600 animal species found during its expedition to
the South Pacific island nation in July and August.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, North Dakota
officials issued an urgent call for volunteers to help with sandbagging
as record amounts of water poured into the Missouri River and
evacuations were ordered in riverside areas.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, John Hope Franklin
(b.1915), revered Duke Univ. historian and scholar of the African
American experience, died in North Carolina. His books included “From
Slavery to Freedom” (1947).
(SFC, 3/26/09, p.B5)
2009 Mar 25, In eastern
Afghanistan a roadside bomb ripped through a van carrying civilians on
a road used by foreign troops, killing 10 and wounding 7 others in
Khost province.
(AP, 3/25/09)(SFC, 3/26/09, p.A3)
2009 Mar 25, Garth Drabinsky and
Myron Gottlieb, Canadian theater impresarios from a company called
Livent, were convicted of fraud. They had been indicted in the US in
1999 and fled to Canada, where they were charged in 2002. Six former
Livent accountants testified in the trial, saying they were ordered to
inflate income and profit documentation.
(Econ, 4/4/09,
p.44)(http://news.yahoo.com/s/playbill/20090325/en_playbill/127701)
2009 Mar 25, China’s state media
said forestry officials in far western China have resorted to
scattering abortion pills near gerbil burrows in a bid to halt a rodent
plague threatening the desert region's fragile ecosystem.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, Czech PM Mirek
Topolanek, the current rotating president of the EU, slammed US plans
to spend its way out of recession as "a road to hell."
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, An Ecuadorean air
force training jet crashed in a jungle area near the Colombian border.
The pilot and a member of the air force rescue team were killed when a
cable snapped as they were being lifted to a helicopter.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, Egypt, one of the
strongest US allies in the Middle East, welcomed Sudan's president
despite an international warrant seeking his arrest on charges of war
crimes in Darfur. Egypt is not an ICC signatory and both it and the
Arab League have backed al-Bashir.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, The EU laid out
new labeling rules laid allowing Rose wine customers to know exactly
how their grapes were treated to turn their tipple a blushing pink.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, The MT Nipayia, a
Greek-owned and Panama registered ship with a crew of 19, was hijacked
450 miles east of Somalia’s south coast.
(AP, 3/27/09)(WSJ, 3/27/09, p.A8)
2009 Mar 25, The Indian army said
it had killed 17 militants from Lashkar-e-Taiba in Kashmir. Recent
fighting has left at least 25 people dead.
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, In Iraq an
American soldier has died of non-combat injuries.
(AP, 3/27/09)
2009 Mar 25, Incoming Israeli PM
Benjamin Netanyahu said his government would be a "partner for peace
with the Palestinians," softening his rhetoric a day after the centrist
Labor Party joined his coalition in exchange for vaguely worded
promises to pursue negotiations.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, In Mexico US
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton pledged to stand "shoulder to
shoulder" with Mexico in its violent struggle against drug cartels, and
acknowledged the US shares blame because of its demand for drugs and
supply of weapons.
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, In Pakistan a
suspected US missile attack killed 8 militants, including 4 foreigners,
in the stronghold of Baitullah Mehsud, Pakistan's top Taliban
commander. The New York Times carried a report on its Web site saying
ISI operatives provide money, military supplies and strategic planning
guidance to Taliban commanders, with proof of the ties coming from
electronic surveillance and trusted informants. The US State Department
announced a $5 million bounty for Baitullah Mehsud.
(AP, 3/25/09)(AP, 3/26/09)(SFC, 3/26/09, p.A3)
2009 Mar 25, Romania was given a
loan totaling 20 billion euros (27 billion dollars) by the IMF, the EU,
the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(EBRD). An austerity program accompanied the loans.
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, In northwestern
Russia Kirovsk mayor Ilya Kelmanzon was shot dead in his office. A
local utilities chief who was in Kelmanzon's office, then shot himself
dead.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, Fahad al-Ruwaily, a
senior al-Qaida leader, returned to Saudi Arabia voluntarily and turned
himself in. He was on a list of the kingdom's 85 most wanted militants
living abroad.
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, In Edinburgh,
Scotland, vandals attacked the home of former Royal Bank of Scotland
head Fred Goodwin, smashing windows at the house of the ex-CEO whose
700,000 pound ($1.2 million) annual pension has prompted public outrage.
(AP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, Hundreds of Somalis
demonstrated in Baidoa against Islamist fighters after they imposed a
ban on leaf qat, a popular narcotic.
(SFC, 3/26/09, p.A2)
2009 Mar 25, Sri Lanka's military
repulsed a Tamil Tiger counterattack in the north of the island and
killed at least 30 of the rebels.
(AP, 3/26/09)
2009 Mar 25, Sudanese officials
said at least 2 people were killed when attackers set fire overnight to
a camp for the internally displaced in Darfur, destroying hundreds of
shelters. A spokesman for the Darfur rebel group Justice and Equality
Movement (JEM) put the toll at three dead and three injured and blamed
a pro-government militia for the attack.
(AFP, 3/25/09)
2009 Mar 25, In Turkey a
helicopter crashed in the snow-covered mountains of southern Turkey.
Muhsin Yazicioglu, leader of the small conservative Great Unity Party,
was one of six people on board. Authorities the next day released a
recording of an emergency call made after the crash by journalist
Ismail Gunes, who said he thought he was the only survivor. Rescue
workers found the wreckage on March 27. All 6 people aboard were found
dead.
(AP, 3/26/09)(AP, 3/27/09)
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